Universal Civilization Research Articles

Difference of Approaches to the Concept of Equality: Western Tradition and L.S. Senghor

In this paper, the authors present a comparative perspective of the notion of equality in the Western school of scientific thought—a notion that became the cornerstone for specific scientific concepts in Western social and political philosophy—and the non-Western approaches to equality, taking as an example of the latter the ideas of the Senegal politician and philosopher L.S. Senghor. Such a comparison is of interest because the African thinker, although he had studied in France and enjoyed political recognition there, understood the concept of equality in postcolonial context quite differently from the Western philosophers. Other African postcolonial political figures (e.g., J. Nyerere) have also addressed the equality concept, but it is Senghor’s ideas that demonstrate so openly the African alternative to the Western approach. Senghor’s concept of equality is inseparable from his postcolonial political activities: during this period of his life, he introduced a notion of Civilisation de l’Universel, Civilization of the Universal, which was based on this concept. According to Senghor, such a civilization should evolve through the use of dialogue on equal terms, integrating the values of different civilizations of the West and East. He juxtaposed this notion with the one of civilisation universelle, Universal Civilization, the evolution of which is based exclusively on Euro-American values and can, in its technocrat rush, distort human nature, leading to the demise of humankind. Trying to resolve the dichotomies of Eurocentric approach, born of the gap between rational and intuitive thinking, Senghor adopts a concept of equality as unity, which brings him close to the Eastern Christian tradition of interpreting equality. It is in sharp contrast to Euro-American social tradition, which focuses solely on rational and ideological conceptualizing.

The Role of AI in Shaping Our Future: Super-Exponential Growth, Galactic Civilization, and Doom

The present study investigates the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the future trajectory of human civilization. It focuses on topics such as super-exponential growth, the potential emergence of a galactic civilization, and the associated "doom" hazards. A significant advancement in machine intelligence with human-like consciousness, strong artificial intelligence (AI), also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), creates new opportunities and capacities. There's growing anxiety about the risk that weak AI will eventually become strong AI. Every year, new transformer models that are more like human interactions are being created, and we have already witnessed some indications of AGI. It is anticipated that AI will reach a "singularity" and advance on its own without assistance from humans. This thesis explores the theoretical and practical foundations, model building blocks, development processes, challenges, and ethical issues surrounding the creation of Consciousness AI (AGI). This paper examines the meaning of the term "technological singularity," the various types of singularities that have no point of return idea, the philosophical risks associated with the development of AI, and the implications of AI singularity for monetary theory and the new economic order. As a new perspective on the deployment of ethical AI in the face of tremendous technological advancements, the study not only contributes to the theoretical discourse but also explores the possible practical implications of AI on our shared future. Several obstacles to AI advancement are covered in the paper, along with prospective directions for future research.

Why the Fermi paradox may not be well explained by Wong and Bartlett's theory of civilization collapse. A Comment on: 'Asymptotic burnout and homeostatic awakening: a possible solution to the Fermi paradox?' (2022) by Wong and Bartlett.

Wong and Bartlett explain the Fermi paradox by arguing that neither human nor extra-terrestrial civilizations can escape the time window singularity which, they claim, results from the way in which social characteristics of civilizations follow super-linear growth curves of cities. We question if data at the city level necessarily can lead to conclusions at the civilization level. More specifically, we suggest ways in which learnings from research, foresight, diversity and effective future government might act outside of their model to regulate super-linear growth curves of civilizations, and thus substantively increase the likelihood of civilizations progressing towards higher levels of the Kardashev scale. Moreover, we believe their claimed history of the collapse of terrestrial societies used to evidence their model is difficult to justify. Overall, we cast reasonable doubt on the ability of their proposed model to satisfactorily explain the Fermi paradox.

