Theory Of Unity Research Articles

Study of Analysis of The Implementation of Behavioristic Learning Theory in Arabic Language Learning at Unity Theory with Direct Method for Beginner

This study analyzes the implementation of behavioristic learning theory in learning Arabic. It is an all-in-one method for beginners with direct methods. A literature study was used to collect qualitative data from literature relevant to behavioristic learning theory and direct methods in learning Arabic Unity theory. The study results indicate a strong suitability between Behavioristic theory and learning Arabic Unity theory. Behavioristic theory emphasizes the importance of repetition, reinforcement, and association, which are the core of direct methods in learning Arabic Unity theory. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide valuable contributions in developing learning strategies that can improve students' understanding of Arabic Unity theory.

PERFORMING ACTIVITY AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MUSICAL THINKING

This article deals with the problem of developing the creative independence of a musician-performer in the process of interpreting the composer’s image of a musical work. The author proves that the psychotechnical approach to work on a composition prevails in modern music pedagogy, whereas the approach based on the theory of psychophysical unity is much more effective. A comparison of the two approaches, their positive and negative sides is given. The conclusion of the article is understanding of the need for a creative dialogue between the composer and the performer of a musical text, which also implies unconditional command of the musical “language”, subordinate to mastery of musical “speech”.

Can virtue be unified? An Aristotelian justification on “unity of virtue”

This article explores two contrasting theories of virtue ethics, namely the unity theory of virtue and the disunity theory of virtue. The unity thesis asserts that virtues are unified in some sense, or that possession of one virtue is inextricably related to the possession of all others. Meanwhile, the disunity thesis argues that virtues are disunited, or that there is a lack of unity among the virtues. But still, there are many empirical observations that seem to contradict these two theses at every turn. Thus, this article offers a moral-psychological analysis of the plausibility of the unity of virtues, and argues that the unity among the virtues is possible only if we seriously consider the integration of moral and intellectual virtues as a condition of unification. In conclusion, it suggests a way of unification which is in accord with Aristotle’s moral psychological interpretation of the division of the soul and practical wisdom, or phronesis, which is often overlooked in virtue epistemology.

Future Perspectives on Communication Management for Promoting Tourism in Chachoengsao Province (2024-2027)

Purpose: This research aims to examine the communication management strategies employed to promote tourism in Chachoengsao Province from 2567 to 2570 and to elucidate the future perspectives of communication management within the framework of the theory of global unity, encompassing the concept of "one species, one society, one culture, one language, and one religion". Theoretical Framework: This study employs communication theory, theory of management, particularly the POSDCoRB theory, providing a comprehensive framework for contemporary management. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research employs a mixed methods design, combining qualitative insights from focus group discussions with expert opinions gathered through the Delphi Technique. The study focuses on tourism communication management in Chachoengsao Province, utilizing a sample of 91 participants for focus group discussions and engaging 14 experienced professionals in tourism and communication management for the Delphi Technique. The research employs a variety of data collection tools, including interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and closed-ended questionnaires, and utilizes content analysis, median values, and interquartile range calculations for data analysis. Finding: The study findings reveal that 1) Chachoengsao Province boasts a variety of tourist attractions spread across its 11 districts 2) Tourism promotion through integrated advertising and public relations communication management involves various channels, including: (1) Online Channel which are communication initiated by tourists, influencers, and relevant organizations through platforms such as websites, Facebook, and Instagram. (2) Offline channels encompass a variety of traditional methods for promoting tourism, including vinyl banners, billboard advertising, mobile advertising, roadside banners, word-of-mouth, and cultural and traditional heritage events and activities. Research Practical and Social Implication: In the future, tourism communication management in Chachoengsao Province should strategically embrace modern and expansive approaches. This includes implementing contemporary and wide-reaching tourism communication methods, such as: Organizing Online Events, Metaverse Technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) Technologies, Web 3.0 Technology, Customer 360º Technology, Internet of Things (IoT), 3D Printing and Blockchain Technology 3) Experts have the following consensus opinions as in projecting the future vision of tourism communication management in Chachoengsao Province (2024-2027), it is envisioned to be carried out through the concept of oneness, encompassing physical oneness, biological oneness, psychological oneness, and sociological oneness. This will leverage the province's potential across various aspects, including infrastructure, transportation, cultural heritage related to tourism, economic positioning, livability, and the residents' love for their province Originality/Value: In this process, the planning stage is crucial, requiring clarity and precision. Additionally, effective tourism communication management in Chachoengsao Province will rely on an understanding of political strategies, laws, regulations, and alignment with the opinions of the local population. Two-way communication channels, especially online platforms such as websites, social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LINE OA, TikTok, Pantip, LinkedIn, YouTube), and advanced technologies including AI, touchless payment systems, and smart tourism concepts.

