UMTS Research Articles

Adaptive Radio Access Technology Selection Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

In Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWNs), Radio Access Technologies (RAT) can only consider the situation of one particular Radio Resource Management (RRM) which is unsuitable for managing multiple RATs. This study deployed an adaptive RAT selection scheme model to allocate users to the best RAT with the use of the cost function variable. The adopted model uses different input criteria like signal strength, network loads, service type and QoS requirement for the best access network selections. The adaptive RAT selection algorithm was executed in different service mixes (voice and data service) to access model suitability for users in Global System for Mobile Communications with Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Radio Access Network (GERAN) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The proposed algorithm resulted in the call blocking probability reduction by 0.03 for GERAN and 0.14 for UTRAN as validated with the existing algorithm based on load balancing, service-based and priority-based. The drop implied an increased probability of ensuring session stability and high quality of the active service, leading to a high load distribution.

Converging Towards Open Radio Access Networks – A Comprehensive Review

Radio Access Networks (RAN) have been an integral part of the cellular mobile communication systems since the deployment of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks and later for the legacy Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. However, due to increasing demands of the users, throughput, ultra-lower latency, virtualization of the network and to cater the seamless connectivity of millions of wireless devices with the cellular networks, the advent of RAN needs to be brought under consideration. In this paper the traditional RANs are discussed with the necessity for their transition into the Open RAN (ORAN), considering all its essential parameters. The constraints of the legacy RAN architectures are explored with an overview of the RAN intelligent controllers, ORAN and its types. This paper additionally examines the function of artificial intelligence in Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), enhanched CPRI, and xApps in terms of use cases along with the challenges associated with their deployment. The paper also present challenges and future of ORAN.

SELECTION USING ENHANCED NORMAL FORM GAME THEORY BASED OPTIMIZATION APPROACH IN WSN

Heterogeneous network is a network connecting mobile station (MS) with different kinds of wireless network. It will provide an efficient network connection for mobile users. When considering various wireless access technologies, it's difficult to search out reliable criteria to pick out the most effective offered wireless heterogeneous network. . Game theory techniques have been receiving growing attention in recent years as they can be adopted in order to model and understand competitive and cooperative scenarios between rational decision makers.In this paper, our aim is to develop an economical wireless network choice algorithm which is optimized using enhanced Normal Form Optimization Algorithm which follows game theory based procedure . This algorithm is proposed for optimizing the heterogeneous wireless environment comprising universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and long term evaluation (LTE). Further, within optimization algorithm resource allocation is considered as an objective function. The incorporated optimization algorithm is involved in the optimal computation process for reducing channel complexity through optimal solution estimation. The computation complexity of proposed Normal Form Optimization Algorithm with TOPSIS method (NFOA-TOPSIS) measured in terms of running time and network utilization is measured in terms of the Packet Delivery Rate (PDR), throughput, simulation time, end-to-end delay and Power consumption. The simulation results expressed that the proposed NFOA provides reduced running time and increases PDR rather than conventional MADM (i.e., Hybrid Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)& Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution -Hybrid FHAP-TOPSIS) method. The reduce in running time implies reduced complexity of proposed scheme. Also, the increase in PDR and throughput leads to reduced end-to-end delay and power consumption resulted in efficient utilization of available channels in heterogeneous networks.

The impact of IMS mobility management with google mobile phone on quality of experience

The widespread of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access network in residential areas provides low-cost and high-speed access to the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) services for end users. This has virtually made WLAN to be a complementary access network to Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The interoperability of WLAN and UMTS is made possible with the use of a mobility management mechanism in IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) architecture. Current problems in mobility management mechanisms are found in device mobility such as mobile phones. Such problems affect several layers and disrupt services. In this paper, IMS mobility management mechanisms with G1 mobile phone as an IMS client testbed is implemented, and its impact on the Quality of Experience (QoE) during end-to-end VoIP call session and its conformity to the 3GPP requirements of seamless service continuity is evaluated. The QoE driven mobility management mechanism is then proposed and evaluated to improve the QoE and to meet the 3GPP requirements of seamless service continuity during the handover between UMTS and WLAN access networks. Preliminary results show that there is an improvement in QoE and the requirements of 3GPP service continuity were met. The proposed Quality of Service (QoS) driven mobility management mechanism will help in the development of dual-mode mobile handsets with QoE adaptability.

