Universal Filter Research Articles

Programmable Universal Filters Using Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifiers

This paper presents new programmable universal biquadratic filters using current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (CCTAs) by which both voltage- and current-mode filters can be obtained. The proposed filters use second-generation current conveyor (CCII) which is the first stage of CCTA to operate as current conveyor analog switch (CCAS) and this CCAS will be used to program the filtering functions such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass filters. Unlike previous universal filters, the filtering functions of the proposed filters can be programmed using the bias currents of CCTAs without changing any input and output connections. The natural frequency and quality factor of all filtering functions can be controlled electronically and orthogonally using the bias currents of transconductance amplifiers. Also gain response of all transfer functions can be adjusted. The active and passive sensitivities of the filters are low. The proposed programmable filters have been simulated using 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process from TSMC. PSPICE simulation results are included to confirm workability of the proposed circuits.

Fully‐balanced four‐terminal floating nullor for ultra‐low voltage analogue filter design

This study presents a new complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) structure for a fully balanced four-terminal floating nullor (FBFTFN) which is suitable for ultra-low-voltage and low-power applications. This structure employs a bulk-driven quasi-floating-gate (BD-QFG) metal–oxide–semiconductor transistor technique to provide the capability of ultra-low-voltage, low-power operations as well as extended input voltage range. The functionality of the proposed circuits is demonstrated through simulations using SPICE and TSMC 0.18 µm n-well CMOS technology with supply voltage of 0.5 V and dissipation power of 9.4 µW. To confirm the attractive features of the proposed circuit, the fully balanced filters such as band-pass Sallen–Key filter, voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter and current-mode sixth-order low-pass filter using proposed BD-QFG FBFTFN as active elements have been designed.

Sizing Analogue Integrated Circuits by Integer Encoding and NSGA-II

ABSTRACTTraditional sizing approaches for analogue integrated circuits (ICs) consisting of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors manipulate real values for the widths (W) and lengths (L), thus requiring a post-processing step to round them to multiples of lambda, i.e. the IC fabrication technology. This step may degrade the performance of the objective functions or even violate the constraints. To cope with this problem, an integer encoding is introduced herein, which is used into the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II). In this manner, all Ws and Ls are integers and multiples of lambda to guarantee that the solutions provided by NSGA-II are really feasible. The case of study is the sizing of a current conveyor (CCII) using IC technology of 180 nm, for which our proposed integer encoding reduces the execution time in an 18% and the dynamic memory usage in a 50% by applying NSGA-II. Finally, a universal filter and a sinusoidal oscillator are designed using the optimized CCII.

A Comparative Analysis of Universal Filters using Current Conveyors

Objectives: Current mode of operation is drawing the attention of many researchers due to their potential advantages such as wider Bandwidth, greater gain, higher slew-rate, etc., So, the design of Universal filters in current mode is essential keeping in view of power, Bandwidth. Methods: This paper concentrates on the analysis of some of the Universal filter Topologies which are realized using second generation current conveyor. For each Topology, the detailed mathematical analysis is carried out using circuit analysis techniques.The transfer fucntion expressions is derived. The effects of floating and grounded point passive elements is brieffy discussed with respect to hardware complexity, Quality factor and resonat angular frequency. Findings: The main objective of the paper is to analyze and compare various universal filter topologies. The objective of the paper also focus on the selection of the current conveyor by studying various generations in it. The Universal filters are used to act like low pass, High pass Band pass and Band reject filters. The merits and demerits of each Topology is compared.It has been observed that Topology I uses as minimum number of componenets as possible. There is no independent control of Q-factor in all topologies. All current conveyors and different Topologies are simulated in MULTISIM 13.0. Application: The proposed circuits finds applications in many areas such as communication, controls, Signal processing, Instrumentation. The work can be extended to design universal filter circuits with lesser passive componets, better Q and Bandwidth values.

