Unit Capacity Research Articles

Perioperative Management of Patients With Myasthenia Gravis Undergoing Robotic-Assisted Thymectomy—A Retrospective Analysis and Clinical Evaluation

Postoperative myasthenic crisis with respiratory failure is a potentially lethal complication, warranting careful perioperative planning and extended postoperative surveillance of patients. Data on the incidence of postoperative respiratory failure and optimal management of patients after robotic-assisted thymectomy are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of respiratory complications and the need for intensive care unit (ICU) capacities after robotic-assisted thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Retrospective cohort study. Single University hospital in Vienna, Austria, from January 2014 to December 2019. The authors included adult patients who underwent robotic-assisted thymectomy due to myasthenia gravis. Of 72 patients, 4 patients (5.6%) developed postoperative respiratory failure, needing noninvasive ventilation/intubation. Respiratory failure occurred within the first hours after extubation when patients still were under surveillance in the recovery room or in the ICU. One patient (1.4%) suffered from worsened myasthenic symptoms several days after surgery, and was treated with plasmapheresis. Sixty-five patients (90.3%) were extubated in the operating room, 35 of these (48.6%) were transferred to the ICU, and 30 patients (41.7%) primarily were transferred to the recovery room. Fourteen patients (19.4%) were transferred to the surgical ward after extended observation in the recovery room. Furthermore, after implementation of a standardized perioperative algorithm in 2020, a reduction of ICU admissions was achieved. After careful patient selection, planning, and postoperative patient evaluation, robotic-assisted thymectomy can be performed safely without postoperative surveillance in an ICU.

A review on distributed generation impacts on electric power system

In 2021, the world's total installed capacity of generation units based on renewable energy sources (not including hydropower) amounted to about 1674 GW: over 825 GW and 849 GW of wind and solar power plants were installed respectively. The growing of the installed capacity of these distributed generators is a response to the increasing the power consumption, global environmental issues and has also become possible due to the development of technology in field of power semiconductor devices. However, on the way of large-scale implementation of distributed generators based on renewable energy sources, traditional electric power system meets new challenges to ensure the reliability and sustainability of new electric power systems with renewable energy sources. In particular, distributed generators change processes in the electric power system, impact to the parameters and power balance, change the magnitude and direction of power flow and short-circuit current, which determines the need to update the settings of the relay protection and automation systems of traditional electric power system and to coordinate their operation with automatic control systems of installed distributed generators. The above-mentioned tasks form a number of scientific research directions, one of which is a task of determining optimal size and location of distributed generators. The main purpose of this optimization task is to reduce power losses, operating and total electricity cost, improve the voltage profile, etc. In addition, the correct and reasonable placement of distributed generators defines an effective planning of the operating modes of electric power system and power plants (especially based on renewable energy sources, the operating modes of which depend on weather conditions and can be sharply variable).The paper highlighted the impacts of distributed generators on power losses, the voltage level, maintaining the power balance and the possibility of participating in the frequency regulation, and short-circuit current in power system. The optimization criteria, the main limiting conditions, as well as methods for solving this optimization problem are considered. This review will help the System operators and investing companies, especially in Russia, to form the main aim, objective function and constraints that will aid to meet their load demand at minimum cost and to choose from the options available for optimization of location and capacity of distributed generators.

Investigation of possible preventable causes of COVID-19 deaths in the Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda, 2020–2021

Background: Identifying preventable causes of COVID-19 deaths is key to reducing mortality. We investigated possible preventable causes of COVID-19 deaths over a six-month period in Uganda. MethodsA case-patient was a person testing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction–positive for SARS-CoV-2 who died in Kampala Metropolitan Area hospitals from August 2020 to February 2021. We reviewed records and interviewed health workers and case-patient caretakers. ResultsWe investigated 126 (65%) of 195 reported COVID-19 deaths during the investigation period; 89 (71%) were male, and the median age was 61 years. A total of 98 (78%) had underlying medical conditions. Most (118, 94%) had advanced disease at admission to the hospital where they died. A total of 44 (35%) did not receive a COVID-19 test at their first presentation to a health facility despite having consistent symptoms. A total of 95 (75%) needed intensive care unit admission, of whom 45 (47%) received it; 74 (59%) needed mechanical ventilation, of whom 47 (64%) received it. ConclusionAmong hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who died in this investigation, early opportunities for diagnosis were frequently missed, and there was inadequate intensive care unit capacity. Emphasis is needed on COVID-19 as a differential diagnosis, early testing, and care-seeking at specialized facilities before the illness reaches a critical stage. Increased capacity for intensive care is needed.