Şemseddin Semerkandî’nin (Ö. 722/1322) Filozoflara Yönelik Eleştirisi: Hudûs Teorisi Bağlamında Bir İnceleme

Evrenin hakikati ve kaynağı problemi düşünce tarihi kadar eskidir. İnsanlık, ait olduğu ve her zaman karşı karşıya kaldığı evrensel olguları ve olayları keşfetmek için yoğun zihni faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur. Nitekim evrenin varlığıyla ilgili felsefi sorgulama; insanlık için hayatı daha anlamlı kılabilmek, karşılaşılan problemleri çözüme kavuşturabilmek ve hayatın amacını kavrayabilmek gibi önemli amaçlara hizmet edecektir. İslam düşünce geleneğinde Tanrı-evren ilişkisi ya da evrenin Tanrı aracılığıyla meydana geliş keyfiyetine yönelik çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda İslam filozofları, evrenin Tanrı’dan zorunlu olarak türediğini ifade eden sudûr teorisini; Sûfîler, evreni Tanrı’nın mutlak varlığına indirgeyerek Tanrı ile evren arasında birlik tesis eden vahdet-i vücûd nazariyesini; kelâmcılar ise evrenin Allah’ın iradesiyle uzay-zamanda yaratılmış, ilahi zâttan bağışık bir varlık olduğunu ifade eden hudûs delilini tasarlamışlardır. Biz de sözü geçen üç ekol çerçevesinde Tanrı-evren ilişkisini irdeleyeceğiz. İslam düşünce sisteminin önemli bir kurucu unsuru olarak Kelâm geleneği, evreni ve kaynağını keşfetmeye yönelik ciddi düşünsel faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur. Doğa felsefelerinin temeline cevher-araz kuramını yerleştiren kelâmcılar, evreni esasen metafiziksel gayelerine ulaştırması bakımından araştırma konusu yapmışlardır. Cevher-araz kuramı, bir metot olarak birçok kelâmî problemin çözümünde aktif rol oynamıştır. Kelâmcıların cevher-araz metodu sayesinde çözümledikleri problemlerden biri de âlemin hudûsüdür

Abstract LB_B20: The Unity Theory of One: The dynamic algorithm of mass action law for drug and biosimilar digital evaluation/simulation in molecules, cells, and organs, regardless of units, physical states, and mechanisms

