Universal-diverse Orientation Research Articles

Tokyo 2020 and diversity attitudes of young residents: A latent change score analysis of effects of event identification

This research applies social identity and self-categorization theories to investigate how changes in social identification with a mega-event are associated with changes in residents' universal-diverse orientation, a measure of attitudes toward diversity. Panel survey data from 581 young adult residents of Tokyo before and after the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were analyzed via latent change score modeling. Results indicate that these residents experienced a greater increase in universal-diverse orientation if they increased their identification with the Games to a greater degree, and this relationship was mediated by changes in their perceptions of how the event represented diversity-related values. Our findings underscore the importance of strengthening residents' social identification to expand the capacity of mega-events for diversity promotion.

A validation study of the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale in South Africa

Background: In order for organisations to best implement diversity management programmes that will create an environment in which diversity is appreciated and utilised optimally to achieve organisational outcomes, they need to first identify the attitudes and orientations that individuals in the organisation have towards diversity. Universal-diverse orientation (UDO) is a largely under-researched topic in South Africa, and currently no instrument measuring UDO has been validated in a South African context.Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale (M-GUDS) in South Africa.Setting: The study was conducted among the general working population in the Gauteng Province in South Africa.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional research design was followed. A heterogeneous sample of 255 South African employees from the general working population in Gauteng was selected to complete a voluntary web-based questionnaire.Results: The results confirm that the M-GUDS is reliable; the factorial validity, and convergent and divergent validity of the M-GUDS are also confirmed. The predictive validity of the instrument is partly confirmed.Conclusion: This study contributes to the limited research that has been done on UDO in South Africa by providing a valid instrument that can give additional insight into organisations on the orientations and attitudes of employees toward diversity. This provides organisations with a platform to assess their diversity orientation that can be used to inform diversity management programmes.Contribution: This study contributes to the limited research that has been done on UDO in South Africa, as well as addresses the gap of a lacking instrument to measure UDO in South Africa by validating the M-GUDS.

How Personality Relates to Attitudes Toward Diversity and Workplace Diversity Initiatives.

The present research examined how the Big Five traits Openness to Experience and Agreeableness predicted general attitudes toward diversity (Study 1) and receptivity to concrete diversity initiatives in the workplace (Study 2). Study 1 found that Openness to Experience positively predicted universal diverse orientation, but not pro-diversity belief or sensitivity to diversity. Agreeableness positively predicted universal diverse orientation and pro-diversity belief. In Study 2, Openness to Experience positively predicted universal diverse orientation, but not support for workplace diversity initiatives. Agreeableness positively predicted universal diverse orientation and support for both existing and potential workplace diversity initiatives. We also showed that universal diverse orientation mediated the links between personality and support for workplace diversity initiatives. We discuss how these findings can shed more light on the types of individuals who are more likely to endorse diversity and inclusion, which can subsequently inform more effective implementation and communication of diversity initiatives.

The Influence of Interpersonal Communication, Universal-Diverse Orientation (UDO), and Self-Efficacy on the Quality of Administrative Services at State University of Jakarta

This study aims to determine the direct effect of interpersonal communication, universal-diverse orientation (UDO), and self-efficacy on the quality of administrative services, as well as to determine the indirect effect of interpersonal communication and universal-diverse orientation (UDO) through self-efficacy on the quality of administrative services at State University of Jakarta. The research used was a survey with a causal design. The number of sample respondents was determined as 178 employees, the sampling technique was carried out by simple random (sample random sampling) from 230 employees of the State University of Jakarta. The results of this study indicate that; (1). There is a positive direct effect of Interpersonal Communication on the Quality of Academic Services, (2). There is a positive direct influence Universal-Diverse Orientation (UDO) on the Quality of Academic Services, (3). There is a positive direct effect of Self Efficacy on Academic Service Quality., (4) There is a positive direct influence of Interpersonal Communication on Self Efficacy, (5) There is a positive direct influence of Universal-Diverse Orientation (UDO) on Self Efficacy. The novelty in this research is that research conducted at this time is research looking at several variations of variables such as the influence of interpersonal communication, universal-diverse orientation (UDO), and self-efficacy on the quality of administrative services and quality variables as independent variables.

