Unity Engine Research Articles

DESIGNING 3D HORROR SURVIVAL GAME “SURVIVING THE NIGHT INVASION” IS AVAILABLE ON THE WINDOWS PLATFORM

The game "Surviving the Night Invasion" is a 3D game with the Horror Survival genre developed on the Windows platform. This is a single player game that use keyboard and mouse controller. This game presents a dark environment and night scenery. The player will have the perspective of main character (first person). In the design process, this game was created using the C programming language and Unity Engine version 2022.1.15f1 (64-Bit). In this game the player is a person who stranded in an island full of zombies. The aim of this game is that the player has to find a vaccine before the infection rate reaches 100%. Beside that, the player have to turn on the generator so call for help and get out of the island. During the gameplay, the player must be aware of zombie’s attack and to find shelter and resources to survive

Using provenance data and imitation learning to train human-like bots

Nonplayer Characters are becoming more realistic in their actions and behav- iors because of the development of gaming technology and gamers’ increased demand for enhancements. While this progress is an exciting development, it has also become a major concern for game developers over the years, since players demand that NPCs look alike to other human players. Our major objective in this work is to make an NPC that satisfactorily mimics a player. This work proposes a method for training an NPC using imitation learning with the Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning framework to become similar to a human player. To simulate player behavior, our proposal trains agents using provenance data sets, cause-and-effect data mining, and the GAIL framework. The proposed model was developed to be universal and adaptable to different games. We validate our model using the DodgeBall game environment inside the Unity ML-Agents Toolkit for Unity Engine. Some players competed against our agent and found that our NPC was credible by observing his actions and behaviors. In this work, we present a new way of giving rewards compared to the model presented in the previous work. The tests and results found were also expanded, improving the validation of our model.

Virtual 3D Tour: A User Experience for On-Campus Orientation

With Virtual Reality being adopted by almost all the world's social media giants, it is evident that it is the next best thing. Platforms like Facebook, Steam, and YouTube have worked on this technology to make their content creative and immersive for the user to experience the best. But unfortunately, the industries of Pakistan have still not explored or worked on this domain. Hence, I missed the chance to enjoy this sweet nectar of an opportunity introduced to the world for merely a decade. This paper introduces an immersive and three-dimensional Virtual Model of Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology. The previous work on similar projects was discussed; in the methodology, the models were created using different 3D computer graphics software and toolsets, the development phase was done by using Unity Engine to make the model dynamic in nature, and then it was finally deployed into HTC Vive and allowing of the user to interact with the environment and move in 3D space by using two handheld controllers.

HabitFun videogame as a tool to support the generation of good hygiene habits in elementary school children

This research addresses the development of a video game in Unity compiled for execution on devices with Android Operating System, said video game as a support tool for elementary school children to acquire good personal hygiene habits. Sometimes, children can be careless when it comes to their personal hygiene, and pediatricians recommend from a very young age the hygiene habits that they should follow daily, thus reducing the risk of contracting any disease. On the other hand, it is sought that the child is more organized, careful and self-demanding with himself. The Unity engine and the agile Scrum methodology were used for the development of the video game. Personal hygiene can be more interesting if it is taught through play, helping to demonstrate its importance, whether in the classroom or at home, children can learn about hygiene and find the right way to stay clean, neat and healthy. Therefore, the video game presents in text and audio, hygiene tips and each level is an area of the home that represents a hygiene challenge that the child must meet in order to move to the next level

듀얼 스위블 휠 기반의 전 방향 이동 로봇의 개발 및 그 주행성능 시뮬레이션

Omnidirectional driving wheel mechanisms include omni-wheels, mecanum wheels, swivel wheels, and ball wheels. However, this driving wheel technology encounters challenges such as slip, load distribution, floor surface compatibility, and contact friction. In this paper, a dual swivel wheel-based mobile robot design for omnidirectional motion is presented. By using the double-wheel structure, the torque required for each module can be divided into two parts. In addition, the low contact friction with the floor surface enables easy changes in the direction during rotation. To design the mechanics of the dual swivel wheel-based mobile robot and verify its driving performance, a robotics simulation environment was constructed using the Unity engine and ROS2. Through simulations, omnidirectional driving performance, steering precision, minimum radius of rotation, and positional precision were studied.