Evaluating the level of inteference in UMTS/LTE heterogeneous network system

<p>The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.</p>

Impact of mobile phone-specific electromagnetic fields on DNA damage caused by occupationally relevant exposures: results of ex vivo experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different demographic groups.

The aim of this study was to investigate if age and body mass of humans have an impact on the DNA-damaging properties of high-frequency mobile phone-specific electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF, 1950 MHz, universal mobile telecommunications system, UMTS signal) and if this form of radiation has an impact on the genotoxic effects of occupationally relevant exposures. Pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from three groups [young normal weight, young obese (YO), and older age normal weight individuals] were exposed to different doses of HF-EMF (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 W/kg specific absorption rate-SAR) and simultaneously or sequentially to different chemicals which cause DNA damage (CrO3, NiCl2, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-BPDE, and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-4NQO) via different molecular mechanisms. We found no difference in regard to the background values in the three groups but a significant increase of DNA damage (81% without and 36% with serum) in cells from old participants after radiation with 1.0 W/kg SAR 16 h. In combined treatment experiments we found no impact of the UMTS signal on chemically induced DNA damage in the different groups in general. However, a moderate decrease of DNA damage was seen in simultaneous treatment experiments with BPDE and 1.0 W/kg SAR in the YO group (decline 18%). Taken together our findings indicate that HF-EMF cause DNA damage in PBMC from older subjects (69.1 years). Furthermore, they show that the radiation does not increase induction of DNA damage by occupationally relevant chemicals.

A Multi-Frequency Omnidirectional Antenna Based on a Ring-Shaped Structure.

A multi-frequency microstrip antenna loaded with a ring-like structure has been proposed. The radiating patch on the antenna surface consists of three split-ring resonator structures, and the ground plate consists of a bottom metal strip and three ring-shaped metals with regular cuts to form a defective ground structure. The proposed antenna works in six different frequency bands covering 1.10, 1.33, 1.63, 1.97, 2.08, and 2.69 GHz and works entirely when connected to 5G NR (FR1, 0.45-3 GHz), 4GLTE (1.6265-1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85-1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92-2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5-2.69 GHz), and other communications frequency bands. Moreover, such antennas also have stable omnidirectional radiation properties across different operating frequency bands. This antenna meets the needs of portable multi-frequency mobile devices and provides a theoretical approach for the development of multi-frequency antennas.

A robust resource allocation model for optimizing data skew and consumption rate in cloud-based IoT environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of connected objects designed to collect and exchange data using smart equipment and technologies. A significant challenge in guaranteeing a high level of end-user experience is the administration of IoT services. IoT networks are constructed using a variety of smart technologies such as detectors, controllers, Radio-frequency identification (RFID), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS), Third Generation Cellular Networks (3G), and Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM). Cloud technology significantly impacts how these networks grow by providing processing capabilities, network bandwidth, virtualized systems, and system software in an integrated environment. Capacity management, which assures effective resource use and load-balancing, avoids service level agreement (SLA) infractions, and enhances machine efficiency by minimizing operational expenses and power utilization, represents one of the fundamental problems in cloud-based ecosystems. To address these concerns, IoT-based robust decision-making resource management is often used. In this study, we investigate resource provisioning methods and identify the factors that must be considered for better utilization of resources in distributed systems. Specifically, we aim to improve the minimization rate, data skew rate, and approximate amount rate. We also highlight the challenges and complexities of hybrid optimization for efficient cloud-based capital allocation in the IoT.