Abstract Mathematical analysis of mass-action law (MAL) of the intermediate-forming system analysis led to the general median-effect equation (MEE) for action dynamics that determines potency (Dm, median-effect dose, and dynamic order [m, the shape of dose-effect-curve (DEC) where m=1, >1, <1 indicate hyperbolic, sigmoidal and flat sigmoidal, respectively]; the combination index equation (CIE) for interaction that quantifies synergism (CI<1), additive effect (CI=1) and antagonism (CI>1); and the dose-reduction index equation (DRIE) for interaction consequences, where DRI=1, >1 and <1 indicate no dose-reduction, favorable dose-reduction, and unfavorable dose-reduction. All terms of MEE, CIE, and DRIE are dimensionless relativity ratios, thus ensuring the general applicability of MAL. Therefore, the MAL biodynamics, pharmacodynamics, and bioinformatics (MAL-BD/PD/BI) is the top-down fundamental theory-based R&D, which approach is different from the classical observation/statistics-based bottom-up R&D. The MEE, CIE, and DRIE all center on “One” (the Unity Theory of One) (UTO), which are not feasible to derive from the classical specific-aimed derivations, such as Michaelis-Menten, Henderson-Hasselbalch, Hill, Scatchard, and Langmuir equations. The most important extensions and utilities of AML-MEE/CIE are the linearization of DECs with the median-effect plot (MEP) that led to the Minimum Two-dose Data Point Theory (MTDPT), which automatically adds two default data points to DECs (Do, dose-zero, and Dm, the universal reference point and the dynamic-orders common link). Thus, 2 becomes 4, 3 becomes 5, and 4 becomes 6 doses. This discovery allows digital quantitative, simple, efficient, cost-effective, Econo-Green biomedical R&D and drug evaluation of unified regulatory guidance. This MAL-theoretical approach is particularly beneficial in animal studies, clinical trial protocol design, and computerized analysis/simulation. The MAL-theoretical approach (MEE and CIE) was introduced by Chou and Talalay (1984), then by a Review article by Chou (2006) and a Perspective article (2006). Based on the bibliometrics by Web of Science and Google Scholar, as of August 26, 2023, these three articles have been cited 8,020, 5,194, and 5,129 times in 1,523, 1,242, and 1,157 journals internationally. The MAL-BD/PD/CI/BI is an Econo-green complementary alternative to traditional bottom-up studies. The MAL dynamics and informatics have been cited by 1,184 patents and by thousands of research grants sponsored by international governmental institutions, including USA (NIH, NCI, NCATS, NSF, and FDA), EU (Euro. Reginal Develop. Fund), China (Natl Key R&D), Japan (Soc. of Promotion of Sci), Korea (Natl. Sci. Foundation), Germany (Deutsch Fortungsgemeinschaft), France (INSERM), England (MRC), etc. The MAL-BD/PD/CI BI dynamics and informatics provide a new avenue for efficient and cost-effective translational and precision medicine and beyond, including environmental, agricultural, marine, material, biophysical, radiation, and food sciences. Citation Format: Ting-Chao Chou. The Unity Theory of One: The dynamic algorithm of mass action law for drug and biosimilar digital evaluation/simulation in molecules, cells, and organs, regardless of units, physical states, and mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LB_B20.

近年来中国民族团结理论研究述评与展望

Since 2014, the research results on the theory of ethnic unity and its policy practice have been increasing year by year, showing two orientations. One is to summarize and refine the correct path of solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics based on the Chinese practice of Marxist ethnic theory, and the other is to explore ethnic unity as a form of human connection. As the Party Central Committee’s understanding of ethnic unity is gradually returning from the political field to the social field, the exploration of the essence and mechanism of ethnic unity should become a focus of attention in the academic community in the future.

How active coping influences school-aged children's rapid automatized naming: A chain mediation model involving subjective vitality and aerobic fitness.

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) has been proven to be important for students' academic performance, but it remains unclear whether and how dealing with stressors (e.g., active coping) is associated with children's development of RAN. To examine this question, this research views the growth of RAN as a cross-stressor adaptation process and proposes that school-aged children may build up adapted and modified stress response systems through active coping in dealing with stressors and cognitive tasks. Based on the broaden-and-build theory and the mind-body unity theory, we explored the impact of active coping on RAN and hypothesized that subjective vitality and aerobic fitness chain mediated the relationship between active coping and RAN. We used two Likert-like scales to measure active coping and subjective vitality, used a number-reading task to measure RAN, and used the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) test to measure aerobic fitness. We recruited 303 elementary students in grades 3-5 in China. Results showed that both subjective vitality and aerobic fitness mediated the impact of active coping on time for RAN. Further, the chain indirect effect of active coping→subjective vitality→aerobic fitness→time for RAN was significant, but the reversed chain mediation was not significant. General resources (e.g., subjective vitality) have been shown to be relatively more important than simple physical resources (e.g., aerobic fitness) for RAN. These preliminary findings may contribute to both the cross-stressor-adaptation and active coping literature and have potential implications for improving RAN in school-aged children.

