Universal Character Research Articles

Переосмысление назначения института обязательств из причинения вреда в современных условиях

There are several types of obligations and infliction of harm: a) a tort obligation, the basis of which is a tort; b) an obligation to inflict harm by lawful conduct; c) an obligation to inflict harm by the wrongful conduct of incapable citizens; d) an obligation to suppress activities that create a risk of harm in the future, which can only conditionally be attributed to obligations to inflict harm. Among the types of obligations from the infliction of harm, the doctrine does not name obligations to compensate "non-contractual" losses. However, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for many rules on their compensation: in case of abuse of right; in case of invalidity of transactions; in case of bad faith conduct of the parties in negotiations on the conclusion of the contract, etc. Determining the nature of the obligation to compensate for such losses depends on understanding the relationship between damages and losses. Different views have been expressed in the literature. We consider damage to be a generic notion, while damages are a kind of it, a monetary form of damage. The nature of damages is also ambiguously understood in the doctrine. There is an opinion that damages are not a measure of liability and that they represent any loss in property. We believe that a broad understanding of damages contradicts the law and judicial practice. The nature of the obligation to compensate extra-contractual damages has not been sufficiently explored in the doctrine. It has certain features inherent to the obligation of infliction of harm: 1) it arises upon infliction of harm (losses); 2) it is pecuniary; 3) it is subject to the principle of full compensation for damages; 4) not only the one who inflicted the damage, but also other persons may be obliged to compensate losses; 5) its execution is performed in favor of the victim; 6) it is relative, legal relationship of active type, one-sided. At the same time, the obligation to compensate extra-contractual losses has peculiarities: 1) the basis for its emergence is only a tort with full composition; 2) it arises in violation of relative, not absolute, civil rights, such as corporate rights; 3) compensation for extra-contractual losses is conditioned by infliction of damage only to property rights; 4) it applies only measures of responsibility - compensation for damages; 5) this obligation is always pecuniary. Chapter 59 of the Civil Code is not designed for a variety of cases of non-contractual damages, in the norms of this chapter the tort is understood narrowly, as direct infliction of harm to life, health or things, but not the relative property rights of the victims. Special torts have long been known. There is none among them that could be applied to the named cases of extra-contractual damages. A rethinking of the purpose of the institute of obligations from the infliction of harm, giving it a universal character, is required. Measures are proposed to improve the rules of Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

„Pasiaści” (Al-Muḫaṭṭaṭīn) Yūsufa Idrīsa – zwierciadło egipskiej sceny politycznej

This paper is an attempt to interpret Yūsuf Idrīs’ political drama al-Muḫaṭṭatīn (The Striped Ones). Although the author died more than a quarter of century ago, the sociopolitical problems in his dramas still seem relevant. In the face of the latest developments on the Egyptian political scene, “Arab spring”, the overthrow of Husnī Mubārak in 2011, and the depravation of power of a newly elected president Muḥammad Mursī by the Egyptian army in 2013, Idrīs’ dramas, especially Al-Muṭṭaṭaṭīn (The Striped Ones), written in 1969, are especially meaningful. Not only does this drama express the dilemma of a heroic leader whose ideologies are successively satirically blurring, but also addresses the problem of corrupt power, the apparent revolution, ridicule Egyptian bureaucracy, and the phenomenon of bribery. The article’s author tries to show the universal character of this work by comparing its content with the affairs on the Egyptian political scene.

СЕМІОТИКА СУБ’ЄКТИВОВАНОГО ЛАНДШАФТУ В НАРАТИВНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО РОМАНУ ХІХ СТ.