The Dilemma of Democracy in Modern Russia: Parliamentarism or Universal Civil Co-government

The civilizational choice of modern Russia has posed to our people the problem of searching for a national idea, choosing a socio-political system that ensures the survival of the Russian state in the context of the global political crisis of liberal representative democracy and armed conflict with the West. Universal civil co-government and libertarian state socialism as a popular initiative coming from the depths of the consciousness of Russian society, acts as the only guideline for state-building capable of ensuring the national path of development of the country, preserving its identity and becoming an example to other peoples.

Особливості правового статусу банків як юридичних осіб

The article describes the peculiarities of banks’ legal personality and considers approaches to the universal and special legal capacity of banks as legal entities. It also argues the expediency of using the dynamic theory for determining banks’ legal capacity and the application of special legal ability of banks. The analysis provided in the article is based on the approach according to which the legal ability of legal entities that in the future must obtain permission (permit, license, registration or authorization) for the right to conduct certain types of activities arises in two stages. First, a legal entity receives a minimum universal civil legal ability from the moment of its state registration to the extent necessary for its functioning as a legal entity. The second stage is obtaining a banking license by a bank, which is actually obtaining a special legal capacity. The article analyses all banks’ services (banking services, other financial services, as well as non-financial services provided by the banks), the provision of which requires a special legal capacity. It is argued that special legal ability of the bank provides for the ability to have rights and bear responsibilities necessary for the provision of banking services. A banking service on raising funds and refundable investment metals, in contrast to such raising by other financial institutions, should be considered raising to a bank account. Banking services on opening bank accounts provides for a unique feature of banks - their systemic technological nature to ensure monetary settlements between banks and bank clients. It is suggested to introduce in the legislation the provision that not only the opening of bank accounts should be considered a banking service, but also the provision of settlements between parties which have bank accounts. It is argued that the bank is a unique universal financial institution not so much because of the list of services itself, most of which can be provided by other financial institutions, but because it can provide these services in combination with other services (in complex way). It is indicated that the peculiarity of the legal capacity of the bank as a legal entity lies in introducing a two-tier governance system only with a collegial executive body and tighter requirements in regard to the quality of academic and professional background of members of such governing bodies.

Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature

In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the ultraviolet-to-visible (UV-VIS) and in the near-infrared, within the wavelength range of a space-based flagship mission concept like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Assuming that only solar energy is used to provide the 2022 human energy needs with a land cover of ∼2.4%, and projecting the future energy demand assuming various growth-rate scenarios, we assess the detectability with an 8 m HWO-like telescope. Assuming the most favorable viewing orientation, and focusing on the strong absorption edge in the UV-VIS (0.34–0.52 μm), we find that several hundreds of hours of observation time are needed to reach a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 for an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star at 10 pc, even with a solar panel coverage of ∼23% land coverage of a future Earth. We discuss the necessity of concepts like Kardeshev Type I/II civilizations and Dyson spheres, which would aim to harness vast amounts of energy. Even with much larger populations than today, the total energy use of human civilization would be orders of magnitude below the threshold for causing direct thermal heating or reaching the scale of a Kardashev Type I civilization. Any extraterrestrial civilization that likewise achieves sustainable population levels may also find a limit on its need to expand, which suggests that a galaxy-spanning civilization as imagined in the Fermi paradox may not exist.