The Value of Unity

The Value of Unity

Critical Reassessments: “My Heart Laid Bare”: A Deep Rereading of Daniel Hoffman’s Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe

Critical Reassessments: “My Heart Laid Bare”: A Deep Rereading of Daniel Hoffman’s <i>Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe</i>

Averroes on Intellect: from Aristotelian Origins to Aquinas’s Critique

<i>Averroes on Intellect: from Aristotelian Origins to Aquinas’s Critique</i>

THE CLASH OF A CULTURE OF COOPERATION WITH A CULTURE OF SELFISHNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF MOVEMENT TO A MULTIPOLAR WORLD

The article analyzes changes characterizing the features of the transition to a multipolar world from the perspective of the theory of unity and the struggle of two cultures: cooperation and selfishness, which determine the orientation, content, results of interaction between individuals, social groups, peoples throughout the history of mankind. The culture of selfishness is interpreted as created by man and a constantly developing set of different ways of satisfying selfish interests by social actors. The culture of cooperation is considered as a human-constructed system of uniting individuals, small and large communities to realize the common interests of self-preservation and self-development. The peculiarities of determining military conflicts by the culture of egoism and the culture of cooperation in different eras are revealed. It is shown that the culture of selfishness determines the desire to build and preserve a unipolar world. Countries advocating the creation of a multipolar world, realize the values of the culture of cooperation. The role of the liberalism ideology in affirming the orientation of social actors to satisfy narrow-minded interests by any means is revealed. It is noted that there is a need to form and implement a special ideology to protect the sovereignty of Russia. The forms of overcoming the diktat of countries trying to keep the unipolar world, using all available material, financial and human resources, and creating a threat of nuclear collision, are revealed. States, focused on the values of the culture of cooperation, are forced to use all the means they have to preserve their independence and ensure the peaceful development of all mankind.

British Formalist Aesthetics and Its Literary Writing Practice

British Formalist Aesthetics and Its Literary Writing Practice

The Formation of the Theory and Methodology of Human Education in the Works of Ya. A. Komensky and in the Russian Philosophical and Pedagogical Ideas of the 19th ‒ first half of the 20th centuries

During the periods of cultural and civilizational choice of the development of the world community, the problem of the importance of human education as a mechanism for preserving its highest humanistic purpose arises before it with all the evidence and urgency. In this connection, there is a need for a holistic retrospective study of the theory and methodology of education as a fundamental category of pedagogy – the science of the “spiritual guidance” of an individual from the sphere of natural childhood into the world of cultural adulthood. Philosophical and pedagogical heritage of Ya. A. Komensky, which analysis is presented in the article, has determined the content of the target and value attitudes of further research for the next centuries. The pansophical idea of the integrity and unity of the world and man, based on Christian methodology, became the basis, among other things, for the development of Russian philosophical and pedagogical thought, the intensive formation of which was carried out in the XIX century. In this regard, the article shows the significance of the views of Slavophiles on conciliarity, the theory of unity of V. S. Solovyov in the design on the canons of Orthodoxy of Russian pedagogy. The approaches to the realization of the pansophic idea in anthropologically oriented works of a number of Russian scientists are revealed. The leading directions of the search and interpretation of the ideas of Ya. A. Komensky are highlighted. In the context of the development of anthropological pedagogy, the growth of new knowledge based on the achievements of the humanities of that time, in particular, psychology, is shown. The article reveals the basic positions of scientists in understanding the spiritual essence of man on the basis of a comparative analysis of the philosophical and pedagogical ideas of Ya. A. Komensky and representatives of the Russian diaspora; the unity of the divine and the earthly; the role of natural, social and cultural factors and the importance of the category of integrity in the upbringing and education of the individual. The continuity of the legacy of Ya. A. Komensky and domestic scientists in the interpretation of the goals, objectives and means of the pedagogical process is established.

The fatigue illusion: the physical effects of mindlessness

Attitudes that are blindly adopted, termed premature cognitive commitments, can place unnecessary limitations on how we perceive and engage in the world around us, including how we perceive fatigue. Fatigue is still widely treated as a somatic reaction, caused by physical limitations. In contrast to this, our hypothesis, based on Langer’s mind/body unity theory, states that people perceive fatigue at proportional milestones during a task, regardless of how long it is, how strenuous it is, or whether it is physical or cognitive, and that fatigue can be manipulated psychologically. Five studies were designed to investigate (a) whether or not proportional perceptions of fatigue, or fatigue milestones, exists, rendering fatigue an illusion and (b) whether perceptions of fatigue are malleable by way of Langerian mindfulness, offering individuals control in the management of fatigue. Study 1 introduced a fatigue scale and used retrospective perceptions about travel-fatigue. Study 2 added an objective measure of physical fatigue in a cognitive task. Study 3 tested the illusion of fatigue on an athlete population in a physical task. Study 4 included the Langer Mindfulness Scale to further study subjective perceptions of fatigue in physical tasks. Study 5 tested mindful interventions on fatigue. The findings indicate that (a) an illusion of fatigue exists, with proportional set-in and peak milestones, what we label the fatigue illusion and (b) constructs of Langerian mindfulness offer individuals control over the timing, amount, and even the experience of fatigue.