Semiotic relations between the homo sapiens and his/her topos or environment have recently become the focus of eminent or mediated fictional subjective modelling. In the course of research with the tools of the cultural discourse analysis (CDA), a range of communicative practices has been unveiled. These include among others verbalized images of the topi, descriptive outlines of the localities and directions, ways of showing, symbolic representations of typical animals, topographic lexis, verbal and non-verbal means of the visualization of the surroundings etc. The object of the research constitutes the semiotic potential of the “ethnic-physical nomenclature”, which presupposes the application of the cultural discourse analysis to the environment as a form of subjectivized reality of the human being. Victorian writers provide us with the well of unlimited material in this respect as the experiencing subject of pre-industrial England has been portrayed as a sensitive agency in the imaginative fictional narrative world. Therefore, Victorian’s world outlook becomes the research objective of ecocriticism, a new direction of critical discourse analysis. The aim of cultural discourse analysis in symbiosis with the ecocritical approach is to investigate ways and means of correlation of verbal and non-verbal discourses and their material and physical embodiment in culture. Ecocritical reference to the Victorian period has been considered prolific in terms of discursive means disclosing complicated relations of the approaching technological progress, great discoveries in the human physic and Nature. Positing the human being in the centre of all the animal species stressed a universal character of semiosis, where the global ecological view was put on the core of the scientific and fictional manifestation. A prominent example of this cosmological feeling is seen in a close correlation of the narratives with the setting and psychological foregrounding in the novel of George Eliot “Middlemarch”, where the main character Dorothy Brooke symbolizes the Nietzschean idea of eternal return, demonstrating clear awareness of George Eliot of the evolution of species multiplied by theological subtext.

Жаргонное обозначение цифр в китайском языке

The aim of the research described in the article is to address jargon numerals of the Chinese language that representatives of certain communities use for clandestine and facilitation purposes. The article analyses the ways and mechanisms of how jargon equivalents of numerals are formed and provides scrutiny, as well as a classification (including the one developed by the author). Moreover, the article studies the interdependence between the numeral substitutes and the realm of activities of their users. Over 70 sets of jargon numbers have been analysed. The work examines all present-day achievements in studies of jargon names of numerals that are currently available in Chinese linguistics and are the result of structural research. The author considers this vocabulary from the point of view of a linguistic semiotic approach and uses Charles Morris’s semiotic model. When numerals are represented by jargon, the functioning of the sign is as follows. The bearer of the sign is a jargon numeral that points to a certain number (the designatum). Depending on whether the interpreter possesses the necessary cultural knowledge, s/he is (or is not) subjected to influence, which results in making a connection between the bearer of the sign and the designatum. The article accumulates and analyses a great number of ways that are used to build jargon vocabulary. The classification of all registered ways is based on their division according to their graphic and phonetic forms, as well as in accordance with their conventional predicament, thus resulting in three groups. The first group includes the vocabulary which is based on the graphic principle, the second group on the phonetic principle, the third group on the conventional predicament determining the choice of the sign substitute. The analysis of the empiric material allowed the author to single out the peculiarities attributable to jargon numerals. Firstly, the sign substitutes are of a universal character of when one and the same sign substitute may be used in several sets of numerals (hence, in several professional communities). Secondly, jargon numerals are characterized by multifunctionality as one and the same sign substitute may denote several different numerals. Thirdly, sign substitutes of numbers (numerals) generally refer to ordinal nonspecific vocabulary, primarily of neutral axiological connotation. This is due to the need to make it easy for semiosis participants to remember them and to avoid attracting the attention of outsiders to the communicative process.

Когнитивная основа правопорядка

Law as a special social regulation tool in modern conditions acquires a universal character. For its comprehensive study, as well as for its implementation in public life, a special cognitive apparatus is required. Consequently, both in theoretical and practical terms, it is about legal thinking, which is in the focus of doctrine as a special form of mental activity. To solve scientific problems associated with this study, it is advisable to introduce the category of “cognitive basis of law and order” into science. This kind of innovation is necessary in order to disclose a mechanism for ensuring trust in society, without which the entire apparatus of legal coercion is reduced to haphazard violence and, as a result, becomes meaningless. This mechanism includes intellectual and volitional components. The former is the dominant component, as it is represented by the “cognitive apparatus of law”. It is this component which deter­mines the entire “content of law”, while ensuring its consistency, independence and completeness. The inclusion of the volitional component in the cognitive basis of law and order is explained by the fact that it is through this component the intellect is re­alized. Without an act of external expression of will none of intellectual activity in the field of law can achieve its goals. The cognitive basis of the rule of law – in conjunction with its normative and institutional foundations – ensures the func­tioning of law, while defining its existence.