A New Voltage-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter Using Single UVC

The paper presents a new universal biquadratic filter using single universal voltage conveyor (UVC), two resistors and two capacitors. The offered structure has three inputs and one output and can realise all the five basic biquadratic filters: high-pass (HP), low-pass (LP), band-reject (BR), band-pass (BP) and all-pass (AP) from the same circuit topology. The proposed universal filter also provides following advantageous features, not available simultaneously in any UVC based universal biquadratic filter so far: (i) low active and passive sensitivities, (ii) independent control of natural frequency (ω0) and bandwidth (BW) and (iii) no requirement of any component matching condition and inversion of input signal(s) (as needed in most of the earlier reported structures). The workability of proposed structure has been presented by SPICE (Version 16.5) simulation using 0.18 μm TSMC technology.

MISO-Type Voltage-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter Using Single Universal Voltage Conveyor

A universal biquadratic filter using single universal voltage conveyor (UVC), two resistors and two capacitors is presented in this paper. The proposed structure has three inputs and one output and can realize all the five standard biquadratic filters: low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), band-pass (BP), band-reject (BR) and all-pass (AP) from the same circuit configuration. The presented universal filter offers low active and passive sensitivities. SPICE (Version 16.5) simulation results using 0.18 μm TSMC technology have been included.

Commercially Available Active Device Based Grounded Inductor Simulator and Universal Filter with Improved Low Frequency Performances

In this paper, a new grounded inductor simulator employing two current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs), three resistors and one grounded capacitor which is suitable for IC fabrication is proposed. Also, a new voltage-mode (VM) universal filter with three input and single output is given as application example of the grounded inductor simulator. The universal filter with low output impedance can be easily cascaded with other VM circuits. Both of the proposed circuits have the feature of improved low frequency performances, and can be easily constructed by two commercially available active devices such as AD844s. However, both inductor simulator and universal filter need a single passive component matching condition. Simulation and experimental test results are given to demonstrate the performance and workability of the proposed grounded inductor simulator and filter structure.

Third order voltage mode universal filter using CCCII

This paper brings a multi input single output third order universal filter using second generation current controlled current conveyor (CCCII). The proposed structure consists of three CCCIIs and t...

Two lossy integrator loop based current-mode electronically tunable universal filter employing only grounded capacitors

In this paper, a novel single-input and multiple-output second-order current-mode universal filter is proposed where lossy integrator blocks, scaling blocks and summing blocks are employed. The proposed filter can simultaneously generate all the five universal filter responses namely; low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, notch and all-pass responses without requiring any critical passive component matching conditions. It uses only two grounded capacitors as passive components and BJTs as active elements; thus, it can be classified as an active-C filter. Both resonance frequency and quality factor of the proposed filter can be tuned electronically. Approximately 1.5 decades adjustable input frequency range for all the universal filter responses and high quality factor for band-pass response are obtained. Obtained PSpice simulation results confirm the theoretical design. Non-ideality and Monte Carlo analyses are also given. A practical realization of the single lossy integrator is accomplished. All the presented results are discussed.

Model-based extended quaternion Kalman filter to inertial orientation tracking of arbitrary kinematic chains.

Inertial orientation tracking is still an area of active research, especially in the context of out-door, real-time, human motion capture. Existing systems either propose loosely coupled tracking approaches where each segment is considered independently, taking the resulting drawbacks into account, or tightly coupled solutions that are limited to a fixed chain with few segments. Such solutions have no flexibility to change the skeleton structure, are dedicated to a specific set of joints, and have high computational complexity. This paper describes the proposal of a new model-based extended quaternion Kalman filter that allows for estimation of orientation based on outputs from the inertial measurements unit sensors. The filter considers interdependencies resulting from the construction of the kinematic chain so that the orientation estimation is more accurate. The proposed solution is a universal filter that does not predetermine the degree of freedom at the connections between segments of the model. To validation the motion of 3-segments single link pendulum captured by optical motion capture system is used. The next step in the research will be to use this method for inertial motion capture with a human skeleton model.

Second-Order Voltage-Mode Universal Filters Using Two DVCCs, Two Grounded Capacitors and Four Resistors

In this paper, two new second-order voltage-mode universal filters are proposed. Both of the proposed filters use only two differential voltage current conveyors (DVCCs), four resistors and two grounded capacitors which are advantageous from integrated circuit technology point of view. They can simultaneously provide second-order low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, notch and all-pass responses. They offer orthogonal control of angular resonance frequency and quality factor. However, they have a single matching condition for only all-pass responses. A number of simulations based on SPICE program are accomplished in order to demonstrate the performance of both filters.