The Destination Energy Debt of Interstellar Voyages

This paper introduces the strategic concept of energy debt acquired by interstellar migrations at their destination. For such voyages an energy debt of travel can be calculated, where KE V2 M Travel Population Distance to Destination. In addition, at destination, growth must be initiated to fill the energy and resource needs of the arrivals. A targeted solar system must contain sufficient resources to supply a growth that provides the technological needs of the arriving society and eventually to develop the capability of escaping the system equivalent to that which had been required for the initial launch. Thus, the capacity of the destination to fill the energy debt of the voyage, at a first approximation given by the planetary and solar masses, is a significant factor in the decision to make the voyage. A simple utility ratio, τ, relating voyage time to technological growth time at destination is proposed and two destinations from Earth are considered in terms of this factor. It is proposed that a Kardashev Type II phase of growth results in such a dependency on energy that investing in high resource-use interstellar voyages will be a necessary means by which a technological civilisation can retard consuming its system’s entire carrying capacity. Some practical methods of avoiding the voyage’s energy debt, including in-flight refuelling, fly-by ‘seeding’ scenarios and the potentials of exotic physics or higher dimensional life are discussed and shown to be ineffective. Other classes of exploratory voyages such as the Icarus Project’s Firefly and those using beamed propulsion methods will also be discussed in relation to the utility ratio. Applying this utility ratio to the likelihood of ETI encounters in any form with Humans at their current stage of development leads to the conclusion that alien encounters will be rare and no scenario for current alien activity on Earth is likely to be correct. Keywords: Interstellar Voyage, Energy Debt, UAP, Kardashev

Space Butterfly: Combining Artificial Intelligence and Genetic Engineering to Explore Multiple Stellar Systems

In their classic 1965 treatment of extraterrestrial intelligence, I. S. Shlovskii and Carl Sagan postulate that an advanced galactic civilization would use relativistic inhabited spacecraft to explore the galaxy. Because such craft might forever be technologically or sociologically infeasible, an alternative approach is suggested. Artificial intelligence, genetic engineering and other technologies might be employed to develop autonomous, solar-photon-sail propelled probes that might cruise the galaxy and unfold their photon-sail “wings” during close stellar flybys while studying the destination planetary system. The sail could be used for acceleration, deceleration or to direct the probe to further destinations. The similarity between ‘Oumuamua, the first known interstellar object to visit our solar system and the proposed “Space Butterfly” is noted. It is unfortunate that this object is moving so fast and is so distant that a robotic Earth-launched probe to it is unlikely. Keywords: SETI, Technosignatures, interstellar Probes

Roman Law as a Fundament of Modern Civil Law

Roman lawmakers and legal advisers have created a system meant to organize social and economic relations in a market economy created by the Roman state, which, because of its great territorial conquests becomes the most powerful state of the Antiquity spread throughout three continents. Roman law was a priceless thesaurus of universal civilization, as it represented the conceptual structure that would later become the basis of all future institutions, principles, and regulations of legal systems. In the modern age, along with the coding activity, Roman law was a theoretical and practical guide for all future regulations.

Universal Civil Jurisdiction and International Law: A Response to Professor B.S. Chimni

Universal Civil Jurisdiction and International Law: A Response to Professor B.S. Chimni

다문화사회의 상호문화성에 대한 전망

In the history of civilization, the world history of the past 200 years has left a mark in the history of the global expansion of Western civilization and the struggles of non-Western countries. And in the 21st century, Korea's multicultural phenomenon, which was formed at the crossroads of radical globalization economically, politically, and culturally, is also operating surrounded by the axis of Western civilization universalism. Accordingly, in the midst of globalization, ‘practice multiculturalism’ and ‘social integration’ have become important tasks in Korean society due to the influx of labor migrants and marriage migrants. However, in reality, there are social and historical weaknesses in Korea's compressed modernization that prevent the community from maturing as a multicultural society. This is not only because the Western sociality that enables representative politics of civil society, the basis of Western universalism, and the rule of law, that is, rational liberal democracy, has not fully matured in Korean society, but also because of the inherent vulnerability of globalized multiculturalism.
 The term ‘multicultural society’, which is used in various senses, has its origins in the immigration policy managed by the state, and has a large state-led political connotation as it has legal elements at the border management level. In Western history, it is an ideology that was created with the problem of post-colonialism following the immigration crisis. However, the mutual interference between the global economy and cultural activities at an ever-increasing pace is forming a super-complex social system. Among these direct and indirect influences, the movement of population, movement of labor, and flow of goods and capital have brought about rapid cultural transformation and conflict around the world under the advanced information technology system. Therefore, Western universalism requires the fusion of new civilizations from the perspective of the universal history of human civilization.
 This study examines the special characteristics of Korea's multicultural society within the mechanical arrangement of globalization and seeks the possibility of building the integration of a multicultural society based on the ideology of 'interculturality'. We will also highlight that the practice of cultural diversity implies a deep awareness of the diversity of life and the prospect for a universal civilization of humanity.