Миф и европейское поэтическое мышление 1920-1940-х гг. (к уяснению методологической позиции)

The paper attempts to build an integral system of myth and determine its poetic function in the literature of the first half of the 20th century. There are a huge number of approaches to the study of myth as an unconscious symbol, but a myth becomes a literary phenomenon only when it is purposefully used by the author as part of his creative vision. Remythologization or the conscious return of literature to the original sources and archetypes in the work of W.B. Yeats, T.S. Eliot, J. Joyce, and others are part of the poetic innovation of an entire literary era. The article briefly traces the history of remythologization, and the name of T.S. Eliot stands out as the first to state and fix a new attitude to myth (“‛Ulysses’, Order, and Myth”, 1923). Myth, according to Eliot, is not an unconscious “force” of the writer's creative imagination, but is conceived as a poetic category, as a means of recreating the aesthetic orderliness of a work from the chaotic reality. Conscious mythologization is also conditioned by the need to synthesize several heterogeneous creative structures in a single artistic whole. The reader conceives the presence of a myth in a literary work through the association of imagery with extra-textual plots, thereby fulfilling the author's intention. The paper, using the example of Four Quartets by T.S. Eliot and “The Wheel” by W.B. Yeats, shows how the suggestive archetypes and the variety of reader associations contribute to the timeless perception of the text (reading does not last in time, it is extremely generalized, cyclical, integral). All poetic means of remythologization are aimed at such a synchronous perception of the artistic time and space of the work, which acquires a mythologically universal character, becomes an artistic model of the world.

STOCHASTIC MODELING OF OPTIMAL LOGISTICS IN THE FUNCTION OF MAXIMIZING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS EFFICIENCY OF SMEs

The concept of business activity conditions specific procedures and activities in order to maximize the difference between output and input variables while taking into account the uncertainty of the business outcome. The business outcome is determined by a number of factors that are under the control of the decision maker. However, a number of factors are conditioned by stochastic quantities, which obey the laws of probability of a random variable whose value the decision maker cannot influence but must anticipate and respect in the business decision making process. Conditionality of business results with the market component refers to user expectations, and it requires a model approach by which the uncertain business future is recomposed into business expectations, with a high level of reliability. Modeling of the system by the process of mathematical simulation enables the calculation of variants of business future in the present time without realizing business strategies before their selection and classification. The modeling process includes business system analysis, factor selection, qualitative and quantitative expression, classification of variables, functional linking, formulation of probability distribution of random variables, and the choice of time frame for simulation. The process of mathematical simulation indicates the management consequences of business alternatives, thus the decision maker is guided by business expectations and recruits business logistics in accordance with the decision. The simulation model is adapted to the specific management problem, specific conditions and circumstances of decision making. It does not have a universal character and must be constructed specifically for each management situation.

SUBJECTIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP OF AN ACADEMIC TEACHER

A subjective change of the employment relationship by the employer is subject to the regulation of Art. 231 of the labour code. The norm has got a universal character and its application to the employment in an institution of higher education requires taking into account the specificity of two aspects. Firstly, it is the matter of a workplace possessed by an institution of higher education as the employer. Secondly, the higher education act introduces mechanisms which can be defined as characteristic to this form of transfer of a workplace. In case of the former it is important whether an institution of higher education is public or non-public. Subjective transformation of the employment relationship in institutions of higher education should also require consideration of the protection of stability of employment relationship of academic teachers.

Мотивы космогонического мифа о небесном охотнике и трех маралах в фольклоре калмыков

Introduction. There are a great number of “familiar” motifs and plotlines in Kalmyk folklore that originate from mythology. One such archaic story of a universal character in the Turkic-Mongolian world is a cosmogonic myth of the heavenly hunter and the three red deer. The article aims to attempt at reconstructing this cosmogonic myth in the Kalmyk epic heritage. Importantly, such reconstruction requires typological comparisons because the story is easily “identified” in a variety of traditions. The research materials used are the texts of early Baga Tsokhur cycle sagas of Kalmyk heroic epic “Djanggar”. The analysis was based on structural-semantic, structural-typological, and comparative methods. As a result, the author comes to the following conclusions. The structural-semantic analysis of the motif manifests its archaic roots originating from the ideas of cosmogonic beginnings of the universe. The epic story relating of Savar Warrior following the moon path while hunting deer and red deer originates from a cosmogonic myth of the heavenly marksman [Sirius] and the three red deer [the stars from the belt of the constellation Orion]. Moreover, the character of Savar Warrior shows some elements that may be associated with the archaic myth of a bear-hunter chasing the deer that stole the sun. The results of the present study agree with other researchers’ views, according to which, the principal symbols that the archaic calendar of the Kalmyk ancestors included were the images of a hoofed animal and a bear and that the image of the heavenly hunter of the ancient myth relating of the world beginning characteristic of a number of folklore traditions was a substitute of the mythological bear, the liberator of the sun.