Diversity and consumer dispositions towards foreign countries in an emerging market

PurposeThe current study builds on social identity theory and realistic conflict theory aims to identify the relationships amongst consumers' ethnocentrism, animosity, discomfort with differences – a factor of universal-diverse orientation (UDO) – and reluctance to purchase German (RELG) and French automobiles (RELF) in the Turkish automobile market which is dominated by foreign brands.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical data were collected via face-to-face surveys from 400 respondents in the emerging market Turkey. Structural equation modelling was employed to examine the direct and indirect effects between the variables.FindingsThe main predictors of the RELG are consumer ethnocentrism, discomfort with differences and economic animosity towards Germany, respectively. Furthermore, RELF in the Turkish market is positively affected by consumer ethnocentrism, war animosity towards France and discomfort with differences, respectively. Discomfort with differences mediates the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and RELG and RELF.Practical implicationsInternational collaborations with local manufacturers have huge strategic impacts when establishing reliable relationships with Turkish consumers. Foreign companies can initiate socially responsible projects that will relay the message of similarities between cultures to decrease perceived cultural differences. Highlighting the similarities of Turkish consumers with a foreign company in promotional campaigns will be much beneficial.Originality/valueDespite there are many studies regarding antecedents and consequences of consumer ethnocentrism, extant research overlooks the effect of animosity on this concept. Additionally, studies examining UDO in the marketing literature are scarce. This paper integrates UDO, consumer ethnocentrism, animosity and reluctance to purchase foreign products in one study.

“Sorry for Congo, Let’s Make Amends”: Belgians’ Ideological Worldviews Predict Attitudes Towards Apology and Reparation for its Colonial Past

In light of the recent steps Belgium has made towards reconciling with its colonial history in Congo (e.g., the King’s letter of regret, and the removal of some colonial statues), we examined how Belgians differ in their attitudes towards an official apology, towards (symbolic) reparations (e.g., renaming streets), and towards raising more awareness about the colonial past (e.g., more detailed information in educational books) as a function of their ideological worldviews. We hypothesized that authoritarianism and group dominance would negatively predict these outcome variables, while particularly universal-diverse orientation and egalitarianism would predict them positively. We further hypothesized that these relations would be mediated by relevant intergroup emotions (i.e., group-based guilt, shame, and anger, and especially outgroup empathy). Path model analyses on a sample of 258 Flemish-speaking students provided support for our predictions: (1) universal-diverse orientation was the strongest predictor of all intergroup emotions, (2) empathy—and to a lesser extent group-based anger—were the strongest direct predictors of attitudes towards apologizing, reparation, and awareness, and (3) empathy was the most important mediator explaining the associations of universal-diverse and egalitarian orientations with the outcomes. We discuss the implications of our findings for the current debate regarding reconciliation between groups with a history of colonialism.

Multiculturalism as a Mediator of Ethnic Identity and National Identity among Javanese Adolescents

The development of national identity in a highly multicultural nation begins by identifying oneself to a particular ethnic group and realizing that multiculturalism is the bridge between both identities. This research aims to discover the link between national identity, ethnic identity, and multiculturalism in Indonesia, specifically for Javanese. This study utilized three measurement scales: (1) National Identity Scale to measure national identity; (2) Ethnic Identity Scale to measure the sense of belongingness to the Javanese ethnicity; and (3) Universal Diverse Orientation (UDO), to measure multiculturalism. This study's participants consist of 441 college students in Yogyakarta (male = 115; female = 326), ranging from 17 to 21. The regression analysis result shows that the mediation model supports this research hypothesis, namely that multiculturalism mediates the relationship between ethnic identity and national identity. Therefore, the current finding generates a new conception regarding the related theme.