The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Technosignature Search of 97 Nearby Galaxies

The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life is, to date, the most extensive technosignature search of nearby celestial objects. We present a radio technosignature search of the centers of 97 nearby galaxies, observed by Breakthrough Listen at the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. We performed a narrowband Doppler drift search using the turboSETI pipeline with a minimum signal-to-noise parameter threshold of 10, across a drift rate range of ±4 Hz s−1, with a spectral resolution of 3 Hz and a time resolution of ∼18.25 s. We removed radio frequency interference (RFI) by using an on-source/off-source cadence pattern of six observations and discarding signals with Doppler drift rates of 0. We assess factors affecting the sensitivity of the Breakthrough Listen data reduction and search pipeline using signal injection and recovery techniques and apply new methods for the investigation of the RFI environment. We present results in four frequency bands covering 1–11 GHz, and place constraints on the presence of transmitters with equivalent isotropic radiated power on the order of 1026 W, corresponding to the theoretical power consumption of Kardashev Type II civilizations.

The vision of Caritapolis and perspectives of the future: The high point of Michael Novak’s work

Abstract The pinnacle of the Novak’s reflections on possible perspectives for the future of the world and the development of international relations is his vision of “Caritapolis” (“Civilization of love”), which is presented especially in the book The universal hunger for liberty – Why the clash of civilizations is not inevitable (2004a). Novak builds the concept on the religious assumptions and on the minimum level of general belief in basic principles (cultural humility, regulative idea of truth, the dignity of the individual person, solidarity), which he considers to be the key to the world security, prosperity and the democratic future of the globalized world. This “vision for the 21st century” is to contribute to the consideration of a universal civilization that would respect all its internal variations and create a certain unity despite its rich diversity of value and religious ideas. The aim of this paper is to present Novak’s concept of Caritapolis and to evaluate it in terms of context of the social doctrine of the Church, Catholic social thought debates, relevance in the context of debates in the social sciences, especially the theories of international relations.

Forecasting the progression of human civilization on the Kardashev Scale through 2060 with a machine learning approach

Energy has been propelling the development of human civilization for millennia. Humanity presently stands at Type 0.7276 on the Kardashev Scale, which was proposed to quantify the relationship between energy consumption and the development of civilizations. However, current predictions of human civilization remain underdeveloped and energy consumption models are oversimplified. In order to improve the precision of the prediction, we use machine learning models random forest and autoregressive integrated moving average to simulate and predict energy consumption on a global scale and the position of humanity on the Kardashev Scale through 2060. The result suggests that global energy consumption is expected to reach ~ 887 EJ in 2060, and humanity will become a Type 0.7449 civilization. Additionally, the potential energy segmentation changes before 2060 and the influence of the advent of nuclear fusion are discussed. We conclude that if energy strategies and technologies remain in the present course, it may take human civilization millennia to become a Type 1 civilization. The machine learning tool we develop significantly improves the previous projection of the Kardashev Scale, which is critical in the context of civilization development.

The Settlement of Space: Economical and Logistical Drivers and Constraints

This work is part of the BIS SPACE technical project studying long term possibilities for an expansion of industrial civilisation on Earth and in space. This paper traces the potential development of space settlements through four ‘generations’, driven and constrained by various economic, physical, and cultural factors. To provide a context for later work, time scales and orders of magnitudes are estimated together with constraints and drivers for space settlement. Following papers will explore the technology of fast transits within the Solar System required to support the economic model and define a fleet of interplanetary craft, based on flow stabilized Z-pinch fusion engines. Keywords: SPACE Project, In-Situ Resource Utilization, Space Settlement, Fission and Fusion Powered Spaceships, Interplanetary Logistics, Dyson Swarm, Kardashev Type I and II