Mobile educational tool based on augmented reality technology for tooth carving: results of a prospective cohort study

BackgroundAugmented reality (AR) technology has been shown to be effective in displaying information and presenting three-dimensional objects. Although AR applications are commonly used by learners via mobile devices, plastic models or two-dimensional images are still commonly used in tooth carving practice. Learners practicing tooth carving face a challenge due to the three-dimensional features of teeth as there is a lack of tools available that provide sequential guidance. In this study, we developed an AR-based tooth carving practice tool (AR-TCPT) and compared it to a plastic model to evaluate its potential as a practice tool as well as its user experience.MethodsTo model tooth carving, we created a three-dimensional object from sequential steps that included the maxillary canines and maxillary first premolars (16 steps), mandibular first premolars (13 steps), and mandibular first molars (14 steps). Image markers, created using Photoshop software, were assigned to each tooth. An AR-based mobile application was developed using the Unity engine. For tooth carving, 52 participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 26; using a plastic tooth model) or an experimental group (n = 26; using the AR-TCPT). User experience was evaluated using a 22-item questionnaire. Data were comparatively analyzed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test via the SPSS program.ResultsThe AR-TCPT detects image markers with the mobile device camera and displays three-dimensional objects for tooth fragmentation. Users can manipulate the device to view each step or examine the shape of a tooth. The results of the user experience survey revealed that the AR-TCPT experimental group scored significantly higher in tooth carving experience compared with the control group that used the plastic model.ConclusionCompared with the conventional plastic model, the AR-TCPT provided a better user experience for tooth carving. The tool is highly accessible as it is designed to be used on mobile devices by users. Further studies are required to determine the educational impact of the AR-TCTP on quantitative scoring of carved teeth as well as individual user’s carving abilities.

THE USE OF VIRTUAL REALITY SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE FOR IT STUDENTS

The paper is focused on the research on virtual reality solutions which could be used to improve educational experience focusing on IT students. Current state of the art in the field of VR use for educational purposes was analysed. Pros and cons for VR implementation in education were considered. As the solution to enhance educational experience was proposed to integrate VR environment with learning management system in order to automate assessment for mass-learning courses. An example of such integration, a system based on Unity engine for VR laboratory environment development, and Moodle for learning management system, was presented. Experimental results obtained during testing of developed system proved possibility of proposed integration approach and possible benefits from its practical implementation for mass learning courses.

Pengembangan Aplikasi Augmented Reality Pada Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Untuk Kelas 1 Sekolah Dasar

This research was developed to overcome problems in students who tend to get bored in English subjects with book media. This research aims to develop Augmented Reality in English subject for grade 1 elementary school. The research method used in this study namely research and development (R&D) with the ADDIE application development model (Analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation), in this study is limited to stage implementation. Products are developed using game engine Unity 3D and Vuforia. Data analysis techniques in this study will use descriptive and quantitative analysis techniques. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire with 8 respondents. The end result of the product is an educational game-based application Augmented Reality learning English which contains 3D objects, descriptions, sentences and sounds from objects that are run. The results of the feasibility test obtained an average score of 81.90% in the very good category. With the application Augmented Reality this is expected to help 1st grade elementary school students in learning English.

Digital Game-Based Learning in an Introductory Accounting Course

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a digital instructional game application for learning the basic concepts of the accounting principles in an introductory accounting course. The game was designed using the Unity engine and Griss instructional design model. Based on the model, game characteristics were embedded in educational content. The game was uploaded to a local Android platform. The study was carried out in the 2019 summer semester. A quasi-experimental design with a control group and an experimental group was employed as a research design. The findings showed that the developed game has a positive impact on students' academic performance and motivation. The results were also consistent with the notion that active learning methods yield more positive outcomes compared to traditional teacher-oriented methods.