Designing a Vertical Handover Algorithm for Security-Constrained Applications

In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the vertical handover (VHO) is an essential process for mobile users (MUs) aiming to secure ubiquitous connectivity and maintain the highest quality of service (QoS) across various types of radio access technology (RAT), such as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), the global system for mobile communication (GSM), and the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). In the literature, many recent VHO research works have been proposed in which a number of critical issues still arise when performing seamless vertical handover, including VHO packet loss, VHO delay, and VHO throughput. Moreover, the security aspect of triggering VHO has not been carefully considered, particularly when an MU intends to use a payment application. In this paper, we present a comprehensive performance evaluation for a new secure VHO algorithm, taking into account all the above issues, for co-located Wi-Fi and UMTS networks. The simulation results are compared with the media independent handover (MIH) IEEE 802.21 standard, which facilitates the seamless transfer of connection among heterogeneous networks. We show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the MIH standard in terms of VHO delay, VHO packet loss, and VHO throughput in providing uninterrupted connection to security-constrained applications.

Th-Shaped Tunable Multi-Band Antenna for Modern Wireless Applications

A compact, reconfigurable antenna supporting multiple wireless services with a minimum number of switches is found lacking in literature and the same became the focus and outcome of this work. It was achieved by designing a Th-Shaped frequency reconfigurable multi-band microstrip planar antenna, based on use of a single switch within the radiating structure of the antenna. Three frequency bands (i.e., 2007–2501 MHz, 3660–3983 MHz and 9341–1046 MHz) can be operated with the switch in the ON switch state. In the OFF state of the switch, the antenna operates within the 2577–3280 MHz and 9379–1033 MHz Bands. The proposed antenna shows an acceptable input impedance match with Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) less than 1.2. The peak radiation efficiency of the antenna is 82%. A reasonable gain is obtained from 1.22 to 3.31 dB within the operating bands is achieved. The proposed antenna supports Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)-1920 to 2170 MHz, Worldwide Interoperability and Microwave Access (WiMAX)/Wireless Broadband/(Long Term Evolution) LTE2500–2500 to 2690 MHz, Fifth Generation (5G)-2500/3500 MHz, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)/ Bluetooth-2400 to 2480 MHz, and Satellite communication applications in X-Band-8000 to 12000 MHz. The overall planar dimension of the proposed antenna is 40 × 20 mm2. The antenna was designed, along with the parametric study, using Electromagnetic (EM) simulation tool. The antenna prototype is fabricated for experimental validation with the simulated results. The proposed antenna is low profile, tunable, lightweight, cheap to fabricate and highly efficient and hence is deemed suitable for use in modern wireless communication electronic devices.

SNOW3G Modified by using PLL Algorithms in Magic Cube

Thomas and Patrik are working on a stream cipher called SNOW 3G. In 2006, it was chosen as the centerpiece of a new set of confidentiality and integrity algorithms for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). In 2008, Böhm published an article named "Statistical Evaluation of Stream Cipher SNOW 3G." He put the randomness of the SNOW 3G key stream generator to the test. As a randomness test tool, Böhm uses the NIST test statistics package, which consists of three kinds of tests: lengthy key stream data, short key stream data, and initialization vector data. Only the short key stream set of data failed eight random chance test results out of three kinds of tests, according to the report's findings. The SNOW 3G suggestions, he claims, fail due to a flaw with in cipher's initialization. In this paper, we use the PLL algorithm to modify the SNOW 3G algorithm for key initialization and generation keystream. We employ the same itself Böhm employed. The modify SNOW 3G algorithm exceed whole of the statistic exam in a experiment. The findings show that PLL has an effect on algorithm randomness. Index Terms— SNOW-3G, Stream Cipher, PLL Algorithms.

