Universal Branches Research Articles

Magnetic phase transition and critical behavior in (Pr,Sm)[formula omitted]Fe[formula omitted] compounds: A comprehensive study using macroscopic and local experimental approaches

Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the properties and behaviors of magnetic phase transitions and critical behavior is a key objective of this study. A macroscopic approach utilizing magnetization measurement and a local approach utilizing 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry were employed. The findings indicate that the critical exponents of Pr2Fe17 and (Pr,Sm)2Fe17 closely approximate those of the 3D-Ising model, as confirmed by the scaling analysis of our critical exponents. Moreover, we observed that isotherms collapse into two distinct and independent universal branches above and below the Curie temperature when utilizing the critical exponents we obtained. Our results indicate that the exponents determined using both conventional methods and Mössbauer spectrometry closely match those of the 3D-Ising model for spins coupled in three dimensions (lattice dimensionality d=3, spin dimensionality n=1) with attractive interactions between spins (J(r)) at the boundary of short-range and long-range decay as J(r)∝r−(3+σ).

Sm substitution effect on the critical behaviour of Laves phase Gd1−xSmxCo2 intermetallic nearby the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition

In this work, we present a comparative and detailed study of the critical behavior near ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition in the intermetallic Laves phase compounds Gd1−xSmxCo2, x = 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. The investigated samples exhibit a second-order phase transition at Curie temperature TC. The critical exponents β, γ, and δ have been estimated through diverse techniques: the Modified Arrott plot, the Kouvel-Fisher plot, the critical isotherm technique, and the magnetocaloric effect method. The critical exponents values that were determined have been validated using the universal scaling hypothesis, wherein the isotherm magnetization curves M(H) converge into two distinct universal branches below and above TC. The substitution of Gd by Sm changes the universality class in the (Gd,Sm)Co2 compounds. For the sample Gd0.5Sm0.5Co2, the critical exponents obtained are closely consistent with the predictions of the 3D-Heisenberg model featuring a magnetic system with a short-range exchange interaction. While, for both samples Gd0.4Sm0.6Co2 and Gd0.3Sm0.7Co2, the values deviate from known theoretical models and might belong to an unconventional universality class with an intermediate-range exchange interaction.

Converting finite width AFAs to nondeterministic and universal finite automata

The maximal existential (respectively, universal) width of an alternating finite automaton (AFA) on a string w is the maximal number of existential choices encountered in one branch (respectively, the maximal number of universal parallel branches) of a computation of A on w. We give upper bounds for the size of a nondeterministic finite automaton simulating an AFA of finite maximal universal width and for the size of a universal finite automaton simulating an AFA of finite maximal existential width. We give lower bounds for the transformations that are tight within a multiplicative factor that depends only on the universal (respectively, existential) width of the AFA.

Legal Regulation of Environmental Protection: Interrelations between Financial and Environmental Law

The paper compares financial and environmental law principles of regulating activities related to environmental protection. The author analyzes the concept of environmental protection and focuses on the complex nature of the legal regulation of public relations that develop in the process of environmental protection. The author points out that historically, the rules regulating environmental relations appeared in order to protect property, in particular financial interests. It is emphasized that natural resources are the main source of income for our state and environmental protection measures are implemented for the common good. Activities related to environmental protection can be effective only in conditions of proper financing. Based on the conducted research, it was concluded that the specifics of the subject and method of legal regulation led to the attribution of financial and environmental law to the number of public branches of Russian law, which means that financial and environmental law regulation is primarily aimed at implementation of public interest. These industries are similar in terms of the method of legal regulation: environmental law, as well as financial law, mainly regulates public relations through the imperative method — the method of power and subordination. Despite the fact that the compared branches of Russian law regulate separate, different areas of public relations, their subjects may overlap. This is due to the fact that financial activities and activities in the field of environmental protection are not opposed, are not mutually exclusive. This is largely facilitated by the fact that financial law is a universal branch of Russian law, and financing is the most effective tool for influencing public relations.