The Settlement of Space: Economical and Logistical Drivers and Constraints

This work is part of the BIS SPACE technical project studying long term possibilities for an expansion of industrial civilisation on Earth and in space. This paper traces the potential development of space settlements through four ‘generations’, driven and constrained by various economic, physical, and cultural factors. To provide a context for later work, time scales and orders of magnitudes are estimated together with constraints and drivers for space settlement. Following papers will explore the technology of fast transits within the Solar System required to support the economic model and define a fleet of interplanetary craft, based on flow stabilized Z-pinch fusion engines. Keywords: SPACE Project, In-Situ Resource Utilization, Space Settlement, Fission and Fusion Powered Spaceships, Interplanetary Logistics, Dyson Swarm, Kardashev Type I and II

ТОРГІВЛЯ ТА ГРОШОВИЙ ОБІГ СТАРОДАВНЬОЇ ГРЕЦІЇ

The article is devoted to highlighting the main directions and features of trade and money circulation in Ancient Greece. In the introduction, the author notes that the Kingdom of Egypt and the state entities of Mesopotamia were the first centers of regional trade. A separate "branch" of the trade system of the Mediterranean was made up of numerous polises of Ancient Greece, which were essentially separate states. It was the sea spaces that played a major role in a Greek trade. The latter contributed to the formation, on the one hand, of a unique "Mediterranean world", and on the other - the Greeks became the creators of a universal civilization that had an extremely great influence on the formation of the future political, economic and cultural "face" of the world. Considering the main features of the economy of the inhabitants of Hellas, the author emphasizes that the main occupation of the Greeks was agriculture. The population was engaged in agriculture, sowing wheat and barley. But in the future, preference was given to viticulture, horticulture and olive growing. The further deepening of the division of labor is characteristic of craft manufacture. The main owner of the land was the polis (city-state), whose economic activity was based on the idea of autarky (self-sufficiency). Considering trade, the author of the article notes that the availability of convenient "access to the sea" of most of the polises contributed to the development of shipbuilding and navigation. The long coastal line facilitated cabotage transportation. Interpolis trade within the Aegean Sea was, to a large extent, under the control of the Athenian state. In addition, the Greeks conducted trade with other states of the Mediterranean world, and also sailed to the Black Sea. Grain remained the main import item during the existence of Greek civilization. It was mainly imported from: the Northern Black Sea region; the islands of Sicily, Cyprus and Euboea; Thrace and Egypt. Athens had to import wood as well as charcoal needed for silver ІСТОР ІЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДУМКИ 10 Випуск IІ (90), 2023 smelting. Copper, gold, iron and tin were imported too. Among the export products, olive oil, marble, and painted vases prevailed. The most important Athenian resource was silver, which was exported in ingots or silver coins. Trade contributed to the development of money circulation and usury. The materials of the article can be useful for general and specialized courses on economic history, ancient history of international trade, for writing master's diploma, course theses.

Astrobiology: resolution of the statistical Drake equation by Maccone's lognormal method in 50 steps

AbstractThe authors use the mathematical tool of Maccone's lognormal distribution to further factor the Drake equation, which calculates the number of advanced civilizations in the galaxy, from the seven original levels of the Drake equation to 49 levels of overall analysis. The Maccone approach, in fact, supported by the central limit theorem, becomes more reliable the more levels are introduced. The resulting study necessarily draws upon an array of disciplines ranging from astronomy, chemistry and geology to biology, palaeontology and futurology. The final result calculates the number of planetary systems suitable for life in its various stages of development: those which have probably hosted life in the past and those which still host it at its various evolutionary levels. The final evolutionary level is the so-called galactic civilization (often called ETC, or extraterrestrial civilizations). The number of resulting galactic civilizations is divided between static civilizations, which do not move around the galaxy and whose Kardašëv rating is still low (<1.4), of which we find three examples (we ourselves plus, perhaps, two others), and potentially dynamic civilizations, which move around the galaxy and have a sufficiently high Kardašëv rating (≥1.4), of which we find 2000.