Voltage-mode biquadratic filters using single DDCCTA

This paper presents two voltage-mode universal biquadratic filters based on a single differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA). Each of the proposed circuits comprises a single DDCCTA combined with passive components that can realize lowpass (LP), highpass (HP), bandpass (BP), bandstop (BS), and allpass (AP) filtering responses from the same configuration. The first proposed configuration can be used as either a high-input impedance single-input four-output multifunction filter or three-input four-output universal filter. The second proposed circuit with single-input five-output is slightly modified from the first proposed configuration that can simultaneously realize LP, HP, BP, BS, and AP filtering responses. The proposed circuits enjoy the features of orthogonal tunable of resonance angular frequency and quality factor, only using grounded capacitors, and low active and passive sensitivities. Experimental and H-Spice simulation results are given to confirm theoretical analyses.

Mixed-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter with No Need of Matching Conditions

None of the previously reported mixed-mode universal filters can achieve the following important advantage: no need of component matching conditions. This paper presents a new mixed-mode (including voltage, current, transadmittance, and transimpedance modes) universal biquadratic filter with no need of matching conditions (including no need of component matching and no need of input matching conditions). The proposed filter structure with nine outputs employs two plus-type fully differential current conveyors (P-type FDCCIIs), two grounded capacitors, four grounded resistors and one floating/grounded resistor, which can realize voltage, current, transadmittance, and transimpedance modes universal filtering responses (lowpass, highpass, bandpass, notch, and allpass) from the same topology without matching conditions. Moreover, the proposed circuit still offers many important advantages: the employment of two grounded capacitors, the simultaneous realizations of a lot of filtering functions, using only grounded resistors as the control factors of all filter parameters and gains, having controllable gains in current and transimpedance modes without disturbing filter parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]/Q, and Q, cascadably connecting the former voltage-mode (VM) stage and the latter current-mode (CM) stage, no capacitors bringing extra poles degrading high-frequency performance, and low active and passive sensitivity performances. H-spice simulations with TSMC 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m 1[Formula: see text]P6M CMOS process technology validate theoretical predictions.

Design of Universal Filter using MO-CCCDTA on 32nm FinFET Technology

The paper aims at designing a universal filter using current mode circuit. The main advantages of current mode circuits over voltage mode circuits are better linearity in performance,higher bandwidth responses, low noise performances. The preferred technology is 32nm FinFET technology since CMOS technology shows short channel effects and DIBL (Drain Induced Bareer Lowering) which hampers the performance of the circuit. As channel length reduces from 45nm CMOS technology to 32nm technology, the FinFET technology shows superior performances. The paper shows all the responses ( Low Pass, High Pass,Band Pass and Band Reject) of the Universal Filter. Bias currents are applied to reduce the effects of parasitic capacitances and resistances in the circuit. The circuit uses the MO-CCCDTA as the building block of the filter.The simulation is done on HSPICE software. General Terms Current Mode Circuit, Parasitic capacitances,Universal Filter.

A wideband linear tunable CDTA and its application in field programmable analogue array

In this paper, a NMOS-based wideband low power and linear tunable transconductance current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) is presented. Based on the NMOS CDTA, a novel simple and easily reconfigurable configurable analogue block (CAB) is designed. Moreover, using the novel CAB, a simple and versatile butterfly-shaped FPAA structure is introduced. The FPAA consists of six identical CABs, and it could realize six order current-mode low pass filter, second order current-mode universal filter, current-mode quadrature oscillator, current-mode multi-phase oscillator and current-mode multiplier for analog signal processing. The Cadence IC Design Tools 5.1.41 post-layout simulation and measurement results are included to confirm the theory.