Philosophy of correlation of international humanitarian law and international human rights law

The article is devoted to clarifying why in a given situation it is necessary to apply the rules of international humanitarian law, which has lex specialis in relation to international human rights law. At the same time, an important task of the work is to analyze the parallel application of these branches of international law. Thus, it is determined that while the IHRL is a universal branch in the protection of human rights, the norms of international humanitarian law are applied exclusively in moments of armed conflict, but in case of contradiction of some provisions to others, here we are already talking about the aforementioned lex specialis and the preemptive right to apply the norms of IHL. Thus, the main purpose of the article is the question of determining the correlation between IHL and IHRL in the context of protection of persons during armed conflict.In the course of writing scientific work, I used the theoretical method in the form of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, as well as the historical method by which I was able to conduct a study of the chosen topic on a historical basis, and formally logical, which contributed to the implementation of research and the formation of conclusions based on a logical combination of theoretical material and practical aspects and, as a result, the formation of a single comprehensive conclusion on the questions that arose during the study of the topic I chose.Results. Armed conflict is an important area that has a devastating impact on all spheres of life, and especially on human rights, because they are the most threatened during the conduct of hostilities.This is what necessitates an in-depth analysis of the correlation between international humanitarian law and international human rights law.Conclusions. The article provides an analysis of the impact of armed conflicts on the relationship between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. These two branches of international law seem complementary, but the IHRL is more universal and applicable at any time, while IHL takes place only in the presence of armed conflict. At the same time, it is important to apply the principle of lex specialis, which has international humanitarian law, if both IHL and IHRL apply.

Maximal Existential and Universal Width

The tree width of an alternating finite automaton (AFA) measures the parallelism in all computations of the AFA on a given input. The maximal existential (respectively, universal) width of an AFA A on string w measures the maximal number of existential choices (respectively, of parallel universal branches) in one computation of A on w. We give polynomial time algorithms deciding finiteness of an AFA’s tree width and maximal universal width. Also we give a polynomial time algorithm that for an AFA A with finite maximal universal width decides whether or not the maximal existential width of A is finite. Finiteness of maximal existential width is decidable in the general case but the algorithm uses exponential time. Additionally, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for an AFA to have exponential tree width growth rate, as well as sufficient conditions for an AFA to have exponential maximal existential width or exponential maximal universal width.

Pre-translation Analysis of International Legal Discourse: From Social Semiotics to the Concepts of Lotman and Bakhtin

The discursive model of pre-translation analysis of international legal discourse relies on interrelated modules: the document conceptual space, with the harmonized value opposition between the concepts of "legal justice" and "compensatory justice", "common good" and "sovereignty"; the discourse addresser / addressee, embodied in the metonymic nomination "parties of the document"; the translator as an intermediate system, the semiospheres; extra-textual internalized realities. "Unifying" modules include semiospheres of international universal and basic branch documents, as well as universal human values and a shared internalized reality. The shared values underpin basic discursive strategies of consensus, solidarity, cooperation, marked by explicit and implicit intertextual means and additional strategies for minimizing imposition and hiding differences, implemented with tactics of generalization, mitigation and declarativeness based on passivation, nominalization, "marked theme", etc. Separating modules include semiospheres of the parties national legislations, marked by "without prejudice" clauses, metonymic nominations of "sovereign power", hedges scaling down the directive modality and idiomatic references to "public safety", etc.; semiospheres of recursive and procursive international branch texts that could be interpreted as conflicting with the document and are involved by 'non-affection' clauses and constative speech acts to fix the supremacy of one document over another. The document conceptual space may reflect the diverging interests and values of the parties, derived from implicit opposition between "legal justice" and "compensatory justice", harmonized by the documents. The markers of the "separating" modules are aimed at a combined strategy for predicting variable interpretation of particular norms with an indication of its source and normative harmonization. Keywords: International Legal Discourse, Model of Pre-Translation Analysis, Unifying and Separating Semiospheres, Value Opposition, Discourse-Forming Values.