Simulation Model of 5G NR Network Positioning Technology with Meter Accuracy. Part 1.PRS Signals Configuration

The evolution of 1G–4G mobile communication networks (MCNs) has shown that network positioning has traditionally been considered as one of the additional features in the process of standardization, construction, and operation of networks, which was in demand when the signals of global navigation satellite systems were unavailable. MCNs were used to determine location mainly in the interests of emergency services and law enforcement. However, the developed MCN infrastructure opened up wide opportunities for determining the location of devices. Therefore, in the process of evolution, starting with analog 1G MCNs, positioning methods were also improved. Digital 2G GSM MCNs contributed to the development of network positioning with an accuracy of tens or hundreds of meters at the request of the regulator. The globalization of MCNs is associated with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for the standardization of 3G universal mobile telecommunications systems. Since the 3G generation, in the process of MCN standardization, the 3GPP specifications began to impose requirements for network location determination. This trend was continued in 4G LTE MCNs and further developed in 5G networks. For 5G networks, in the latest 3GPP specifications, in contrast to MCNs of previous generations, the requirements for positioning accuracy up to one meter are formalized for the first time. At the same time, in addition to the traditional 2G–4G cases of emergency calls, positioning scenarios are presented in public communication networks, both for subscribers and devices: location-based service, positioning in industry and healthcare, traffic control, rail and sea transportation, as well as positioning using unmanned aerial vehicles. To solve the ambitious task of positioning with an accuracy of up to one meter, which is approximately an order of magnitude less than in previous MCN generations, 5G networks at the radio interface level use special positioning reference signals (PRS), first proposed in 4G LTE MCNs. The new 5G NR radio interface, unlike the 4G LTE MCNs of previous generations, allows the use of an order of magnitude wider frequency bands in the millimeter-wave range (mmWave), which allows achieving meter positioning accuracy. From the point of view of collecting and processing primary measurements, the positioning accuracy is determined, first of all, by the signals used. Using the built-in functions of the 5G Toolbox extension package of the special Matlab software allows visualizing the PRS signal configuration procedures in the time-frequency domain of the 5G NR radio interface. The first part of the study considers 5G NR network positioning technology modeling and formalizes the PRS signal configuration procedures used to collect primary measurements. Simulation modeling of procedures for secondary processing of primary measurements with the resulting estimate of the coordinates of 5G NR devices is the subject of research in the second part. The result of this work is the substantiation of the problem of achieving meter accuracy of device positioning in networks of the fifth and subsequent generations, as well as setting the task of the secondary processing of primary measurements using configured PRS signals.

5G smart antenna for IoT application: A review

SummaryThe fifth generation of mobile technology is referred to as “5G.” 5G refers to the next significant phase of mobile communications standards after the upcoming 4G standards. With 5G technology, the bulk of high‐bandwidth consumers would be able to use their phones in innovative ways. When 5G is pushed over a VOIP‐enabled device, individuals encounter record levels of call volume and data transmission. In this paper, we reviewed smart antenna 5G for Internet of Things (IoT) application. Beamforming is a 5G active antenna technique that uses directional radio links to concurrently and selectively supply high bandwidth to certain mobile devices. Multi‐antenna systems are required when using larger frequency ranges. The better the propagation conditions for electromagnetic waves, the higher the frequency. To some extent, multi‐antenna arrays and beamforming can assist mitigate this. Radio signals can be transmitted and received in a spatially targeted manner due to beamforming. The better the beamforming works, the more dipoles (antenna elements) are available. In contrast to earlier eras on wireless networking, such as Global System For Mobile Communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), also 4G/LTE, 5G would not require major technological advances. Additional systems and equipment are added to the existing LTE technology to increase data capacity and reduce latency. The 5G NR infrastructure depends heavily on active antenna arrays, which enable multi‐user multiple‐in multiple‐out (MIMO) technologies. For targeted radio contact with the receiver, these antenna modules use beamforming.