Influence of Caring and Empathy on Students' Multiculturalism Mediated by Christianity: Role of University Core Values

Urban diversity is a reality for young people living in megacities such as Jakarta. Diversity in urban areas has its benefits; for example, it is a driver of creativity and innovation, but this urban diversity is vulnerable to intergroup friction and conflict. Therefore, urban youth needs to have a sense of multiculturalism, that is, an open attitude and respect for differences. Strong connections between Multiculturalism and Empathy as well as between Multiculturalism and spirituality or religiosity have been recognized. Universities that implement religious-oriented values and openness toward diversity are more likely to promote student multiculturalism. Based on literature, our study examines the influence of the organizational core values of Christianity and Caring as well as an additional social skill variable of Empathy on Multiculturalism among students in a Catholic university in Jakarta. We hypothesize that Multiculturalism is predicted by Caring and Empathy mediated by Christianity. This research was conducted with 155 bachelor students at University X. Research instruments comprised Organizational Core Value questionnaires, the Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright’s Empathy Quotient, and the Universal-Diverse Orientation Scale. Data were analyzed using the path analysis technique. The results show that Multiculturalism is predicted by Caring and Empathy mediated by Christianity. Christianity influences Multiculturalism. Each of Caring and Empathy influences Multiculturalism with the mediation of Christianity. These results suggest that a university might cultivate Multiculturalism by thoughtfully channeling religiously oriented values and a sense of Caring and Empathy in building university culture.

The Moderating Role of Openness to Experience on the Relationship between Concientiousness, Exraversion and Universal-Diverse Orientation in Counseling Students

Bu calismanin amaci, psikolojik danismanlik ogrencilerinde, sorumluluk ve disadonukluk ile evrensellik-farklilik yonelimi arasindaki iliskide deneyime acikligin duzenleyici bir rolunun olup olmadigini test etmektir. Bu calisma, Turkiye’nin batisinda yer alan bir devlet universitesinde ogrenim goren 377 psikolojik danismanlik ogrencisi ile yurutulmustur. Arastirma verilerini toplamak amaciyla Miville-Guzman Evrensellik-Farklilik Yonelimi Kisa Formu ve Sifatlara Dayali Kisilik Testi kullanilmistir. Arastirmada sorumluluk ve disadonukluk ile evrensellik-farklilik yonelimi arasindaki iliskide deneyime acikligin duzenleyici etkisi, Baron ve Kenny’nin (1986) duzenleyicilik modeline iliskin belirttikleri basamaklara dayali bir dizi hiyerarsik coklu regresyon analizi ile test edilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, sorumluluk ve disadonukluk ile evrensellik-farklilik yonelimi arasindaki iliskide deneyime acikligin duzenleyici etkisinin oldugunu gostermektedir. Buna gore, deneyime aciklik, sorumluluk ve disadonuklugun evrensellik-farklilik yonelimi uzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltarak bir tampon islevi sergilemektedir.

Big Five Personality Factors and Facets as Predictors of Openness to Diversity

ABSTRACTOpenness to diversity is a crucial component of cultural competence needed in the increasingly diversified modern society and a necessary condition for benefitting from diversity contacts and interventions (e.g., diversity training, cultural courses). Responding to the recent call for more research on personality and its relation to diversity outcomes, we examined the associations between Big Five personality (i.e., Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness) higher order factors and lower order facets and universal-diverse orientation (i.e., open attitude of appreciating human universality and diversity; Miville et al., 1999). In the Study 1 (N = 338) web survey on Big Five factors, Openness to Experience and Agreeableness were associated with universal-diverse orientation significantly. In the Study 2 (N = 176) paper survey on both Big Five factors and facets, Openness to Experience, low Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness, and various lower-order facets of all the Big Five personality were associated with universal-diverse orientation significantly. Practical implications were suggested on how personality facets could be incorporated into current diversity interventions to enhance their effectiveness of promoting openness to diversity.

Attachment insecurity and openness to diversity: The roles of self-esteem and trust

Openness to diversity is useful to adjustment in the diversified modern society, but diversity can be perceived as a threat to one's identity and cultural values. Thus, tendency to feel secure and not easily threatened—attachment security—may be associated with openness to diversity. A path model hypothesized the associations between attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and avoidance) and universal-diverse orientation (UDO; i.e., open attitude toward diversity) both directly and indirectly through low self-esteem and interpersonal trust. A structural equation modeling analysis using two samples (N=338 and 350, respectively) of U.S. undergraduates revealed that attachment anxiety was associated with the UDO cognitive component Relativistic Appreciation positively but its emotional component Comfort with Differences negatively, suggesting ambivalent attitudes to diversity. Indirect effects were significant between attachment insecurity and UDO through trust, although self-esteem was associated with UDO only through its association with trust. It was suggested that mistrust in others' good intention might be why insecurely attached feel uncomfortable with the culturally different people.