Особенности современных локальных войн и вооруженных конфликтов и проблемы оказания медицинской помощи населению в догоспитальном периоде

Summary. The aim of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of modern local wars and armed conflicts, their influence on the structure of sanitary and non-return losses among population on the basis of scientific publications analysis. It also aims to define the principal problems of organization and rendering medical aid to wounded, sick and injured under these conditions and to outline the possible ways of their solution. Materials and research methods Materials of research — domestic and foreign publications, which analyze modern local wars and armed conflicts and assess their striking effect on vital functions and vitality of population. Method of research — review-analytical. Results of the study and their analysis. The features of modern local wars and armed conflicts, their impact on the structure of combat and non-combat losses among the population are highlighted. The inefficiency of the present system of medical and evacuation measures for urgent and emergency medical indications in the prehospital period was presented, especially in the conditions of combat operations. There were defined both advantages and problems of wide and effective application of capabilities, forces and means of the Disaster Medicine Service and ambulance service for rendering first and medical (emergency and urgent) aid to the population in regions of military actions and in extreme situations. A variant has been suggested to combine forces and means of medical service of civil defense, ambulance and emergency medical service into a united universal branch system called “operative-tactical medicine” aimed at optimization and increase of effectiveness of medical aid rendering to population in prehospital period both in conditions of everyday activity and in extreme conditions of modern local wars, armed conflicts and other emergency situations.

Branching Brownian Motion with Self-Repulsion

We consider a model of branching Brownian motion with self-repulsion. Self-repulsion is introduced via a change of measure that penalises particles spending time in an epsilon -neighbourhood of each other. We derive a simplified version of the model where only branching events are penalised. This model is almost exactly solvable, and we derive a precise description of the particle numbers and branching times. In the limit of weak penalty, an interesting universal time-inhomogeneous branching process emerges. The position of the maximum is governed by a F-KPP type reaction-diffusion equation with a time-dependent reaction term.

Magnetic properties, critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect in the nanocrystalline Pr2Fe16Al

We report the correlation between critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect around magnetic phase transition temperature, using magnetization isotherms of Pr2Fe16Al. We used four techniques to determine the critical exponents: the Modified Arrott plot, Kouvel-Fisher plot, critical isotherm technique, and magnetocaloric effect method. The critical exponents values for Pr2Fe16Al are similar to that found by the 3D-Heisenberg model. The validity and the reliability of our critical exponents were confirmed. The isotherm M(H) curves below and above the critical temperatures collapse into two independent universal branches with the found critical exponents. The exponents determined in this study are close to those calculated from the results of the renormalization group approach for a heuristic model of three-dimensional Heisenberg (d = 3, n = 3). A correlation between critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect is demonstrated.

Private Function Evaluation with Cards

Card-based protocols allow to evaluate an arbitrary fixed Boolean function f on a hidden input to obtain a hidden output, without the executer learning anything about either of the two (e.g., [12]). We explore the case where f implements a universal function, i.e., f is given the encoding langle P rangle of a program P and an input x and computes f(langle P rangle , x) = P(x). More concretely, we consider universal circuits, Turing machines, RAM machines, and branching programs, giving secure and conceptually simple card-based protocols in each case. We argue that card-based cryptography can be performed in a setting that is only very weakly interactive, which we call the “surveillance” model. Here, when Alice executes a protocol on the cards, the only task of Bob is to watch that Alice does not illegitimately turn over cards and that she shuffles in a way that nobody knows anything about the total permutation applied to the cards. We believe that because of this very limited interaction, our results can be called program obfuscation. As a tool, we develop a useful sub-protocol {{mathrm{mathsf {sort}}}}_{varPi }{X} {uparrow } Y that couples the two equal-length sequences X, Y and jointly and obliviously permutes them with the permutation pi in varPi that lexicographically minimizes {pi }(X). We argue that this generalizes ideas present in many existing card-based protocols. In fact, AND, XOR, bit copy [37], coupled rotation shuffles [30] and the “permutation division” protocol of [22] can all be expressed as “coupled sort protocols”.