고려후기 『대전화상주심경』의 수용과 사상사적 의의

『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 is the most published and valued annotation book in Korean Buddhism. Previous research on 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 has remained at the level where bibliographic research on identifying the author of the book as well as clarifying the meaning of several editions is presented. The received idea that the author of the book was DadianBaotong[大顚寶通] in the Tang dynasty, needs to be re-examined. On the basis of the review of the preface record of 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 as well as the fact that lots of phrases of the Chan Sect in the Song dynasty were cited in the book, it is reasonable to conclude that the author was DadianLiaotong[大顚了通], who belonged to the line leading to the CaoDong sect[曹洞宗]'s TouziYiqing[投子義靑]-FurongDaokai[芙蓉道楷]-ChzntiWeizhao[闡提惟照]-DadianLiaotong. In short, it is clear that 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 was written before Zhang Jiucheng[張九成]'s annotation, which was written between the end of Northern Song and the beginning of Southern Song dynasty. The background of Dadian's writing of 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 is related to the intellectual trends of the CaoDong sect after the Northern Song period. It is worth noting that a number of scripture annotations, including 『Bore boluomiduo xinjing(般若心經)』 and 『The Diamond Sutra(金剛經)』, were written in the CaoDong sect. In addition, the CaoDong sect also presented Songgojip(頌古集) and Pyungchangrok(評唱錄) as Gongan chan[公案禪] became popular. The result of examining what kind of zen monk’s works were quoted in the 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 also shows the characteristics of the trend that was prominent in the CaoDong sect. For example, Dadian cited a lot of Odosong(悟道頌) and Gongan of the monks of Shitou(石頭) sect, and valued Songgo(頌古) works that were championed by the CaoDong sect in the Song period. In addition, unlike other annotation documents, which consisted of didactic stories, the 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 was written in the way that Dadian carefully selected and cited the zen monks’ Chakeo(著語) during the Song period. It is possible that 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 was handed down to Goryeo in the 12th and 13th centuries in the process of vast acceptance of zen monk’s works in the Song period. However, was first published and enthusiastically received at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, when the Shidafu[士大夫] increasingly levelled criticism at Buddhism. In order to respond to such trend, the Buddhist community proposed the Consistency of Three Religion(三敎一致論), that is, Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism. 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 had a deep influence on the Quanzhenjiao[全眞敎] during the Song and Yuan period. The book was accepted in earnest at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty as it had content consistent with the theory of unity. In addition, there was an intellectual demand for the critique of Gongan[公案] amid the popularity of Ganwhaseon(看話禪) at the end of Goryeo dynasty. It is also worth noting that the writings of zen Buddhist monks were more widely accepted than those presented in the non-Zen Buddhism[敎宗] during the time when Zen Buddhism led the Buddhist world. In conclusion, the acceptance and popularity of 『Dadian he shang zhu xin jing』 from the late Goryeo Dynasty to the Joseon Dynasty can be attributed to this ideological trend.

ARCHITECTONICS OF CALCULATED MATHEMATICAL MODELS UNDER UNCERTAINTY

This article concerns the improvement of calculated mathematical models of technological, biotechnological, and economic systems. It is necessary to increase the number of considered parameters to increase the accuracy of calculating the parameters of complex systems during mathematical modeling. This leads to the need to solve nonlocal boundary value problems with non-stationary differential equations, to prove the correctness of which it is impossible to apply the traditional theory of existence and unity of solution. Note that after the architecture of boundary value problems assumes the existence of their solution, it is only necessary to prove its uniqueness. To prove the correctness of calculated mathematical models requires neither generalizing the parameters of the goal function and using approximate constraints, which, in turn, will reduce the boundary value problem to a standard form and its correctness will not be in doubt, nor propose a method to prove the correctness of boundary value certain differential equations, which will consider the specific features of the modeled processes. A separate technique must substantiate the correctness of boundary value problems depending on the type of differential equation that describes the physical and economic processes in the simulated systems. This article studied the conditions for the correctness of boundary value problems for differential equations with constant coefficients. It is proved that there is a corresponding boundary value problem for arbitrary homogeneous differential equations. It is defined the parabolic boundary value problems in terms that use constraints from above on the fundamental solution function. The conditions were obtained under which the parabolic boundary value problem exists and cannot exist, respectively. The obtained results will increase the accuracy of the main optimization task of improving the quality of simulated processes.

