Law Of Universal Gravitation Research Articles

Hybridization of Chaotic Maps and Gravitational Search Algorithm for Constrained Mechanical and Civil Engineering Design Frameworks

The Chaotic Gravitational Search Algorithm (CGSA) is a physics-based heuristic algorithm inspired by Newton's law of universal gravitation. It uses 10 chaotic maps for optimal global search and fast convergence rate. The advantages of CGSA has been incorporated in various Mechanical and Civil engineering design frameworks which include Speed Reducer Design (SRD), Gear Train Design (GTD), Three Bar Truss Design (TBTD), Stepped Cantilever Beam Design (SCBD), Multiple Disc Clutch Brake Design (MDCBD), and Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing Design (HTBD). The CGSA has been compared with eleven state of the art stochastic algorithms. In addition, a non-parametric statistical test namely the Signed Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test has been carried out at a 5% significance level to statistically validate the results. The simulation results indicate that CGSA shows efficient performance in terms of high convergence speed and minimization of the design parameter values as compared to other heuristic algorithms. The source codes are publicly available on Github i.e. https://github.com/SajadAHMAD1.

The End of Western Economic Growth Theory

Economics is a science that studies how the economy grows, so the theory of economic growth is the most important theory of economics. In the real market economy society, people achieve the goal of economic growth through two kinds of economic activities: production and transaction. Then a correct economic growth theory must be one that can explain both production and transaction economic activities. Just like Newton’s law of universal gravitation in physics, it can explain the motion law of all objects. For a long time, we have been dominated by the western economic growth theory of western mainstream economics. It is not difficult to find that it has a fatal defect, which can only explain production economic activities but not transaction economic activities. So it can’t explain the Chinese economy, and it can’t explain the western economy. The new economic growth theory proposed in this paper makes up for the defects of western economic growth theory, and it is the terminator of western economic growth theory. This is a revolution of new economics to traditional western economics.

RETRACTED: Two-stage intelligent planning with improved artificial bee colony algorithm for a microgrid by considering the uncertainty of renewable sources

A two-stage planning form of multi-energy supply optimization such as power, cooling, and heating is presented in this paper as a micro energy grid (MEG) To cover the effect of uncertainty in renewable energy sources (RES), the scheduling cycle is considered in this paper. Next, the results of the day-ahead prediction are considered as random variables for the upper-layer model. To realize the random variables at the lower layer, the revised model of energy storage and the demand response (DR) planning model are considered. Finally, the modified version of the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is utilized to find the optimal solution. The improved ABC algorithm is a shape-memory method based on the collective intelligence and behavior of bees in a colony for finding the best nutrition source. In the improved ABC algorithm, with information exchange between the bees, based on Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the full potential of this algorithm is used to find the optimal solution given the constraints applied to the system. The proposed method is applied to a real system and the results show that the two-stage optimization algorithm and the proposed intelligent algorithm obtained the simultaneous optimization of different energy forms. The obtained numerical analysis results in test cases prove the following points: (1) The optimal synergistic supply of multiple energy forms has been provided based on the two-stage optimization algorithm and solution approach. (2) The surplus energy can be converted to natural gas by the power-to-gas converter (P2G) based on power cascade conversion in a multi-directional mode. (3) To get some revenue, the MEG is flexible enough to cooperate with the upper-grade energy network. (4) The DR-based price can smooth the load shape and increase the MEG operation revenue using some supplementary features. Also, P2G can sequentially develop the flexible multidirectional energy conversion in energy - gas - energy - cooling as a cascade. When the evaluated P2G energy rises by 450 kW, the total GST output raises by 1244 kWh. For more economic benefits, MEG can be connected to the upstream energy grid. Load management also increases the net revenue of the system.

A new approach to the derivation of the law of universal gravitation from Kepler’s laws

Everyone knows that the inverse square law follows from Kepler’s third law. Let us prove more: the law of universal gravitation follows from Kepler’s third law.

An Automatic Thresholding Approach to Gravitation-Based Edge Detection in Grey-Scale Images

This paper presents an optimal auto-thresholding approach for the gravitational edge detection method in grey-scale images. The goal of this approach is to enhance the performance measures of the edge detector in clean and noisy conditions. To this aim, an optimal threshold is automatically found, according to which the proposed method dichotomizes the pixels to the edges and non-edges. First, some pre-processing operations are applied to the image. Then, the vector sum of the gravitational forces applied to each pixel by its neighbors is computed according to the universal law of gravitation. Afterwards, the force magnitude is mapped to a new characteristic called the force feature. Following this, the histogram representation of this feature is determined, for which an optimal threshold is aimed to be discovered. Three thresholding techniques are proposed, two of which contain iterative processes. The parameters of the formulation used in these techniques are adjusted by means of the metaheuristic grasshopper optimization algorithm. To evaluate the proposed system, two standard databases were used and multiple qualitative and quantitative measures were utilized. The results confirmed that the methodology of our work outperformed some conventional and recent detectors, achieving the average precision of 0.894 on the BSDS500 dataset. Moreover, the outputs had high similarity to the ideal edge maps.