Simulating an LTE Network Using OMNeT++

Abstract: Long Term Evolution emerged from the previous 3GPP system known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. This technology is an entire IP-based network that provides an IP-based mobile content called the Evolved Packet Core. The main goals of LTE are to increase data rates, provide lower latency on the Radio Access Network, improve bandwidth and optimal performance. The LTE architecture combines a new basic channel called eNodeB with a single core called the Evolved Packet Core that provides access to both voice and IP data resources. Long Term Evolution (LTE) talks about a promising new invention that gives broadband internet access to the universe. Therefore, many test groups are trying to simplify their show. Shockingly, from now on, apparently, there are no open source simulation systems, which can be used to emulate high-density user platforms like India, which are unrestricted. Lack of a standard reference system for use by assessment students and researchers is a loss. To overcome this, we came up with a project that not only imitates LTE but can also be used to replicate any OFDM package programs such as LTE pro advanced, and was launched to provide a comprehensive presentation of the LTE environment. Our simulation project has been contemplated to reproduce uplink and downlink editing methods in multi-cell / multi-user environments, considering customer portability, radio asset development, reusable strategies, flexible balance and coding module, and various ideas that work best for aspiring students. researchers. Using simulation software and framework,After researching many simulation software we concluded that OMNet ++ would be the best suit for our project. We have used the Inet 4.3 framework in the required modules.

Specification of downlink-fixed reference channel DL-FRC for 5G new radio technology

<p>The next generation for mobile communication is new radio (NR) that supporting air interface which referred to the fifth generation or 5G. Long term evolution (LTE), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), and global system for mobile communication (GSM) are 5G NR predecessors, also referred to as fourth generation (4G), third generation (3G) and second generation (2G) technologies. Pseudo-noise (PN) code length and modulation technique used in the 5G technology affect the output spectrum and the payload of DL-FRC specification, in this paper quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 QAM modulation approaches tested under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) in term of bit error rate (BER) which used with 5G technology system implemented with MATLAB-Simulink and programing and, resulting of 1672, 12296 bit/slot payload at frequency range FR1 from 450 MHz-6 GHz and 4424, 20496 bit/slot payload at frequency range FR2 from 24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz, also determining subcarrier spacing, allocated source block, duplex mode, payload bit/slot, RBW (KHz), sampling rate (MHz), the gain and the bandwidth of main, side loop where illustrated.</p>

A comparative assessment of GSM and UMTS Networks

It is common knowledge that the transition of mobile networks from one generation to another is basically for the improvement in the network’s Quality of Service (QoS). Bearing this in mind, we will assumme that the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) will outperform the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), hence, the motivation to conduct this study in Calabar, Nigeria, for four mobile networks; MTN, Airtel, Globacom and 9mobile. With the aid of a TEMS investigation software installed in a laptop, a measurement campaign was carried out and log files collected, with focus on Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR), Dropped Call Rate (DCR), Handover Success Rate (HOSR), Call Setup Time (CST), network coverage and network quality. The collected data was analyzed with the aid of a TEMS discovery software. The analyzed data for each Key Performance Indicator (KPI) was compared with the minimum benchmark of the telecommunications regulatory body, the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC). Result reveal that there was no outright improvement in the QoS and there was fluctuation in the QoS provided by the network operators. We therefore conclude that the network operators, either did not make accurate planning before installing their base stations or do not optimize their networks frequently and this led to poor QoS in most cases.

Label-Free Study of the Global Cell Behavior during Exposure to Environmental Radiofrequency Fields in the Presence or Absence of Pro-Apoptotic or Pro-Autophagic Treatments.