A Study on Ideals of Kabir Das and His Contribution in Human Unity

Famous as a pioneer of the liberal social system, Saint Kabir Das was one of the major indices of the medieval Bhakti movement. Although permanent evidence is not available, according to most beliefs, the poet Kabir Das was born in Kashi (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) in the mid-15th century. The details of Kabir's life is still unknown till date. As far as recorded, there are stories of Kabir's birth mystery has a similar trail found in Biblical texts. Among his most famous writings are his Doha or couplets and poems that sometimes refer the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib. Kabir was deeply focused on his spiritual knowledge. In Davistan in Mosinfani and Aineakbari in Abu'l-Fazur, he is called "Muwahid" or "Believer of God." He criticized both Hinduism and Islam, the former as per him being misinterpretation of the Vedas. He frequently questioned meaningless rituals such as sacred threads and circumcision. Kabir is a brave pioneer, a great pioneer in the unification of the Hindu and Muslim communities of India, an apostle of human faith, and taught that God has been revealed to all of humanity. Although his life is a mystery and lesser known, his contribution as a social and religious reformer has become a promoter of social progress and laid a solid foundation for modern society. However, the implementation of Kabir's philosophy is still incomplete and uninterpreted. With the inspiration of this gap, the current review of Kabir Das's ideals and contributions to human unity takes into account the legendary saint's theory and view of human unity as an important element of a stable and constructive society.

Designing simple productive waqf models for Indonesia

PurposeProductive waqf is one type of ethical business/investment, which should comply to Islamic law, with so many models to choose from. The purpose of this study is to determine factors of simple productive waqf, propose several simple productive waqf models and select the best simple productive waqf models appropriate to be adopted by waqf institution in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies the analytic network process, including field survey, focused group discussion and in-depth interview, with two groups of respondents, namely, expert and waqf practitioner.FindingsThe results show that the determinants of simple productive waqf in Indonesia are the waqf institution, productive waqf asset to be developed, how to finance the productive waqf, how to manage the productive waqf and the compliance of productive waqf. Proposed productive waqf models include cash-waqf and self-managed model, Islamic bank financing and self-managed model, Sukuk and external partnership model, cash-waqf and external partnership and cash-waqf + co-financing and external partnership. Moreover, the best simple productive waqf model is cash-waqf and self-managed model, followed by cash-waqf and external partnership, where they could achieve the most in all socio-economic variables, well-being compliance and moral/ethics within the theory of unity of knowledge, Tawhid.Research limitations/implicationsThe simple productive waqf models proposed are not exhaustive, since there are so many variations of the model. Moreover, the case and respondents are all Indonesian, so that the results are possibly only applicable to Indonesia.Practical implicationsTo increase the probability of successful productive waqf development, waqf institutions could apply cash-waqf and self-managed model first, while other models could be applied in staged in line with waqf institution experience.Social implicationsThe successful development of productive waqf could increase the social programs provided by waqf institutions to the society.Originality/valueProductive waqf development is desperately needed due to many unproductive waqf lands in Indonesia, while studies have been limited, and there is no study discussing the productive waqf model appropriate for Indonesia.

What explains party unity? A test of competing theories

Several theories have been created to explain party unity in Congress, but previous studies have generally assumed the same factors affect party unity for both parties. Given the differences between the two parties (the ideological heterogeneity of their electoral coalitions, how the party’s electoral coalitions view partisanship, etc.), this assumption may limit our understanding of the sources of party unity. In this paper, I test three theories of party unity (cartel theory, Conditional Party Government, and Strategic Party Government) on separate panels for the two parties. I find cartel theory helps explain party unity for both parties, but, unlike what has previously been argued, I find this is not entirely due to Reed’s Rules. I further find Conditional Party Government better explains party unity for the Republicans, while Strategic Party Government better explains party unity for the Democrats. I provide theoretical reasons for these findings and how they may impact future research.