Virtual and Augmented Experience in Virtual Learning Tours

The aim of this work is to highlight the possibilities of using VR applications in the informal learning process. This is attempted through the development of virtual reality cultural applications for historical monuments. For this purpose, the theoretical framework of virtual and augmented reality techniques is presented, developing as a showcase of the virtual environment of the historical bridge of Arta, in Greece. The bridge model is created through 3D software, which is then imported into virtual world environment by employing the Unity engine. The main objective of the research is the technical and empirical evaluation of the VR application by specialists, in comparison with the real environment of the monument. Accordingly, the use of the application in the learning process is evaluated by high school students. Using the conclusions of the evaluation, the environment will be enriched with multimedia elements and the application will be evaluated by secondary school students as a learning experience and process, using electroencephalography (EEG). The recording and analysis of research results can be generalized and lead to safe conclusions for the use of similar applications in the field of culture and learning.

Development and Evaluation of an Enhanced Virtual Reality Flight Simulation Tool for Airships

A real-time flight simulation tool is proposed using a virtual reality head-mounted display (VR-HMD) for remotely piloted airships operating in beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) conditions. In particular, the VR-HMD was developed for stratospheric airships flying at low/high altitudes. The proposed flight simulation tool uses the corresponding aerodynamics characteristics of the airship, the buoyancy effect, mass balance, added mass, propulsion contributions and ground reactions in the FlightGear Flight Simulator (FGFS). The VR headset was connected to the FGFS along with the radio controller containing the real-time orientation/state of each button, which is also simulated to provide better situational awareness, and a head-up display (HUD) that was developed to provide the required flight data. In this work, a system was developed to connect the FGFS and the VR-capable graphics engine Unity to a PC and a wireless VR-HMD in real time with minimal lag between data transmission. A balance was found for FGFS to write to a CSV file at a period of 0.01 s. For Unity, the file was read every frame, which translates to around 0.0167 s (60 Hz). A test procedure was also conducted with a similar rating technique based on the NASA TLX questionnaire, which identifies the pilot’s available mental capacity when completing an assigned task to assure the comfortability of the proposed VR-HMD. Accordingly, a comparison was made for the aircraft control using the desktop simulator and the VR-HMD tool. The results showed that the current iteration of the system is ideal to train pilots on using similar systems in a safe and immersive environment. Furthermore, such an advanced portable system may even increase the situational awareness of pilots and allow them to complete a sizeable portion of actual flight tests with the same data transmission procedures in simulation. The VR-HMD flight simulator was also conceived to express the ground control station (GCS) concept and transmit flight information as well as the point of view (POV) visuals in real-time using the real environment broadcast using an onboard camera.

Creating an Interactive Urban Traffic System for the Simulation of Different Traffic Scenarios

The social and political efforts to fight climate change have contributed to a re-thinking of traffic systems, especially in urban areas under constant transformation. To simulate and visualize planning scenarios of urban traffic systems in a realistic way, the possibilities of virtual 3D environments have regularly been used. The modern potentials of (immersive) virtual reality, however, still require exploration, evaluation, and further development. Using the game engine Unity, an immersive virtual environment was developed to visualize and experience dynamic traffic conditions of a highly dense urban area. The case study is based on the characteristic model of a Central European city (not a representation of a real city), which brings together the specific considerations of urban traffic, such as mirroring the complex interplay of pedestrians as well as individual and public transport. This contribution has an applied methodological focus and considers possibilities as well as difficulties in the design of a reliably running (open-end) traffic system. The applied tool for the creation of a modular and customizable traffic system in Unity resulted in a traffic system that is capable of reacting to the individual behavior of the user (including the individualized motion of the avatar), without leading to accidents or uncorrectable traffic jams. Therefore, the tool used could be a valuable option for any developer of immersive virtual environments in Unity to equip these immersive virtual environments with a traffic system, without the use of additional third-party software.

Virtual reality technology using a 360° video: development and evaluation of an educational tool for intraoral radiography using the bisecting angle technique