Universality class change from Mean-Field to 3D-Heisenberg in magnetocaloric compounds [formula omitted][formula omitted

We report a study of universality class change from Mean-Field to 3D-Heisenberg in magnetocaloric compounds SmNi3-xFex. Three conventional techniques are used to identify the universal classes: the Modified Arrott plot, Kouvel-Fisher plot, and critical isotherm technique. The calculated critical exponents were confirmed and the isotherm M(H) curves in paramagnetic state and ferromagnetic state fall in two separated universal branches. The exponents found are similar to those determined from the renormalization group approach for a heuristic mean-field (d=3,n=3) and 3D-Heisenberg (d=3,n=3) model for SmNi3 and SmNi2.2Fe0.8, respectively.

Pseudospectrum and Black Hole Quasinormal Mode Instability

We study the stability of quasinormal modes (QNM) in asymptotically flat black hole spacetimes by means of a pseudospectrum analysis. The construction of the Schwarzschild QNM pseudospectrum reveals the following: (i) the stability of the slowest-decaying QNM under perturbations respecting the asymptotic structure, reassessing the instability of the fundamental QNM discussed by Nollert [H. P. Nollert, About the Significance of Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes, Phys. Rev. D 53, 4397 (1996)] as an "infrared" effect; (ii) the instability of all overtones under small-scale ("ultraviolet") perturbations of sufficiently high frequency, which migrate towards universal QNM branches along pseudospectra boundaries, shedding light on Nollert's pioneer work and Nollert and Price's analysis [H. P. Nollert and R. H. Price, Quantifying Excitations of Quasinormal Mode Systems, J. Math. Phys. (N.Y.) 40, 980 (1999)]. Methodologically, a compactified hyperboloidal approach to QNMs is adopted to cast QNMs in terms of the spectral problem of a non-self-adjoint operator. In this setting, spectral (in)stability is naturally addressed through the pseudospectrum notion that we construct numerically via Chebyshev spectral methods and foster in gravitational physics. After illustrating the approach with the P\"oschl-Teller potential, we address the Schwarzschild black hole case, where QNM (in)stabilities are physically relevant in the context of black hole spectroscopy in gravitational-wave physics and, conceivably, as probes into fundamental high-frequency spacetime fluctuations at the Planck scale.

Problem of human rights violations during the migrant crisis in Europe

The aim of this study was to identify how Europe’s migrant crisis affected human rights in the European Union. It focuses on the observance of fundamental human rights in the context of migration. Violations directly related to migrants and refugees are considered. Human rights law is the most universal and general branch of law on which all other laws rely. The issue of observance of these rights becomes even more critical in regard to forced migration. While these rights are guaranteed to ‘all members of the human family’, there are conditions under which universally recognized human rights should be protected and justified with particular care. Obviously, inalienable human rights may easily be compromised when it comes to prisoners or refugees. Ensuring human rights in the European Union is based on a variety of international treaties, EU regulations and internal legislation of the member countries which have adopted high standards in the field of human rights protection. With regard to the right to asylum as an essential component of the human rights law, it can be stated that an unprecedented level of integration has enabled the EU to establish a pan-European asylum system based on the standards enshrined in the 1951 Geneva Convention and the 1967 Additional Protocol, as well as to gain considerable experience in dealing with migrants and refugees and ensuring their inalienable rights. In general, legislation in this area is constantly being improved and it reflects modern challenges and threats. The member countries of the European Union are on the way to developing a unified approach to migration policy and international protection issues. However, the asylum system is imperfect and has numerous gaps, which have been repeatedly mentioned by experts and members of the academic community even before the migrant crisis began.