The Lagrange Sunshade: Its Effectiveness in Combating Global Warming and Its Application to Earth Defense from Asteroid Impacts, Beaming Solar Energy for Terrestrial Use, Propelling Interstellar Migration by Laser-Photon Sails and Its Technosigniature

One suggested method to partially mitigate the effects of global warming is the construction of a ~2,000 km dimension sunshade at or near the Sun-Earth Lagrange-1 (L1) Point. Opaque and transparent sunshades have been suggested for this application. Mass estimates are presented for both as well as a discussion of station-keeping issues. If constructed, such a megastructure would have additional applications. These include beaming energy to divert or destroy Earth-threatening Near Earth Asteroids (NEAS), space-based solar-energy production for terrestrial use, and energy beaming to accelerate laser-photon propelled starships engaged in interstellar migrations. Global warming may be a filter that an emerging galactic civilization might have to overcome. As such, technosignatures of extra solar star-planet Lagrange sunshades might be detectable by extremely large telescopes. Larger Lagrange sunshades might also be constructed by a civilization inhabiting a planet circling an aging star since stellar luminosity increases with star age. Keywords: Lagrange Sunshade, Earth Defence, Space-Based Solar Energy, Interstellar Migration, Technosigniatures

COMMON ATTRIBUTES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MADINA AND MAGNA CARTA: ANALYTICAL STUDY FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Both, the Madinah treaty along with the pact of Magna Carta, are thought to be the global constitutions that were written for the first time. The Madinah treaty is the truce among the people living in Madinah. Whereas Magna Carta is an agreement between the Barons and English King John. Both of these pacts are also considered to be the most primitive fount focusing on human rights. For the first time, such agreements were introduced which entailed the particular rights of Humans that are serving as an inspirational source of guidance for even the constitutions of contemporary times. Factually, UDHR (universal declaration of human rights) is also instigated through such primitive pacts focusing on the fundamental rights of human beings. This comparison between the Madinah treaty and the pact of Magna Carta is an argument-based analysis stating that agency always lies there at the existing point of consent and culpability. The relative additional debates, regarding the rights mentioned in the constitution of Magna Carta that are anticipated to cause the formulation of comparatively more spatial constitutional practices in the western world. Similarly, the existing covenant of the treaty of Madinah organized by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with its specificity of containing details regarding the duties enjoined with the particular clans along with their related rights for the good of society together with the visionary rules formulated for the laws is the representative of the fact that all the Muslim states can undoubtedly organize and exchange the governance-related challenges, may it reside within the outline of a law of transcendence i.e. the law of Shariah. Assessment of the exclusive statutory features of the Madinah treaty and the constitution of the Magna Carta has revealed that both of these agreements, though not in a form of proper pact, are more in interest with the fundamental legitimate attributes that are found to have remarkable resonance, demonstrated in the consequent happenings of the resolutions of Arabs which occurred in 2011, together with the further restructurings of the global power. This paper thus focuses on the analyzation and comparison of these treaties along with their implementations together with the constraints. Furthermore, the perspective together with the audience of both these pacts are discussed. Moreover, these charters will be thoroughly analyzed and compared via their attributes, the rights these treaties granted along with their impact on the contemporary world. In the current research conducted, few opinions are being provided on the Madinah Treaty and the constitution of Magna Carta being the scriptures of Human rights. Also, frameworks of their implementations, constraints, along with their impact beyond the specialism for which such treaties were originally designed. These treaties will then be juxtaposed. Originally, not any of both pacts were discussed with the main focus on the universal civil and religious liberties. However, each of these charters have contributed to provide an impactful way in delivering economic, social, civil, political, and religious rights for the individuals of contemporary world as the human rights and liberties are structured on these charters.