A Contrastive Psycholinguistic Study of the British Emotional Concept 'Envy' and Ukrainian 'Zazdrist’': Particularities of Phraseological Objectification

The article focuses on exploring the phraseological objectification of the “sinful” emotional concepts Brit. ENVY and Ukr. ЗАЗДРІСТЬ in the remotely related lingual cultures (British and Ukrainian). To identify common and distinctive senses of these concepts (1) the range of the concepts that closely correlate to the discussed emotional concepts was defined and (2) the system of conceptual metaphors representing these concepts was revealed. The material involves 253 phraseological units (PUs) that denote envy in the English language and 309 PUs in Ukrainian. The material is selected from authoritative explanatory, bilingual and phraseological dictionaries. The contrastive research of the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ that correlate with other ethical and emotional concepts (e.g.: GRATITUDE, KINDNESS, VIRTUE, HONOUR) makes it possible to speak about the concurrence of fundamental moral values and attitudes in Christian cultures. Moreover, the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ figure prominently in the hierarchy of values (“white” envy) vs. disvalues (“black” envy) of the contrasted lingual cultures. The conceptual metaphors provide the concept ENVY with the meanings that are considered to be specific for the lingual culture under study. Our findings show that despite the universal character of envy both as an emotion and a feeling, it is permanently affected by ethnic and socio-cultural factors that provide the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ with specific lingual cultural meanings. It is noteworthy that the study of the PUs can reveal only the traditional (fixed) understanding of envy. Therefore, to detect the changes in the modern priorities of the British and Ukrainians, it is necessary for prospective research to compare the results of the language material (lexicographic and phraseographic resources) with the results of analysis of actual language data, i.e. psycholinguistic experiments, sociolinguistic monitoring, language corpora.

ПРОФИЛЬ СКОРОСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОЙ ТУРБУЛЕНТНОЙ КОНВЕКЦИИ ПО НОРМАЛИ К ТЕПЛООТДАЮЩИМ ПОВЕРХНОСТЯМ ВНУТРИРЕАКТОРНЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ

As a result of the processing and analysis of experimental data on natural convection of coolants for various forms of heat-transfer surfaces of in-reactor structures, a relation for the velocity profile along the normal to the heat exchange surface under conditions of natural turbulent convection in the coolant flow was proposed. By the example of a vertical isothermal surface, it is shown that for different values of the longitudinal coordinate there is a characteristic point at which the longitudinal velocity reaches its maximum value (umax) at the corresponding value of the transverse coordinate (ymax). This point divides the fluid flow along the heat exchange surface into two zones: an internal one adjacent to the wall and an external one located beyond the maximum value of the velocity. Taking for the characteristic scale umax and ymax and presenting experimental data in dimensionless form u/umax = f(y/ymax), generalization of experimental data obtained. The results of processing the experimental data of various authors are well generalized by the dependences obtained in the work for the velocity profile in the inner and outer zones of the coolant flow. The velocity profile at the horizontal, downward-facing heat transfer surface is characterized by the same regularities as for the vertical surface: the velocity in the near-wall region increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases. The results of processing the measured velocity profile for a horizontal cylinder according to the method proposed in the work show agreement with the generalized data for a vertical isothermal surface. The data of experimental studies of the velocity field around an isothermally heated sphere with free convection in water are also well generalized by the dependences proposed in this work. The analysis of the experimental data on the velocity profiles for various forms of heat-transfer surfaces under conditions of natural turbulent convection, carried out by the authors, shows that the velocity profile proposed by the authors along the normal to the heat exchange surface has a universal character.

Transmission and Reception of Isaac ibn Sahula’s Kabbalistic Commentary on Two Psalms

Abstract In his largely fabulous Historia eclesiastica, politica, natural y moral published in Valencia in 1610, the Dominican Luis de Urreta offers a brief survey of the riches of the Ethiopian imperial library with great admiration. The universal character of the Emperor’s library ensured that it also contained a good selection of Jewish authors and Hebrew books. Among them one can find two names that are in fact one: Isaac ben Sahula. This article documents how Christian knowledge of this author and of some of his works came about, through which ways it became very much widespread, also examining in passing the false attributions of works or rather ideas that became commonplace, especially between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. Finally, it will show that a very large part of his fame derived from a single Hebrew manuscript.