Gravitational Force is a Type of Physical Interaction between Gluon Fields: Molecular Motions of Gases

This study presents a Gluon Gravity Model, to explain the mechanism of gravity. With the development of quantum chromodynamics since 1970, Newton's law of universal gravitation and Einstein's theory of general relativity need to be reinterpreted. Like an electric charge causes an electric field, the color charges in quantum chromodynamics were introduced into the gravitational field. The gluons mediating strong force can bring about a new color field around the strong force field owing to their color charges. This new color field of charges becomes a gravitational field in Gluon Gravity Model. This model is supported by the facts that most of the atomic mass is composed of the gluon field energy and the similarity between the two formulas of Coulomb's law and Newton's laws of universal gravitation. Additionally, it is possible to explain the gas molecular motions by applying the Gluon Gravity Model to the gluon fields within a proton.

Measuring the Deflection of the Vertical via Local Reference Point Surveying and Pointing Calibration of a VLBI Telescope: A Case Study at the Urumqi Station

AbstractAccording to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the movement of matter and the change in density cause a gravitational variation. Due to the anisotropic distribution of matter, the vertical and the normal directions at a point on the ground are probably inconsistent, which is referred to as the deflection of the vertical (DOV) and is indispensable to astrogeodetic and geophysics research. Two new non‐optical methods, including small network transformation and azimuth‐axis inclination inversion, are proposed to determine the DOV at a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) telescope at the Urumqi station. A generalized expression of the pointing calibration model considering axis‐related errors is also presented. Therefore, the pointing calibration model and indirect model used for reference point (RP) determination are unified by redefining their coordinate system, angle direction, and axis‐related errors. The DOV given by the small network transformation agrees well with the DOVs determined by the real surveying and other different models. Due to the possible asymmetric coverage of calibrating sources in the north‐south direction in antenna pointing calibration, the north‐south DOV component based on azimuth‐axis inclination inversion differs from the surveyed value. However, the west‐east DOV component fits well in both direction and magnitude. The proposed methods enable the VLBI telescope to sense the direction of the local plumb line by introducing local leveling. We also establish the connections among VLBI delay observation, RP determination, and telescope pointing calibration, which has a benefit to multi‐tech systematic error identification, monitoring, and correction. The research indicates that telescope point calibration can also be taken as a regular technique to monitor systematic error.

An augmented reality approach to learning about the force of gravity

The experimental investigation of Newton’s law of universal gravitation requires expensive and sensitive equipment. Therefore, it is often not possible to conduct such an experiment within a typical physics class. An alternative is to investigate the universal gravitation law by using simulations. In this paper, we are presenting such an augmented reality simulation (GravityAR). The simulation has been developed for mobile devices and runs on an Android operating system, making it very accessible for students and teachers at all educational levels. It allows the user to investigate how the gravitational force between two spherical bodies depends on their masses and mutual distance. Additionally, the simulation can be used to determine the value of the gravitational constant (G).

The Conjecture of the Essence of Gravitation

The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of universal gravitation, and the law that the gravitation produced by the motion of matter and the absolute dead matter has no mass was put forward. Combined with Newton’s law of universal gravitation, Einstein’s equation of mass loss, cosmic expansion phenomenon, black hole phenomenon, matter infinitely separable theory and so on, this paper discusses the essence of gravitation. Through universal gravitation, electric field force, magnetic field force and quantum entanglement phenomenon, the concept of wave-point force is put forward, and a theory of gravitation law is obtained, that is, the forces of different wave points do not interfere with each other. Combining dark matter and cosmic expansion, the hypothesis of dark matter gravity law is put forward. Finally, some conclusions are summarized, and this paper puts forward some conjectures.

The contrast between the law of universal gravitation and the free fall of body

The contrast between the law of universal gravitation and the free fall of body

KText: Arbitrary shape text detection using modified K‐Means

Text detection methods based on grouping characters have emerged and have achieved promising performance. Nevertheless, previous methods that grouped characters by learning the relation of adjacent characters or used the heuristic clustering method with a handcrafted feature are unsuitable for dense, curved, or long texts. An effective manner of grouping characters is proposed by introducing K-Means that is modified by the law of universal gravitation, an outlier detection mechanism and sufficient context information. Based on that, corresponding text detector is presented, named the Text Detector, based on modified K-Means (KText), which can generate the bounding boundary of word-level texts with an arbitrary shape. In the experimental stage, two novel stratagems are presented to replenish character-level annotations to several datasets that provide only word-level annotations. To evaluate the effectiveness of the method, experiments are carried out on three benchmarks, ICDAR2013, ICDAR2015 and Total-Text, which contain horizontal, oriented and curved text. The results show that KText performs more competently than most state-of-the-art text detectors when handling dense texts with an arbitrary shape.