Arc Voltage Distortion as a Source of Higher Harmonics Generated by Electric Arc Furnaces

Due to high unit capacities, electric arc furnaces are among the receivers that significantly affect the power system from which they are supplied. Arc furnaces generate a number of disturbances to the power grid, including fast-changing voltage fluctuations causing the phenomenon of flickering light, asymmetry, and deformation of the voltage curve. The main issues discussed in the article are problems related to the distortion of current and voltage waveforms, resulting from the operation of electric arc furnaces. An analysis of the indices characterizing the voltage distortion recorded in the supply network of the arc furnaces is presented. The changes in the range of current and voltage waveform deformation in individual smelting phases in the arc furnace are also presented. Furthermore, the changes in the degree of deformation of the current and voltage waveforms in the individual smelting phases in an arc furnace are presented. A multi-voltage electric arc model used in computer simulations is proposed.

Motor Unit and Capillary Recruitment During Fatiguing Arm-Cycling Exercise in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Types 3 and 4.

Exercise intolerance is an important impairment in patients with SMA, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying this symptom. To investigate if reduced motor unit and capillary recruitment capacity in patients with SMA contribute to exercise intolerance. Adolescent and adult patients with SMA types 3 and 4 (n = 15) and age- and gender matched controls (n = 15) performed a maximal upper body exercise test. We applied respiratory gas analyses, non-invasive surface electromyography (sEMG) and continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS) to study oxygen consumption, arm muscle motor unit- and capillary recruitment, respectively. Maximal exercise duration was twofold lower (p < 0.001) and work of breathing and ventilation was 1.6- and 1.8-fold higher (p < 0.05) in patients compared to controls, respectively. Regarding motor unit recruitment, we found higher normalized RMS amplitude onset values of sEMG signals from all muscles and the increase in normalized RMS amplitudes was similar in the m. triceps brachii, m. brachioradialis and m. flexor digitorum in SMA compared to controls. Median frequency, onset values were similar in patients and controls. We found a similar decrease in median frequencies of sEMG recordings from the m. biceps brachii, a diminished decrease from the m. brachioradialis and m. flexor digitorum, but a larger decrease from the m. triceps brachii. With respect to capillary recruitment, CW-NIRS recordings in m. biceps brachii revealed dynamics that were both qualitatively and quantitatively similar in patients and controls. We found no evidence for the contribution of motor unit and capillary recruitment capacity of the upper arm muscles in adolescent and adult patients with SMA types 3 and 4 as primary limiting factors to premature fatigue during execution of a maximal arm-cycling task.

Development of a quality assurance tool for intensive care units in Lebanon during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundDuring the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, low- and middle-income countries have rapidly scaled up intensive care unit (ICU) capacities. Doing this without monitoring the quality of care poses risks to patient safety and may negatively affect patient outcomes. While monitoring the quality of care is routine in high-income countries, it is not systematically implemented in most low- and middle-income countries. In this resource-scarce context, there is a paucity of feasibly implementable tools to monitor the quality of ICU care. Lebanon is an upper middle-income country that, during the autumn and winter of 2020–1, has had increasing demands for ICU beds for COVID-19. The World Health Organization has supported the Ministry of Public Health to increase ICU beds at public hospitals by 300%, but no readily available tool to monitor the quality of ICU care was available.ObjectiveThe objective with this study was to describe the process of rapidly developing and implementing a tool to monitor the quality of ICU care at public hospitals in Lebanon.MethodsIn the midst of the escalating pandemic, we applied a systematic approach to develop a realistically implementable quality assurance tool. We conducted a literature review, held expert meetings and did a pilot study to select among identified quality indicators for ICU care that were feasible to collect during a 1-hour ICU visit. In addition, a limited set of the identified indicators that were quantifiable were specifically selected for a scoring protocol to allow comparison over time as well as between ICUs.ResultsA total of 44 quality indicators, which, using different methods, could be collected by an external person, were selected for the quality of care tool. Out of these, 33 were included for scoring. When tested, the scores showed a large difference between hospitals with low versus high resources, indicating considerable variation in the quality of care.ConclusionsThe proposed tool is a promising way to systematically assess and monitor the quality of care in ICUs in the absence of more advanced and resource-demanding systems. It is currently in use in Lebanon. The proposed tool may help identifying quality gaps to be targeted and can monitor progress. More studies to validate the tool are needed.