A data-informed mean-field approach to mapping of cortical parameter landscapes.

Constraining the many biological parameters that govern cortical dynamics is computationally and conceptually difficult because of the curse of dimensionality. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing (1) a novel data-informed mean-field (MF) approach to efficiently map the parameter space of network models; and (2) an organizing principle for studying parameter space that enables the extraction biologically meaningful relations from this high-dimensional data. We illustrate these ideas using a large-scale network model of the Macaque primary visual cortex. Of the 10-20 model parameters, we identify 7 that are especially poorly constrained, and use the MF algorithm in (1) to discover the firing rate contours in this 7D parameter cube. Defining a “biologically plausible” region to consist of parameters that exhibit spontaneous Excitatory and Inhibitory firing rates compatible with experimental values, we find that this region is a slightly thickened codimension-1 submanifold. An implication of this finding is that while plausible regimes depend sensitively on parameters, they are also robust and flexible provided one compensates appropriately when parameters are varied. Our organizing principle for conceptualizing parameter dependence is to focus on certain 2D parameter planes that govern lateral inhibition: Intersecting these planes with the biologically plausible region leads to very simple geometric structures which, when suitably scaled, have a universal character independent of where the intersections are taken. In addition to elucidating the geometry of the plausible region, this invariance suggests useful approximate scaling relations. Our study offers, for the first time, a complete characterization of the set of all biologically plausible parameters for a detailed cortical model, which has been out of reach due to the high dimensionality of parameter space.

Moiré nematic phase in twisted double bilayer graphene

Graphene moir\'e superlattices display electronic flat bands. At integer fillings of these flat bands, energy gaps due to strong electron-electron interactions are generally observed. However, the presence of other correlation-driven phases in twisted graphitic systems at non-integer fillings is unclear. Here, we report scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements that reveal the existence of threefold rotational (C3) symmetry breaking in twisted double bilayer graphene (tDBG). Using spectroscopic imaging over large and uniform areas to characterize the direction and degree of C3 symmetry breaking, we find it to be prominent only at energies corresponding to the flat bands and nearly absent in the remote bands. We demonstrate that the C3 symmetry breaking cannot be explained by heterostrain or the displacement field, and is instead a manifestation of an interaction-driven electronic nematic phase, which emerges even away from integer fillings. Comparing our experimental data with a combination of microscopic and phenomenological modeling, we show that the nematic instability is not associated with the local scale of the graphene lattice, but is an emergent phenomenon at the scale of the moir\'e lattice, pointing to the universal character of this ordered state in flat band moir\'e materials.

Numerical Analysis of Aeroacoustic Phenomena Generated by Truck Platoons

In recent years there has been dynamic progress in the development of fully autonomous trucks and their combination and coordination into sets of vehicles moving behind each other within short distances, i.e., platooning. Numerous reports from around the world present significant benefits of platooning for the environment due to reduced emissions, reduced fuel costs, and improved logistics in the transport industry. This paper presents original aerodynamic and aeroacoustic studies of identical truck column models. They are divided into four main stages. In the first, a truck model and three columns of identical trucks with different distances between the vehicles was made and tested using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two turbulence models were used in the study: k−ω shear stress transport (SST) and large eddy simulation (LES). The aim of the work was to determine the drag coefficients for each set of vehicles. The second stage of work included determination of sound field distributions generated by moving vehicles. Using the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) analogy, the sound pressure levels were determined, followed by the sound pressure levels A. In order to verify the correctness of the work carried out, field tests were also performed and additional acoustic calculations were carried out using the NMPB-Routes-2008 and ISO 9613-2 models. Calculations were performed using SoundPlan software. The performed tests showed good quality of the built aerodynamic and aeroacoustic models. The results presented in this paper have a universal character and can be used to build intelligent transport systems (ITSs) and intelligent environmental management systems (IEMSs) for municipalities, counties, cities, and urban agglomerations by taking into account the platooning process.

SAYAT NOVA AND THE ARMENIAN ASHUGH ART

The article is dedicated to the problems of the creative heritage of the famous Armenian troubadour Sayat Nova. The poetic legacy of this great singer of man, love, beauty and justice is one of the most striking revelations of the Armenian (and not only Armenian) creative genius. Thanks to its universal human character, nationality, social richness and unique poetic art, the word Sayat-Nova still sounds today with the same force, in tune with the most intimate feelings of the human soul. The popularity of Sayat-Nova's poetry, in particular among the peoples of the Caucasus, is absolutely exceptional. Sayat-Nova is an outstanding musician-inventor and there is a regular need to reflect on new developments in the study of his song heritage.