Universal-diverse orientation of business, education, and social work students in a north-eastern comprehensive university

Purpose of this interdisciplinary research was to measure the level of multicultural awareness, sensitivity to and understanding of difference, and intercultural competence when working in diverse environments in the undergraduate and graduate Business, Education and Human Development, and Social Work students using the Universal-Diverse Orientation (UDO) (MGUDS-S survey). Convenient purposive sampling was utilised to invite students enrolled in these three schools to participate in web-based descriptive survey research. Students in Social Work had the greatest UDO, followed by students in Education and Human Development, and the Business students. Interdisciplinary differences in context of variables, such as degree, number of prior diversity courses, exposure to diverse cultures, gender, spirituality, and political affiliation, are discussed, along with recommendations for education and practice.

The influence of an Alaska Native accent and reputation on perceived therapist credibility.

In this study, we examined the influence of an Alaska Native (AN) accent and reputation on perceived therapist credibility after controlling for universal-diverse orientation. Participants listened to and rated therapist audio recordings that differed in AN accent (strong, minimal) and reputational cues (expert, recent graduate, student). While credibility ratings of the accent conditions did not differ in the expert and recent graduate scenarios, the graduate student therapist was seen as less attractive and useful when she spoke with a strong accent.

Attitude toward cultural diversity: A test of identity-related antecedents and purchasing consequences

The purpose of the present study is to investigate how consumers' national and global identities relate to a reluctance to purchase foreign products, in favor of domestic alternatives. The authors assume that consumers' universal–diverse orientation (UDO), a three-dimensional conceptualization of attitude toward cultural diversity, functions as a mediator variable in these relationships. The results show that reluctance to purchase foreign products, as mediated by the three UDO dimensions, increases with national identity but does not decrease with global identity. The three UDO dimensions account for this asymmetry and can effectively explain the underlying psychological processes. The theoretically predicted relationships hold across four global consumer segments, suggesting that UDO functions as a robust predictor of behavior.

Universal-diverse orientation in Asian international students: confirmatory factor analysis of the Miville-Guzman universality-diversity scale, short form.

Despite apparent relevance to Asian international students, universal-diverse orientation (UDO) has not been psychometrically validated with this population. The current study investigated the most researched UDO measure, the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale, Short Form (M-GUDS-S; Fuertes, Miville, Mohr, Sedlacek, & Gretchen, 2000), with 333 Asian international college students. The M-GUDS-S evidenced good reliability and convergent validity, and analyses confirmed a three-factor structure, supporting expanded use of the scale.

Developing a comprehensive scale to assess college multicultural programming.

A barrier to assessing effectiveness of multicultural programming is lack of a relatively brief instrument to measure the wide range of intended outcomes. A frequent goal of programming is to increase cultural empathy, but this is rarely the only intended outcome. We conducted focus groups of campus administrators, student affairs staff, and undergraduate instructors who identified a full range of racial/ethnic multicultural competencies that undergraduates should possess. An 84-item pool generated from these focus groups was combined with the 31-item Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (SEE; Wang et al., 2003). These 115 items, together with instruments used to gauge concurrent validity, were administered to White undergraduate students in introductory psychology courses at the midpoint (n = 602) and end (n = 676) of fall semester. Exploratory factor analysis suggested 6 subscales for the Everyday Multicultural Competencies/Revised SEE (EMC/RSEE): (a) Cultural Openness and Desire to Learn; (b) Resentment and Cultural Dominance; (c) Anxiety and Lack of Multicultural Self-Efficacy; (d) Empathic Perspective-Taking; (e) Awareness of Contemporary Racism and Privilege; and (f) Empathic Feeling and Acting as an Ally. Item response theory principles guided final selection of subscale items. Analyses suggested good factor stability, reliability, and discriminant validity of the 48-item EMC/RSEE in these undergraduate samples. EMC/RSEE subscales were not strongly correlated with a measure of impression management and were significantly associated with measures of Openness to Diversity Challenge, and Universal-Diverse Orientation.