Novel Multidisciplinary Vascular Access Team Helps to Improve ICU Workflow Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic.

The surge in critically ill patients has pressured hospitals to expand their intensive care unit capacities and critical care staff. This was difficult given the country's shortage of intensivists. This paper describes the implementation of a multidisciplinary central line placement team and its impact in reducing the vascular access workload of ICU physicians during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vascular surgeons, interventionalists, and anesthesiologists, were redeployed to the ICU Access team to place central and arterial lines. Nurses with expertise in vascular access were recruited to the team to streamline consultation and assist with line placement. While 51 central and arterial lines were placed per 100 ICU patients in 2019, there were 87 central and arterial lines placed per 100 COVID-19 ICU patients in the sole month of April, 2020. The ICU Access Team placed 107 of the 226 vascular access devices in April 2020, reducing the procedure-related workload of ICU treating teams by 46%. The ICU Access Team was able to complete a large proportion of vascular access insertions without reported complications. Given another mass casualty event, this ICU Access Team could be reassembled to rapidly meet the increased vascular access needs of patients.

244P The incidence of infusion related reactions with trastuzumab-emtansine

Ado-trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) is licensed as palliative and adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. The recommendation is for post-infusion observation of 90 minutes following cycle 1, and 30 minutes for subsequent cycles, owing to the risk of hypersensitivity reactions. The need for observation has significant implications for oncology day unit capacity and patient time in hospital. This study aimed to evaluate the rate and severity of trastuzumab-emtansine infusion reactions in our cohort of patients, to determine if shorter observation times would be safe.

Research on the Matching of Unequal Diameter Cables to Improve the Carrying Capacity of High-voltage Submarine Cable Landing Section

The conventional method of increasing the current carrying capacity of the submarine cable landing section increases the manufacturing cost of the submarine cable and the long-term operational reliability. This paper introduces the unequal diameter cable joint technology, the actual current-carrying capacity of the 220kV submarine cable landing section and the submarine section was checked. A differentiated unequal diameter submarine cable landing section and submarine section conductor cross-section matching principle was put forward. The economic efficiency of the unequal diameter cable matching scheme was evaluated. The research results show that, the larger the conductor cross-section of the submarine cable, the greater the drop in current-carrying capacity during the landing section. In the unequal diameter matching method, the single-core or copper wire armored submarine section cable requires a smaller conductor cross-section. The maximum transmission capacity can be obtained when the submarine cable line is all single-core copper wire armored. When it is all single-core steel wire armor, it can take into account the larger transmission capacity of the submarine cable line and the optimal unit capacity cost. This article provides a reference for the design and selection of submarine cable lines.

The resilient intensive care unit

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic tested the capacity of intensive care units (ICU) to respond to a crisis and demonstrated their fragility. Unsurprisingly, higher than usual mortality rates, lengths of stay (LOS), and ICU-acquired complications occurred during the pandemic. However, worse outcomes were not universal nor constant across ICUs and significant variation in outcomes was reported, demonstrating that some ICUs could adequately manage the surge of COVID-19.MethodsIn the present editorial, we discuss the concept of a resilient Intensive Care Unit, including which metrics can be used to address the capacity to respond, sustain results and incorporate new practices that lead to improvement.ResultsWe believe that a resiliency analysis adds a component of preparedness to the usual ICU performance evaluation and outcomes metrics to be used during the crisis and in regular times.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the need for a resilient health system. Although this concept has been discussed for health systems, it was not tested in intensive care. Future studies should evaluate this concept to improve ICU organization for standard and pandemic times.