Universal branch model for the solution of optimal power flows in hybrid AC/DC grids

This paper presents a universal model formulation for solving Optimal Power Flows for hybrid AC/DC grids. The prowess of the new formulation is that it (i) provides a direct link between AC and DC parts of the grid allowing for solving the entire network within a unified frame of reference (not sequentially) and (ii) can realistically model any element within the AC/DC power grid, ranging from conventional AC transmission lines to multiple types of AC/DC interface devices such as Voltage Source Converters (VSC) by introducing additional control variables. The model is formulated in such a way that it does not make a distinction, from a mathematical perspective, between AC and DC elements and the ensuing optimal power flow (OPF) problem can be solved via model-based optimization solvers as a mathematical programming problem. Simulations carried out using a variety of non-linear gradient-based solvers in AIMMS© on a small contrived and a large realistic test system (modified PEGASE) clearly show that the universal model is on par with existing methodologies for solving OPFs both in accuracy of the solution and computational efficiency. Meanwhile, simulations carried out on a series of AC and AC/DC test systems show that the model is scalable and stays computationally tractable for larger system sizes without sacrificing convergence time.

Magnetocaloric effect and critical behavior of the Mn-rich itinerant material Mn3GaC with enhanced ferromagnetic interaction**Project supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2018YFA0305700 and 2018YFA0305800), One Hundred-Talent Program in Institute of Physics (Grant No. Y7K5031X61), Youth Promotion Association of CAS (Grant No. 2018010).

We revisit the reversible magnetocaloric effect of itinerant ferromagnet Mn3GaC near the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition by adopting the experimental and theoretical methods and critical behavior of Mn-rich Mn3GaC with an enhanced FM interaction. Landau theory model cannot account for temperature dependent magnetic entropy change which is estimated from thermal magnetic methods only considering magnetoelastic coupling and the electron–electron interaction, apart from molecular mean-field model. Critical behavior is studied by adopting the modified Arrott plot, Kouvel–Fisher plot, and critical isotherm analysis. With these critical exponents, experimental data below and above Tc collapse into two universal branches, fulfilling the single scaling equation m = f±(h), where m and h are renormalized magnetization and field. Critical exponents are confirmed by Widom scaling law and just between mean-field model and three-dimensional Heisenberg model, as the evidence for the existence of long-range ferromagnetic interaction. With increasing the Mn content, Tc increases monotonously and critical exponents increases accordingly. The exchange distance changes from J(r) ∼ r–4.68 for x = 0 to J(r) ∼ r–4.71 for x = 0.08, respectively, which suggests the competition of the Mn–Mn direct interaction and the itinerant Mn–C–Mn hybridization. The possible mechanism is proposed.

Energy mapping of the genetic code and genomic domains: implications for code evolution and molecular Darwinism.

When the iconic DNA genetic code is expressed in terms of energy differentials, one observes that information embedded in chemical sequences, including some biological outcomes, correlate with distinctive free energy profiles. Specifically, we find correlations between codon usage and codon free energy, suggestive of a thermodynamic selection for codon usage. We also find correlations between what are considered ancient amino acids and high codon free energy values. Such correlations may be reflective of the sequence-based genetic code fundamentally mapping as an energy code. In such a perspective, one can envision the genetic code as composed of interlocking thermodynamic cycles that allow codons to 'evolve' from each other through a series of sequential transitions and transversions, which are influenced by an energy landscape modulated by both thermodynamic and kinetic factors. As such, early evolution of the genetic code may have been driven, in part, by differential energetics, as opposed exclusively by the functionality of any gene product. In such a scenario, evolutionary pressures can, in part, derive from the optimization of biophysical properties (e.g. relative stabilities and relative rates), in addition to the classic perspective of being driven by a phenotypical adaptive advantage (natural selection). Such differential energy mapping of the genetic code, as well as larger genomic domains, may reflect an energetically resolved and evolved genomic landscape, consistent with a type of differential, energy-driven 'molecular Darwinism'. It should not be surprising that evolution of the code was influenced by differential energetics, as thermodynamics is the most general and universal branch of science that operates over all time and length scales.