Intraoral radiography (IOR) practice education is essential for dental students. However, the risk of radiation exposure has resulted in the use of textbooks to learn IOR. Thus, a new educational tool that can effectively use fewer shots or provide indirect experience when practice is not feasible is needed. In this study, we developed a new educational tool called “educational media for the bisecting angle technique” using virtual reality (EMBAT-VR) and evaluated the user experience among students. IOR was divided into 12 steps for 14 teeth, and a scenario was prepared from the perspectives of the operator and patient. On the basis of this scenario, the IOR was reenacted and recorded using a 360° camera. The tool was built on a head-mounted display using the Unity Engine. Eighty-four students were enrolled to evaluate the task performance, browsing search, and satisfaction on a 5-point Likert scale; the corresponding values for the tests were 3. 78 ± 0.70, 3.88 ± 0.76, and 4.01 ± 0.71, respectively. EMBAT-VR was used to investigate the satisfaction (user experience). Responses to 21 questions from 24 students who used traditional textbooks (control group) and 22 students who used the VR educational tool (experimental group) were statistically analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. A statistically significant difference was observed between the experimental (4.16 ± 0.64) and control (2.69 ± 0.54) groups. In the usability evaluation, EMBAT-VR presented with a higher score than traditional textbooks. Nonetheless, its effect when performing actual IOR imaging needs follow-up research.

Scratch and unity design in elementary education: A study in initial teacher training

AbstractBackgroundThe present study analyses the design of programming literacy in the sixth grade of Primary Education, starting from the use of simple activities with visual block‐based programming, through Scratch, and progressively linking difficulty to the use of the Unity engine, and the C# language, with simple activities identical to those created in Scratch.ObjectivesThis research aims to evaluate future teachers' abilities and attitudes regarding programming and its educational possibilities. We intend to evaluate the viability of a teaching proposal that combines a visual block‐based programming environment and a more advanced one, based on C#.MethodIn the settings of two public Spanish universities, we analyse the possibilities in the training of future teachers who are studying for a degree in Primary Education Teaching and a degree in Pedagogy. Based on a test and three scales, descriptive data and statistical inference are detailed through a quasi‐experimental design with a Student's t‐test in the first dimension, and a Wilcoxon test in the second dimension.ResultsThe participants improved their performance and attitudes towards programming with the intervention of the study in the use of coding.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that coding is essential in teacher training, and that a greater presence of programming training in higher education is essential. The benefits are visible in the pedagogical approach of coding related to creativity, innovation, motivation, an active approach and interest, highlighting the fact that the implementation of visual block‐based programming by blocks and engines is feasible in Elementary Education. The training proposal—provided by appropriate progression, selection, and sequencing of content—fosters basic and practical teacher training, and this can be defined as an apt training solution.

Digital reconstructions of picture galleries as art historical method: The virtual museum at the Royal Palace in Stockholm

We are now witnessing a wave of research using digital tools to create 3D reconstructions of buildings, exhibitions, and objects. We would therefore like to critically discuss the scholarly value of reconstructions. What are we learning? Which problems are solved? What new knowledge can be gained? These are questions posed from a background of history of display and a pilot study in which we are reconstructing two hangings in a gallery at the Royal Palace in Stockholm. We conclude that an immersive 3D reconstruction can give new insights into narratives and hierarchies of art displays. Our model, made with the game engine Unity and the software Virtual Museum, allows us to show and analyze historical changes and developments as well as aspects as eye-lines, visibility and visitors flow to a comparably low cost. This way an immersive 3D-reconstruction can be used not only for pedagogical visualizations, but become an effective research tool.

Exploring the Effects of Game-based Learning

Abstract :Advancements in technologies are helping the education system to improve and explore a new dimension of learning. Learning beyond class hours is an important issue. Traditional textbooks and learning materials (online as well as offline) may help to overcome this challenge for theory-based papers. On contrary, experimenting in a lab beyond the class hour is challenging, more specifically in schools. The effect of the COVID pandemic also forced the researchers to explore new ways of learning, particularly in lab work. In this work, an interactive virtual Lab was developed for school students. They can virtually perform Ohm's Law experiments using a mobile phone or computer. The proposed lab was designed using Unity Engine with C#. In order to check the acceptance of the proposed applications, we conducted a usability evaluation. It was observed that students learned more effectively using our proposed application. Keywords : Simulation, 3D Model, Virtual Reality, Usability Testing.