The Geomorphological Factors and Its Implications for The Tidal Energy Installations in Java, Indonesia

This study aims to place the tidal energy installation effectively in Indonesia based on geomorphological factors. The survey method was used to analyze the characteristics of beaches in Indonesia. Mathematical physics model was implemented to find the new formulas based on geomorphological factors. Tides are the result of gravitational attraction and the centrifugal effect, which is the drive In the earth-moon system, tidal generating forces are the resultant forces that cause tides, namely: the earth-moon system (FS) centrifugal force and the moon's gravitational force (FB). FS works in the center of the mass of the earth-moon system whose mass point is located on the 3/4 radius of the earth. The style of tidal generator caused by the moon can be calculated by combining Newton's universal gravitational law .The results of this study consist of F = m ac, where the style of the tidal generator caused by the moon can be calculated by combining newton's universal gravitational law in equation and newton's second law of motion in Equation. The another results is tan = , where the formula takes into account constants (K) based on slopes. The last result is the constants (K) for each land form starting on 0,00 untill 1,00. The north coast of Java is more suitable for tidal energy installations because the land form is dominated by alluvium plains of the quaternary age with a lower risk than the southern region of Java. The effectiveness of tidal energy installation depends on the characteristics of the land form. In alluvial plains, the quaternary age of the alluvial plains is more suitable than the hill form volcanic quaternary, tertiary volcanic, and tertiary holokarst.

Bringing the apple to the Moon

Newtonian gravity can be regarded as a hypothetic-deductive system where the inverse square law is the starting point from which gravitational phenomena are deduced. This operational form of presenting gravity endorses problem solving and seems to be predominant in the teaching practice. In contrast, regarding phenomena as a source for the development of the theory is also possible, of course, and can be advantageous to scientific education since it deals with model conception and construction. This article intends to introduce undergraduates to Newtonian gravity using its empirical basis, i.e. the free fall and the planetary motion, to deduce the universal law of gravitation. It also steps into the modern interpretation of gravitational phenomena i.e. Einstein’s general relativity, including a discussion on the instantaneous action at a distance in this context. This didactic presentation of the Newtonian theory of gravity is designed to reach a threefold equality, similar to those applied in the method of separation of variables in partial differential equations, where G is treated as a separation constant. By doing so, the universality of the gravitation constant emerges as a conclusion rather than a statement. A few historical remarks on the development of this topic are also highlighted.

Molten Pool Tracking Using a Superpixel-Based Approach in a Laser Metal Deposition Process

Abstract Nowadays, additive manufacturing technologies (AM) suffer from insufficient or lacking methodologies/techniques for quality control. This fact represents a key technological barrier preventing broader industrial adoption of AM, particularly in high-value applications where component failure cannot be accepted. This article presents a real-time melt pool segmentation and monitoring technique applicable to the direct laser metal deposition (LMD) process. An infrared camera with an InSb detector (resolution of 640 × 480, spectral range between 3 and 5 μm) was used. An algorithm, called gravitational superpixels, is presented. This algorithm can group pixels and generate superpixels based on a block generation technique that compares color similarity and temperature in infrared images. Besides, a color similarity correction is applied to reduce uncertainty in segmentation, as well as for eliminating the image background. The task of extracting edges is based on the law of universal gravitation. A quantitative and qualitative algorithm performance analysis, which uses standard metrics, is presented. The analysis demonstrates better versatility than reduction/feature extraction or image segmentation approaches by high-/low-pass filtering. The experimental validation was carried out, extracting and measuring the molten pool geometry and its thermal signature. Then, measures were compared against ground truth and against results obtained by other similar methods. The proposed gravitational superpixel method has higher precision and performance. Our proposal has a significant potential for monitoring industrial AM processes since it requires minimal modifications of commercially available industrial machines.