User relay‐aided energy‐efficient resource allocation in heterogeneous cloud radio access network

AbstractIn this article, we consider a user relay‐aided resource allocation problem for femtocell access points (FAPs) and macrocells to improve energy efficiency in heterogeneous cloud radio access networks. The formulated optimization problem is NP‐hard and mixed‐integer non‐linear programming due to the incredibly complex relation between different optimization variables and their impacts on each other. To solve this non‐convex and NP‐hard optimization problem in an effective and distributed method, we propose an efficient three‐step iterative algorithm. The solution approaches are derived from successive convex approximation and complementary geometric programming by considering maximum power, front‐haul link and baseband unit (BBU) capacity, Jain's fairness index, and quality of service constraints of macro and femtocell users. The simulation results depict that the proposed algorithm can effectively decrease the energy consumption of BBUs by switching off under‐utilized BBUs and offloading the traffic from remote radio heads and macro‐cell to FAPs.

Lentiviral Mediated ADA2 Gene Transfer Corrects the Defects Associated With Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase Type 2.

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase type 2 (DADA2) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in ADA2. Treatment with anti-TNF is effective for the autoinflammatory and vasculitic components of the disease but does not correct marrow failure or immunodeficiency; and anti-drug antibodies cause loss of efficacy over time. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be curative, but graft versus host disease remains a significant concern. Autologous gene therapy would therefore be an attractive longer-term therapeutic option. We investigated whether lentiviral vector (LV)–mediated ADA2 gene correction could rescue the immunophenotype of DADA2 in primary immune cells derived from patients and in cell line models. Lentiviral transduction led to: i) restoration of ADA2 protein expression and enzymatic activity; (ii) amelioration of M1 macrophage cytokine production, IFN-γ and phosphorylated STAT1 expression in patient-derived macrophages; and (iii) amelioration of macrophage-mediated endothelial activation that drives the vasculitis of DADA2. We also successfully transduced human CD34+ haematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPC) derived from a DADA2 patient with pure red cell aplasia and observed restoration of ADA2 expression and enzymatic activity in CD34+HSPC, alongside recovery of stem-cell proliferative and colony forming unit capacity. These preclinical data now expand the evidence for the efficacy of gene transfer strategies in DADA2, and strongly support clinical translation of a lentivirus-mediated gene therapy approach to treat DADA2.

Role of Antibodies against SARS-COV-2 in the Detection of Corona Virus, its Transmissibility and Immunological Status Determination among Different Population in Babylon Province

BACKGROUND: The fast worldwide spreading and the elevation of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave lead to decrease capacity of health-care units. It is important to add serology testing to assess viral transmissibility and the possibility of protection against reinfection. AIM: We aimed to assess the transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in the community and to assess the immunological response, qualitative assay of immunoglobulins (Ig) G and IgM, and the possibility of reinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included a total of 553 patients. We used a rapid test cassette of Biozek Medical Company/Netherland of COVID-19 IgG/IgM. It is a chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against the COVID-19 virus in human blood. Biozek Medical Company has created this highly accurate, UK approved, COVID-19 test, which provides high accuracy within 15 min. All required information were collected with the patients’ consent. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics, 2016, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. RESULTS: A total of 320 (57.9%) males and 233 (42.1%) females aged between 2 to 88 years. A significant correlation was found between the age of patients and chronic diseases. While most of the patients did not have any chronic diseases, the patients who had those diseases were mostly aged between their forties to more than 60 of age. A highly significant correlation was found between IgM level in the serum of the patient and the presence of symptoms. A significant correlation was found with chronic diseases and the level of IgG in the serum of patients. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found in patients with previous COVID-19 infections. CONCLUSIONS: Serological testing of IgM and IgG for COVID-19 is very helpful in diagnosing asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, evaluating the immunological status of individuals toward COVID-19 and giving an idea about the spreading of COVID-19 among different populations.

Optimisation methods for dispatch and control of energy storage with renewable integration

Renewable energy integration is an effective measure to resolve environmental problems and implement sustainable development, yet the volatility of wind and solar generation has a profound impact on power system operation, calling for sufficient backup capacity. Energy storage can shift demand over time and mitigate real-time power mismatch and thus help integrate renewable energy resources into power grids. However, the unit capacity price of energy storage is still relatively high, and the capacity of energy storage is usually limited. Given the prominent uncertainty and finite capacity of energy storage, it is crucially important to take full advantage of energy storage units by strategic dispatch and control. From the mathematical point of view, energy storage dispatch and control give rise to a sequential decision-making process involving uncertain parameters and inter-temporal constraints. Multitudinous optimisation methods have been developed for such a problem while they differ in two aspects: the modelling of uncertainty and the mechanism to handle uncertainty. This review aims to draw a methodological picture of historical developments and state-of-the-art advances in this research field. These methods are subsumed into three major categories: multistage optimisation, online optimisation, and multi-timescale optimisation. In addition to introducing the advancements and applications, the authors also explain the motivations and theoretical foundations of these methodologies. The authors hope interested readers can attain a holistic outlook of these sophisticated approaches and choose the most appropriate one for their specific applications.