Critical behavior in the half-metallic Heusler alloy Co2TiSn

The critical behavior of Heusler alloy $\mathrm{Co}{}_{2}\mathrm{TiSn}$ is investigated by bulk magnetization study around the paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. The precise value of Curie temperature ($T{}_{c}=358\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) as well as the critical exponents ($\ensuremath{\beta}=0.527\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003, \ensuremath{\gamma}=1.229\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$, and $\ensuremath{\delta}=3.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$) were determined by means of different analytical methods such as modified Arrott plot analysis, the Kouvel-Fisher method, and critical isotherm analysis. With these critical exponents the isotherm $M(H)$ curves below and above $T{}_{c}$ collapse into two universal branches, fulfilling the single scaling equation $m={f}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}h$, where $m$ and $h$ are normalized magnetization and field, respectively. The reliability of the critical exponents were confirmed by Widom scaling hypothesis $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Apart from the slight increase in $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, the deduced critical exponents were consistent with the theoretical prediction of the mean-field model, indicating the long range magnetic interaction in $\mathrm{Co}{}_{2}\mathrm{TiSn}$. Additionally, it is obtained that spin interaction decays as $J(r)\ensuremath{\sim}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}4.7}$. We suggest that the competition between localized majority spins and itinerant minority spins magnetic interaction could be responsible for critical behavior in $\mathrm{Co}{}_{2}\mathrm{TiSn}$.

A large magnetocaloric effect of La0.8Na0.2Mn0.97Bi0.03O3 manganite synthesized by pechini Sol-Gel method and compared to the sample synthesized by solid-state route

Abstract In this work, the physical properties of the compounds La0.8Na0.2Mn0.97Bi0.03O3 prepared by solid-state (S1) and Sol-Gel (S2) methods are compared. Both compounds were found to crystallize in the rhombohedra structure with R-3c space group. They also exhibited a Ferromagnetic (FM)-Paramagnetic (PM) phase transition around the Curie temperature (TC). Curie temperature TC and magnetization decreased with the decrease of the crystallite size. The maximum of the magnetic entropy change ΔSM at 5 T, were about 4.73 J·K−1·kg−1 and 5.88 J·K−1·kg−1 for S1 and S2, respectively. We proved the second order character via the normalization curves and through the Banerjee criteria. Moreover, we determined the critical exponents values of β, γ and δ with the extrapolation of Arrott plots, the Kouvel fisher technique and the critical isotherm, respectively. The validity of the exponents values was confirmed with the scaling hypothesis; the M (T, e) curves collapsed onto two independent universal branches below and above Tc.

A model towards global demographics: an application—a universal bank branch geolocator based on branch size

Branch size strongly depends on branch cash holdings. However, while any exhaustive study into branch cash holdings must include demographics around branches, there are major variations when defining demographics according to “local” parameters, as opposed to “internationally accepted” ones. This wide fluctuation in definitions makes cross-border comparisons very difficult. The present paper intends to overcome these difficulties by developing a global spatial model that uses cash holdings as a major determinant of branch size and where geographical concepts are replaced by “internationally accepted” notions. Specifically, the contributions of this paper are twofold: firstly, it presents a theoretical model (based on Markov and Gibbs random fields) to analyse the branch cash holdings from a global spatial standpoint. Secondly, it introduces a universal branch geolocator based around a decision model that redesigns the bank branch network according to branch size. Importantly, the model variables (including branch size as the main criterion) can be replaced/expanded as needed through the use of a highly versatile decision-making tool that can be applied to a wide range of contexts, even non-banking ones as long as they are influenced by demographics.