Analysis and improvement of GSA’s optimization process

Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is one of the heuristic algorithms proposed in recent years, which is inspired by the law of universal gravitation between masses. However, many practical applications and researches show that when the region affected by global optimum occupies less search space, GSA is prone to fall into local optimum, especially when the optimal value is close to the boundary of the search space and there are sub-optimal solutions in the center of the space. By microscopic analysis of the particle motion process of GSA in the above optimization situation, we find that the Kbest mechanism and the characteristic of central convergence are the two main factors affecting the GSA optimization performance. In this paper, an improved algorithm called Balanced Gravitational Search Algorithm is proposed, in which the balance operator is designed to solve two inherent problems in GSA. Then the proposed method is firstly tested on 10 benchmark functions provided by CEC 2020 compared with the state-of-the-art variant algorithms of the GSA and other typical meta-heuristics. Further, the algorithms are tested and compared on the real-world optimization problems including CEC 2011 real-world optimization problems and the Multi-Layer Neural Network (MLNN) training problem based on wine dataset. The simulation results show that BGSA can significantly improve the optimization performance of GSA and it can be a good choice for solving real-world optimization problems.

Newton the Alchemist: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's "Secret Fire"

Newton the Alchemist: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's "Secret Fire"

On sensitivity of the stability of equilibrium points with respect to the perturbations

The present investigation considers the effect of small perturbations given in the Coriolis and centrifugal forces on the location and stability of the equilibrium points in the Robe’s circular restricted three-body problem with non-spherical primary bodies. The felicitous equations of motion of $$m_3$$ are obtained by taking into account the shapes of primaries $$m_1$$ and $$m_2$$ , the full buoyancy force of the fluid which is filled inside $$m_1$$ of density $$\rho _1$$ , the forces due to the gravitational attraction of the fluid and $$m_2$$ . We assume that the massive body $$m_1$$ is an oblate spheroid and the $$m_2$$ a finite straight segment, and they move under a mutual gravitational attraction described by the Newton’s universal law of gravitation. In the present problem, $$m_3$$ is moving in the fluid and the rotating reference frame is used, its motion is bound to be affected by the perturbed Coriolis and centrifugal forces. In this attempt these effects along with the effects caused by the oblateness and length parameters A and l respectively, on the location and stability of the equilibrium points are observed. A pair of collinear equilibrium points $$L_1$$ and $$L_2$$ and infinite number of non-collinear equilibrium points are obtained. The stability of all the equilibrium points depends on the coefficients of their corresponding characteristic polynomials that are obtained with the help of linear variational equations.

Limiting the Speed of Light, Gravitational Potential, and the Removal and Acceleration of Galaxies in the Universe.

Space and time form a single 4-dimensional space-time continuum of our Universe, based on this, it can be shown that the speed of a body cannot be greater than the speed of light in a vacuum. Also, taking into account the limit of the speed of light, the removal and acceleration of galaxies in our Universe can be explained using only the law of universal gravitation of I. Newton.

Pattern of Local Gravitational Force (PLGF): A Novel Local Image Descriptor.

This paper presents a novel local image descriptor called Pattern of Local Gravitational Force (PLGF). It is inspired by Law of Universal Gravitation. PLGF is a hybrid descriptor, which is a combination of two feature components: one is the Pattern of Local Gravitational Force Magnitude (PLGFM), and another is Pattern of Local Gravitational Force Angle (PLGFA). PLGFM encodes the local gravitational force magnitude, and PLGFA encodes the local gravitational force angle that the center pixel exerts on all other pixels within a local neighborhood. We propose a novel noise resistance and the edge-preserving binary pattern called neighbors to center difference binary pattern (NCDBP) for gravitational force magnitude encoding. Finally, the histograms of the two components are concatenated to construct the PLGF descriptor. Experimental results on the existing face recognition databases, texture database, and biomedical image database show that PLGF is an effective image descriptor, and it outperforms other widely used existing descriptors. Even if in complicated variations like noise, and illumination with smaller databases, a combination of PLGF and convolutional neural network (CNN) performs consistently better than other state-of-the-art techniques.

Law of Universal Gravitation & The Cosmology

For a long time, because of the complexity of galactic structure and the multiplicity of celestial body motion, the law of universal gravitation has not been applied to a galaxy and the universe as a whole. By using the method of systems analysis, a galaxy is studied as a whole or a mass point that the law of universal gravitation is successfully applied, and obtain the universe is a large material system, which can be divided into many small sub-systems, and the sub-systems can be divided into many minor grandson systems, thus infinitely divided until the lowest level of the universe, that is, planets. Regardless of the level, all galaxies exist in the form of a sphere consisting of many secondary galaxies and their orbits, and this sphere moves regularly in a similar circular elliptical orbit. The kinetic energy and potential energy are the existing basic forms of energy in the universe, and the internal energy is a complementary existing form of energy under relativity rest condition. Because of the multiple motion of the universe, the kinetic energy in the universe exists on the division of energy levels, the higher the levels of the galaxy structure are, the lower the kinetic energy levels are, and the lower the levels of a galaxy structure are, the higher its kinetic energy levels are. Although there is an evolution of mass and energy distribution in the universal system, but it is eternal for the whole universal system.