Effect of WESP on Emission Characteristics of Condensable Particulate Matter from Ultra-low Emission Coal-fired Power Plants

In order to study the effect of wet electrostatic precipitators(WESP) on emission characteristics of condensable particulate matter (CPM) from ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants that are under different capacity conditions, a set of CPM sampling devices was built based on US EPA Method 202, and an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant was detected. This study evaluated the emission level of the CPM from the flue gas of coal-fired power plants, the effects of different unit capacity conditions on the CPM emission concentrations, and the removal efficiency of WESP for different components of the CPM. The results suggested that the emission concentrations of the CPM from ultra-low emission power plants were 27.27 mg·m-3 and 28.71 mg·m-3under the conditions of 75% and 100% capacity, respectively. The removal efficiencies of WESP for the CPM were 35.59% and 27.59%, respectively. SO42- was the main component of water-soluble ions of the CPM. The proportion of SO42- in inorganic components of the CPM reached more than 65% under different capacity conditions. In addition, the removal efficiency of WESP for Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and other inorganic ions reached 30%-50%, but the mass concentrations of SO42- and NO3- increased.

Intensive care unit to unit capacity transfers are associated with increased mortality: an observational cohort study on patient transfers in the Swedish Intensive Care Register

BackgroundTransfers from one intensive care unit (ICU) to another ICU are associated with increased length of intensive care and hospital stay. Inter-hospital ICU transfers are carried out for three main reasons: clinical transfers, capacity transfers and repatriations. The aim of the study was to show that different ICU transfers differ in risk-adjusted mortality rate with repatriations having the least risk.ResultsObservational cohort study of adult patients transferred between Swedish ICUs during 3 years (2016–2018) with follow-up ending September 2019. Primary and secondary end-points were survival to 30 days and 180 days after discharge from the first ICU. Data from 75 ICUs in the Swedish Intensive Care Register, a nationwide intensive care register, were used for analysis (89% of all Swedish ICUs), covering local community hospitals, district general hospitals and tertiary care hospitals. We included adult patients (16 years or older) admitted to ICU and subsequently discharged by transfer to another ICU. Only the first admission was used. Exposure was discharge to any other ICU (ICU-to-ICU transfer), whether in the same or in another hospital. Transfers were grouped into three predefined categories: clinical transfer, capacity transfer, and repatriation. We identified 15,588 transfers among 112,860 admissions (14.8%) and analysed 11,176 after excluding 4112 repeat transfer of the same individual and 300 with missing risk adjustment. The majority were clinical transfers (62.7%), followed by repatriations (21.5%) and capacity transfers (15.8%). Unadjusted 30-day mortality was 25.0% among capacity transfers compared to 14.5% and 16.2% for clinical transfers and repatriations, respectively. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for 30-day mortality were 1.25 (95% CI 1.06–1.49 p = 0.01) for capacity transfers and 1.17 (95% CI 1.02–1.36 p = 0.03) for clinical transfers using repatriation as reference. The differences remained 180 days post-discharge.ConclusionsThere was a large proportion of ICU-to-ICU transfers and an increased odds of dying for those transferred due to other reasons than repatriation.

Development of a multi rotor floating offshore system based on vertical axis wind turbines

Abstract The upscaling of wind turbines results in fewer units per installed MW reducing infrastructure and maintenance costs of offshore wind farms. Multi rotor systems (MRS), comprising many wind turbine rotors on a single support structure, are potentially a means to maximize the upscaling benefit in achieving larger unit capacities than is feasible or economic with the conventional, 3-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). The MRS has an inherent upscaling advantage which, for a system with many rotors compared to a single rotor, reduces the total weight and cost of rotor-nacelle assemblies by a large factor. An innovative MRS design is presented based on vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) rotors of the 2-bladed, H-type. Many disadvantages of VAWT design compared to HAWT in a single rotor system (reduced power performance and higher drive train torque, for example) are resolved in the MRS configuration. In addition, reduced component number and simpler components is advantageous for reliability and O&amp;M cost. This MRS concept has many synergies arising from the choice of VAWT rotors. Results comprise a high-level evaluation of system characteristics and the first stage of more detailed investigation of aerodynamics of the high aspect ratio VAWT.