Simulation Modeling of Mobile Robotic Complexes Tool Analysis According to Physical Laws (a Review)

This article is about the technologies of simulation modeling of mobile robotic complexes. The basic demands for a simulation environment are defined such as realistic results, open-source code, extensibility, performance of system, possibility of usage of low-level code for simulation. Moreover, the most significant characteristics for physics engines are described in the article, specifically solid-state physics, torque setup, stability of "axle" connection, stability of the simulated many-body system. The frequently used physics engines such as PhysX, ODE, MuJoCo, Bullet, Havok are analyzed and the search of modeling services is made in order to make the comparative table. The platform Unity is in focus of this work to show its abilities in modeling of mechanical and electronic parts of mobile robots. The aim of this work is minimizing mobile robots development outgoings. Programming product is given as result of simulation modeling of robotic complexes. The Unity platform is used as the engine for development of simulation tools for mechanical and electronic parts of robotic complex. The set of tools based on Unity engine is developed in order to create virtual models of mobile robots. The architecture of the project was developed in order to determine aspects of creating mobile robots in a simulation modeling environment. The logic of scripts for modeling the solid-state physics, kinematic chains and joints with different degrees of freedom is presented as a result of developing architecture of the project. The package was tested, a model of a mobile four-wheeled robotic platform was built as a result of the test.

A Cross-Software Presentation Practice for Graphics-Related Digital Media

Over the years, computer graphics and digital media technologies have developed tremendously, and more and more application requirements show that excellent audiovisual effects brought by integrating multi-domain digital media technologies are the key to future human-computer interaction. This paper hopes to demonstrate the feasibility of scene integration applications using modeling software and linkage with other software such as Unity engine and music design software AbletonLive. This paper achieves the desired scene integration application by modeling simplified geometry with a self-designed cartoon-style character renderer fused with a dynamic presentation method with homemade music. All designs were combined in the Unity engine and dynamically displayed to a randomly selected audience and their evaluation data were collected. According to the statistical data, the audience had a very good impression of the multimedia design in general.

Robot-Assisted Immersive Kinematic Experience Transfer for Welding Training

Human motor skills are critical for executing a variety range of tasks in construction. Traditional hands-on training is resource and labor intensive, whereas virtual training, such as video demonstrations, cannot provide trainees with egocentric kinesthetic or proprioceptive experience such as muscular engagement. It is important to develop remote training methods that can provide rich sensory feedback and leverage the trainee’s proprioception. This paper proposes a novel remote motor skill training system that can transfer experts’ kinematic and kinesthetic experience, including both positional and force experience, to novice trainees by using virtual reality (VR) and a robot arm without the physical presence of the experts. The system uses VR to simulate virtual operation scenarios and interactions to provide an immersive operation experience. The robotic system records experts’ kinematic and kinesthetic patterns and trains novices with perceptual learning. The system design was demonstrated with a welding training task. A welding simulator was built with a Unity engine and a seven-degrees-of-freedom robot arm, which provided high-fidelity welding experience and could actively guide welding trainees. It was found that the welding simulator was resilient to external disturbance and provided accurate feedback and guidance. The proposed system contributes to the design of a more embodied remote motor skill training method.

Leveraging digital twin and game-engine for traffic simulations and visualizations

Combined with simulation software packages, City Information Models allow analysts and decision-makers to explore ‘what-if?’ questions and scenarios for various engineering and strategic applications. In this context, crowd and traffic simulations are most commonly utilized. Urban intelligent traffic management and pedestrian flow analysis greatly benefits from the latest generation of 3D City Information Models created from accurate urban-scale geospatial information. Analysis and simulation tools based on geometric, semantic, morphological, and structural information at the urban scale level offer the scientific foundation for all the activities required for identifying, detecting, planning, training, and analyzing vulnerability that may threaten human lives in urban environments. Nevertheless, the literature research showed that samples of operational Digital Twins incorporating simulation capabilities are impracticable for small municipalities and rural, low-income communities due to their complex infrastructure, hardware, and data requirements. It is desirable to reduce the requirements for these Digital Twins and still be capable of running comprehensive and accurate simulations based on urban-scale geospatial information. This article proposes an innovative framework and workflow capable of generating an operational Digital Twin and its visualization in the form of a 3D model using a procedural approach. The Digital Twin is connected with the traffic simulation SUMO and the Game Engine Unity for visualization using the TraCI middleware. The middleware is extended with additional functionalities and acts as an authoring tool. Unity allows visualizations in VR. The entire framework can be run on a single, standalone computer and is ready in a matter of minutes. The proposed framework for integrating modeling, simulation, and visualization of operational Digital Twins can help guide better decision-making for both rural areas as well as cities.