Alif Baa Taa Unishams-Style Research

A young author who has only recently entered the field of research should "feel meaningless his spirit" if he lacks a substantial accumulation of intellect and art. This paper will define authentic groundwork, examine current research at UniSHAMS, and propose a broad elemental research structure for an amateur who is 'thirsty for authentic expertise and impressive craft' when planning a research adventure within a timeframe set by an academy or educational institution. This work employs the qualitative mechanism alone through expressive and comparable examination of papers. As a result, the UniSHAMS genre foundation must have assertive personalities in the system to achieve universal requirements and character, so that the blossoming of UniSHAMS performances is assured of quality and has its own and brilliant outlook to be perceived and uplifted to the most immense standard. The magical blow of a coach or supervisor who is enthusiastic about coaching and experiencing information is essential as a mentor for brand-new writers to embark on an academic adventure as a light of more inspired and passionate daring.

Principle of Non-Discrimination and Equal Treatment

Abstract With its evolution, society has introduced human rights as intrinsic values in its acts on the regulation of relations of human nature. Significant victories in the struggle for social freedoms materialized with the adoption of the first declarations of rights, which formed the basis for the passing of later constitutions. Therefore, the modern state, inclined to the protection of its citizens, is unthinkable in its functionality, without stating and guaranteeing human rights in their fundamental law. In addition, it is necessary to point out that these rights have a universal character, namely their protection for each person, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, level of health, person’s status, etc. The Constitution of Romania states in art. 15 par. (1) on this that: “All citizens benefit from the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution and other laws and have the obligations provided for therein”.

Character Strengths Beatitudes: A Secular Application of Ancient Wisdom to Appreciate Strengths for Spiritual Happiness and Spiritual Growth

A beatitude is a blessing. It is a form of appreciation that can be directed toward others or oneself. Theologically speaking, some frame the original beatitudes from The Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew as pertaining to “spiritual happiness”, and recent scholars have offered a compelling argument that they are a call to flourishing. The focus here involves the creation and description of 24 blessings, or beatitudes, using the lens of one of the foundational and most researched areas in the sciences of flourishing, well-being, and positive psychology, which is the science of character strengths. Recent research has framed the 24 universal character strengths as spiritual strengths, hence particularly aligned for secular and nonsecular contexts of spiritual blessings. Each of the 24 character strengths was created into a blessing using the structure of the original beatitudes—with an opening description of the personal quality or attribute that is blessed and a follow-up outcome or core benefit that arises from the expression of that quality. In this way, these character strength beatitudes or character strength blessings offer an opportunity to appreciate the best positive qualities of others. These blessings are framed as primarily a mechanism of appreciating the character strengths of others, resting theoretically in both the grounding path and the sanctification path, the two types of integration of character strengths and spirituality that researchers have proposed. They are discussed, secondarily, as applied to the individual, for self-understanding, insight, and growth. These two purposes are relevant to the deepening of the spiritual journey, providing support as individuals pursue meaning in life and/or the sacred as they go deeper within themselves, up and beyond themselves, and sideways and interconnected to others. Practical applications, based in science, are discussed and point to avenues by which these character strengths beatitudes might both foster the appreciating of others’ strengths and support one’s own spiritual happiness, spiritual coping, and spiritual growth.

Variation in embodied metaphors: A contrastive analysis of taste metaphors in Spanish and English

Whereas in the late 90s the universal character of many embodied conceptual metaphors was overemphasised, in the last years some authors have claimed that culture plays a crucial role in the motivation of all kinds of conceptual metaphors, including those grounded on universal bodily experiences. In order to shed some light on this issue, we carry out a contrastive analysis of conceptual metaphors with basic tastes as a source domain in Spanish and in English. To this end, we employ a mixed approach, combining data from dictionaries and linguistic corpora. Our analysis reveals that variation is higher at the level of linguistic expression and lower, but still significant, at the conceptual level. Although most taste metaphors are shared by Spanish and English, a few language-specific conceptual metaphors are also found, proving that food culture has an influence on the motivation of conceptual metaphors.