519 The Research Unit Network (RUN) as a Learning Research System

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: CTRUs support clinical research. RUN is a Learning Research System that is created to enhance CTSA and non-CTSA research units capacity through implementing, assessing, and disseminating discoveries in methods, approaches, education, and training in clinical and translational science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The RUN association began in July 2018 with eight universities. The association has grown to 44 hospitals, research, and academic institutions (including 36 CTSA institutions). A RUN Discussion Forum has been approved by the National Center for Advancing Science (NCATS) and utilized by RUN. The Discussion Forums are created with the goal of advancing CTSA Program objectives in high priority areas of clinical and translational science. RUN actively engages members through in depth scheduled monthly meeting discussions with various relevant topics regarding the development and evaluation of clinical trials metrics, benchmarks, and scholarly publication and presentation activities. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Topics covered in RUN monthly meetings include research units general budget guidelines, staff recruitment and retainment strategies, EPIC use in scheduling CRU research visits, and PPE for investigational drugs in context of USP800 requirements. RUN members vary in geographic location, type of clinical research (outpatient vs inpatient), resources, and research subject volume. They are engaged in online discussion and learning opportunities to improve translational science practices. A recent article titled “Impact of COVID-19 on Clinical Research Units (CRUs)” in JCTS is an example of best practices learned by RUN members and shared with the broader research community. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: RUN as a Learning Research System enhances clinical and translational research unit capacity and efficiency, encouraging collaboration to contribute with improving public health. This network is aligned with the CTSAs mission of developing innovative solutions to improve translational science.

In the Eye of the Storm: Leadership Lessons From the Front.

New York City (NYC) was in the eye of the COVID-19 pandemic storm in the spring of 2020. Since that time, the country has seen wave after wave of outbreaks and concurrent psychosocial crises. Clinical nurses and nurse leaders delivered extraordinary care with grit, innovation, agility, and resilience. When in the eye of the storm, staff have to feel safe and have a voice even in command-control, adaptive modes. Nurses and nurse leaders have been resilient, and organizations have to play their part in decreasing work burden and creating positive work environments. Non-value-added work as well as barriers to practice should be eliminated permanently. This article describes the many challenges including intensive care unit capacity, staffing, well-being, and lack of visitation, as well as leadership lessons such as the importance of presence, based on the NYC experience of a chief nursing officer in a large academic medical center. These lessons and their implications for our workforce, for public health, and for leadership development and competencies and have taught us how to lead into the future.

Evaluation of Petrophysical Characteristics of Mishrif and Yamama Reservoirs, in Garraf Oil Field, Southern Iraq, Based on Well-Logging Interpretation

The Mishrif and Yamama Formation are the main reservoirs in the Garraf oilfield, Nasiriyah city, of the Euphrates Subzone, Mesopotamian Basin, Southern Iraq. The Garraf oilfield structural pattern corresponds with the similar anticline forming the oilfields of Rafidain and Dujaila and is parallel to the main trend of Zagros, indicating simple coaxial deformation. The petrophysical properties are evaluated using the Interactive Petrophysics V3.5 software. This comprises determining the lithology, mineralogy, and matrix for the investigated reservoirs, as estimating clay volume, total, effective, and secondary porosity, water saturation, permeability, and determining the net pay and gross thickness. The findings of this investigation indicated that the Mishrif formation is divided into two main units separated by a marl layer, with the upper unit having poor reservoir qualities and the lower unit having favorable ones. As a result, there are nine reservoir units in the lower main unit (M1, M1.2, M2, L1, L1.2, L2, L2.2, L2.3, and L2.4). The best and largest reservoir unit capacity is Unit L1.2, with exceptional petrophysical characteristics. Lower units L2.2, L2.3, and L2.4 are nearly saturated in reservoir water, with a little oil in some wells. YA, YB1, and YB2 are the three reservoir units that make up the Yamama formation. Unit YA is the best reservoir unit because of its petro physical properties.