The Effect of Domestic Immersion Experiences on Levels of Cultural Competence

Although information regarding the importance of fostering cultural competence in future practitioners exists in a variety of disciplines, limited data exists concerning the effect of experiential learning opportunities. This research sought to determine the effect that domestic immersion has on levels of cultural competence among undergraduate social work students from a predominantly rural area of the Upper Midwest of the United States. The authors collected quantitative data via pre-and post-trip administrations of a modified version of the Miller-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale short form and qualitative data in the form of participants' responses to questions related to expectations and assumptions about cultural and racial aspects of life in the host culture. The results indicate that domestic immersions are associated with changes in universal diverse orientation.

Gay and bisexual male clients' perceptions of counseling: The role of perceived sexual orientation similarity and counselor universal-diverse orientation.

A recurring question in multicultural counseling is whether client-counselor similarity on sociodemographic characteristics benefits counseling. A related issue is how counselor orientation to diversity relates to counseling process and outcome, both as a main effect and in interaction with counselor-client sociodemographic match. This cross-sectional study investigated these questions in relation to gay and bisexual male clients' counseling experiences by examining clients' perceived similarity to their counselor in sexual orientation, as well as counselors' self-reported orientation to diversity (assessed in terms of level of universal-diverse orientation [UDO]). Data were from 83 male-male client-counselor dyads recruited from lesbian/gay/bisexual-affirming counseling practices, where clients identified as gay or bisexual and counselors identified as gay, bisexual, or heterosexual. Counselor UDO was positively and uniquely associated with client ratings of the working alliance, session depth, and session smoothness. Perceived sexual orientation similarity was not directly related to any of the counseling-related criterion variables. Moreover, when counselors reported low levels of UDO, perceived similarity was negatively associated with the client-rated alliance and perceived improvement. Client religious commitment-a control variable in all analyses--was uniquely and negatively associated with client ratings of perceived improvement in counseling.

Do the ideological beliefs of peers predict the prejudiced attitudes of other individuals in the group?

The authors used multilevel modeling to examine whether peer group ideological beliefs ( n = 109 friendship groups) predicted the homophobic and racist attitudes of other individuals within the group ( n = 395 college students). Results indicated that the social dominance orientation (SDO), right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), and universal-diverse orientation (UDO) ideological beliefs of peers predicted the prejudiced attitudes of other group members, over and above individuals’ own ideological views. Additionally, the strength with which individuals’ own ideological beliefs predicted their prejudiced attitudes varied systematically across peer groups. Affiliations with high-RWA peers strengthened the extent to which individuals’ own SDO and RWA predicted their prejudiced attitudes. Results suggest the ideological beliefs of peers are relevant to predicting the prejudiced attitudes of the individuals with whom they affiliate. Although specific peer ideologies differentially predicted forms of prejudice, the overall contribution of these peer ideology beliefs to the prediction of individuals’ prejudiced attitudes was comparable for both homophobic and racist attitudes. Attention to proximal social networks and the social dynamics within these networks can contribute to better explanations of individual differences in prejudiced attitudes.

Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Understanding patterns among university students.

This investigation adds to the growing body of scholarship on the psychosocial costs of racism to Whites (PCRW), which refer to consequences of being in the dominant position in an unjust, hierarchical system of societal racism. Extending research that identified 5 distinct constellations of costs of racism (L. B. Spanierman, V. P. Poteat, A. M. Beer, & P. I. Armstrong, 2006), the authors used multinomial logistic regression in the current study to examine what factors related to membership in 1 of the 5 PCRW types during the course of an academic year. Among a sample of White university freshmen (n = 287), the authors found that (a) diversity attitudes (i.e., universal diverse orientation and unawareness of privilege) explained PCRW type at entrance, (b) PCRW type at entrance explained participation in interracial friendships at the end of the year, (c) 45% of participants changed PCRW type during the course of the year, and (d) among those who changed type, particular PCRW types at entrance resulted in greater likelihood of membership in particular PCRW types at the end of the year. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).