Transformerless Single-Phase Universal Active Filter With UPS Features and Reduced Number of Electronic Power Switches

This paper presents an universal active power filter for harmonic and reactive power compensation with uninterrupted power supplies (UPS) features. The configurations does not use transformer in the series part. Transformerless modern UPS systems have been rapidly replacing the old technology due to their performance and size attributes. Reducing the numbers of passive elements and/or switches in active power filters and UPS topologies not only reduces the cost of the whole system but also provides some advantages, such as great compactness, smaller weight, and higher reliability. However, the cost reduction requires the use of more complex control strategies. The model of the proposed system is derived and it is observed that the system can be reconfigurable to operate with four or three leg depending on the issue. A complete control system, including the pulsewidth modulation techniques, is developed and a comparison between the proposed filter and the standard one is done, as well. Simulated and experimental results validate the theoretical considerations.

Dual-parameter control of the pole frequency in case of universal filter with MCDU elements

This paper presents an universal filter with control of the pole frequency by two mutually independent parameters--current gain (B) and intrinsic resistance (Rx) in frame of two modified current differencing unit (MCDU) active elements. This type of control extends and also improves features of the tuning range and is referred to as dual-parameter control. The current-mode filter is of the second order and the required type of the response (low pass, inverting band pass, high pass, band reject and all pass) is obtained by proper selection/combination of input(s)--this filter is of the multiple-input single-output type. The filter employs two capacitors, two MCDUs, each of them with four controllable parameters and one multiple-output current follower. The paper includes tuning range analysis, the simulation results with behavioral models and also laboratory measurement results with the same models. Moreover, designed transistor-level structures of both the active elements proposed in ON Semiconductor I3T CMOS 0.35 um technology that were used for final simulations confirm the workability and features of the designed concept.

Adjoint-KHN Equivalent Realization of Current Mode Universal Biquad Employing Third Generation Current Conveyor

The classical “Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb” (KHN) filter has been a very popular high performance multifunction biquadratic analog filter. Derived from the adjoint signal flow graph of this KHN circuit a new multi-input universal filter has been presented utilising for the first time all third generation current conveyors. This new universal biquadratic filter employs all grounded passive elements, realizes all the standard five filtering functions namely “Low pass”, “High pass”, “Band pass”, “Band reject” and “All pass” and produces all the outputs without requiring any additional active and /or passive component. The workability of the proposed circuit configuration has been verified by PSPICE simulation along with its non-ideal analysis, time domain analysis, sensitivity analysis and Monte-Carlo analysis. The proposed universal filter with explicit current output may be suitably employed in all current-mode application situations of classical KHN filter such as; FM demodulators, phase-locked-loops etc.

A First-Order Fully Cascadable Current-Mode Universal Filter Composed of Dual Output CCIIs and a Grounded Capacitor

In this paper, a new first-order current-mode (CM) universal filter employing two dual output second-generation current conveyors (DO-CCIIs), one resistor and a grounded capacitor is proposed. The proposed filter has low input and high output impedances; thus, it can be easily connected with other CM circuits. It can simultaneously realize first-order low-pass (LP) and all-pass (AP) responses and can provide high-pass (HP) response with interconnection of LP and AP responses. It can be tuned electronically by replacing with dual output second-generation current controlled conveyors (DO-CCCIIs) instead of DO-CCIIs and removing the resistor. It has only a resistor but no capacitor connected in series to X terminal of DO-CCII; accordingly, it can be operated at high frequencies. Also, it does not need any critical passive component matching conditions and cancellation constraints. A number of simulation results based on SPICE program are included to exhibit performance, workability and effectiveness of the proposed filter configuration.

A Voltage-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter Using DDCCTA

This paper presents a new voltage-mode (VM) universal biquadratic filter using differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA) as an active element. The circuit employs one DDCCTA, two floating resistors and two floating capacitors which can realize five biquadratic filters, namely low-pass (LP), band-pass (BP), band-stop (BS), high-pass (HP) and all-pass (AP) into one single topology. For realizing these filtering functions, passive component-matching conditions, inverting-type and/or doubling-input signal requirements and changing circuit configuration are absent. The natural angular frequency and quality factor of the filter can be orthogonally controlled deliberately. The VM biquadratic filter using grounded passive components with high-input and low-output impedances can be obtained by adding an additional DDCCTA or differential difference current conveyor (DDCC). The simulation results with 0.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process from MIETEC are given to confirm the theoretical predictions and the experimental results are also included to verify the workability of the proposed structure.