It remains controversial whether exposure to environmental radiofrequency signals (RF) impacts cell status or response to cellular stress such as apoptosis or autophagy. We used two label-free techniques, cellular impedancemetry and Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM), to assess the overall cellular response during RF exposure alone, or during co-exposure to RF and chemical treatments known to induce either apoptosis or autophagy. Two human cell lines (SH-SY5Y and HCT116) and two cultures of primary rat cortex cells (astrocytes and co-culture of neurons and glial cells) were exposed to RF using an 1800 MHz carrier wave modulated with various environmental signals (GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications, 2G signal), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 3G signal), LTE (Long-Term Evolution, 4G signal, and Wi-Fi) or unmodulated RF (continuous wave, CW). The specific absorption rates (S.A.R.) used were 1.5 and 6 W/kg during DHM experiments and ranged from 5 to 24 W/kg during the recording of cellular impedance. Cells were continuously exposed for three to five consecutive days while the temporal phenotypic signature of cells behavior was recorded at constant temperature. Statistical analysis of the results does not indicate that RF-EMF exposure impacted the global behavior of healthy, apoptotic, or autophagic cells, even at S.A.R. levels higher than the guidelines, provided that the temperature was kept constant.

Design of dual-polarized triple-band concentric annular-ring microstrip patch antenna for GPS applications

AbstractA triple-frequency operated concentric annular ring microstrip antenna which is single fed is presented. The proposed antenna with three concentric annular rings and two symmetrical notches on its outer ring and having a cross slot in its ground surface shows triple band at resonance frequency 1.22760, 1.57542, and 2.18 GHz, respectively. At the first two bands (GPS L2 and GPS L1), circular polarization characteristic is observed and the third band observes linear polarization finding its application in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The complete dimension of the antenna designed and fabricated is only 51.6 × 51.6 × 1.6 mm3. Experimental results depict the proposed antenna gain of 3.31, 3.55, and 3.50 dBi in three bands, respectively, and closely matches with the theoretical results.

Enhance Vertical Handover Security During Execution Phase in Mobile Networks

The Vertical Handover (VHO) is one of the most vital features provided for the heterogeneous mobile networks. It allows Mobile Users (MUs) to keep ongoing sessions without disruption while they continuously move between different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Fifth Generation (5G). In order to fulfill this goal, the VHO must comply to three main phases: starting of collecting the required information and then passing it for decision phase to obtain the best available RAT for performing VHO by execution phase eventually. However, the execution phase still encounters some security issues which are exploited by hackers in launching malicious attacks such as ransomware, fragmentation, header manipulation, smurf, host initialization, reconnaissance, eavesdropping, Denial of Service (DoS), spoofing, Man in the Middle (MITM) and falsification. This paper thoroughly studies the recent security issues for hundreds VHO approaches found in the literature and comes up with a secure procedure to enhance VHO security during execution phase. A numerical analysis results of the proposed procedure are effectively evaluated in terms of security and signaling cost. Compared with the recent related work found in literature, the analysis demonstrates that the security is successfully improved by 20% whereas signaling cost is maintained as in non-proposed procedure.

A Compact Metamaterial-Based Antenna for Multiband Phased Array Applications

In this communication, we present a miniaturized multiband metamaterial (MTM)-based antenna for array applications, operating with good radiation performance over the long term evolution (LTE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) uplinks within the 800–3000 MHz range. Each antenna element consists of a radiator and an MTM reflector. The former is a miniaturized Archimedean spiral antenna with an integrated matching line. The latter is placed 39 mm below the radiator and is shared among the multiple elements in the array application. The radiator is very compact, a square of 75 mm per side, equivalent to only 0.2 (0.75) times the free-space wavelength at 800 MHz (3000 MHz). The reflector is incorporated to achieve half-space radiation and is implemented with a novel multilayered MTM structure to improve the radiation efficiency. The MTM, moreover, is used in a nonconventional way. In fact, we take advantage of its complete phase-response function, behaving, thus, as a magnetic or electric conductor in different parts of the band. In this way, the in-phase reflection is not limited by the typical narrow bandwidth of artificial magnetic conductors. The measured <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> parameter is less than −8 dB and the simulated gain is greater than 4.2 dBi in a range exceeding the one covered by the UMTS and LTE uplinks. Furthermore, a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> antenna array was also built. The reflections of each element are similar to those obtained in the single-element antenna.