United States Policymakers Research Articles

Cost-effectiveness analysis of e-cigarettes compared to nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation among Medicaid users in California.

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disability in the United States (US). A 2019 randomized controlled trial found e-cigarettes are more effective than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in achieving abstinence when both are combined with behavioral counselling. Few cost-effectiveness studies have been performed regarding e-cigarettes as an adjunct to cessation efforts, and none in a US context. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared to NRT, both with counselling, as cessation aids for Medicaid smokers in California. A cost-effectiveness analysis from a US societal perspective comparing e-cigarettes with NRT was constructed. Using a lifetime horizon, smokers were followed to different health states to their expected lifespan. Costs were expressed in 2020 US dollars and health outcomes in quality-adjusted life years. All costs and outcomes were discounted at a 3% annual rate and model findings were assessed with a series of sensitivity analyses. Using US willingness-to-pay thresholds, e-cigarettes were more cost-effective than NRT, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $11,454 per additional QALY gained over smokers' lifetimes. Results were sensitive to smokers' healthcare costs, model start ages, discount rate, and QALY weights. E-cigarettes used as a cessation treatment by smokers are more cost-effective relative to NRT. However, e-cigarettes as a treatment are currently unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Despite lack of FDA approval, e-cigarettes are a popular choice among smokers trying to quit. Policymakers should consider whether providing financial support for e-cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy is worth pursuing. As e-cigarettes grow in popularity and are an increasingly preferred choice of smoking cessation aid among smokers attempting to quit, it is important to examine the inclusion of these products in tobacco policy, research, and practice. Several countries have now adopted or are in the process of adopting e-cigarettes as a medically licensed and regulated smoking cessation aid. Future smoking cessation strategies by US policymakers may consider the adoption of e-cigarettes as a cost-effective harm reduction tool for use by current smokers seeking to quit.

Assessing Contexts, Not Children: Working Towards Early Educational Equity by Prioritizing Agentic Learning Experiences Over Control

United States policymakers and education leaders continue to assess young children as if their learning contexts are neutral and harmless. This article draws upon examples from the multi-sited Civic Action and Young Children study to show why contexts that actively refuse deficit, racist thinking and support agency have the best chance of showing children’s diverse ranges of skills and knowledge and so should be the focus of assessment.

Examining the effects of solar energy Innovations, information and communication technology and financial globalization on environmental quality in the united States via Quantile-On-Quantile KRLS analysis

The development of renewable energy infrastructure is widely recognized as pivotal in solving ecological concerns. However, despite their significance in advancing ecological sustainability, researchers have given scant attention to the interplay between solar energy innovations, information and communication technology (ICT), and their impacts on ecological quality. Addressing this research gap, this study examines the impact of solar energy innovations, trade openness, ICT, economic growth and financial globalization on ecological quality in the United States context. To achieve this objective, the study employs the novel Quantile on Quantile Kernel-Based Regularized Least Squares (QQKRLS) approach proposed by Adebayo et al. [1], analyzing data from 2000 to 2020. The findings from QQKRLS analysis unveil several key insights: Firstly, solar energy innovations, economic growth and trade openness exhibit a significant positive association with ecological quality. Secondly, financial globalization and ICT demonstrate a positive impact on ecological quality. Drawing from these results, the study underlines the necessity for the United States to prioritize the promotion of solar energy innovations, financial globalization, trade openness and ICT adoption. By accentuating these strategic imperatives, the United States policymakers can work towards nurturing a more sustainable ecological route while advancing economic development objectives.

Evaluation of the role of clean energy technologies, human capital, urbanization, and income on the environmental quality in the United States

In today's world, environmental concerns are at the forefront of countries' considerations, along with economic priorities. In this context, countries face the challenge of developing and directing their investments in clean energy technologies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly affordable and clean energy. Does the development and diffusion of clean energy technologies contribute to improving environmental quality? This study addresses this question by examining the effects of clean energy technologies on sustainable environmental quality as expressed by the load capacity factor (LCF). In this context, the study explores the United States (US), as the largest economy and one of the leading countries investing in clean energy, considering the role of human capital, urbanization, and economic growth. To this end, this paper applies the novel augmented autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to annual data from 1974 to 2018. The long-term empirical results show that (i) Clean energy technologies have no effect on the LCF; (iii) human capital supports environmental quality; (iv) urbanization has an adverse effect on environmental quality; (v) increasing economic growth worsens environmental quality. Overall, the empirical results suggest that while clean energy technologies should support sustainable environmental quality, this is unfortunately not the case in the US. Therefore, the US policymakers need to take improvement actions to ensure that clean energy technologies contribute to sustainable environmental quality and that the community reaps the environmental benefits of human capital.

Understanding Iraq’s Persistent Domestic Instability: A Revisit to the 2003 Iraq War and the Effect of the US Foreign Policy.

After the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in the heart of the United States (US), the US policymakers implemented a new doctrine known as the Bush Doctrine and declared war on any country in the international system which has a connection with terrorism or shelters the terrorists. In line with this, Iraq became one of “the target countries” on the axis of the new US doctrine. They took a further step and invaded Iraq with their allies in 2003 by claiming that they would liberate the Iraqi people from the authoritarian regime and bring democracy to Iraq. Toppling Saddam Hussein, the US implemented a new political regime in the country. In the post-Saddam regime, Iraq’s new ruling elites were mainly chosen from the Shiites. On the other hand, the Sunnis stayed at the periphery of the emerging Iraqi political system. The US political manoeuvres triggered ethnic and sectarian (ethno-sectarian) segregation as well as a tense political environment in Iraq. To put it clearly, the practices of the US foreign policy in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq war/invasion not only inflamed the conflicts/divide between the major Islamic sects (the Sunni and the Shiite Muslims) but also widened “the ethnic rift”, mainly between the Kurds and the Arabs in the country. The ethno-sectarian segregation among the Iraqi people highly affected the domestic political stability in the country. Depending on the scientific data in the field, this research has mainly revealed that the 2013 US-led military invasion/Iraq War and the US policy towards Iraq had an impact on the persistent domestic instability in Iraq.

COVID-19 and small retail business: What we can learn

The novel coronavirus outbreak changed the world in 2020 as it rapidly spread from country to country, infecting millions of people across the globe. In response, United States policy-makers and public health officials mandated non-essential businesses to temporarily close to help curb the transmission of the disease. Significant economic strain ensued causing many Americans to lose their jobs and entire industries to suffer. With stores shuttered and fiscal uncertainty impeding consumer spending, retail has been one of the hardest-hit industries. Small businesses in particular have been forced to pivot and grapple with the rippling effects of the pandemic. This journal article features an interview with Nicole Carter, Adjunct Instructor at Drexel University’s Westphal College of Media Arts and Design, about her perspective on how the pandemic is impacting retail and small business. In addition to her work with Drexel, Nicole oversees operations at Benjamin Lovell Shoes, a Pennsylvania and New-Jersey-based shoe retailer, and shares her experience on how the business has adapted since the onset of the pandemic. The goal of this article is to help readers gain a deeper understanding of the current impact that COVID-19 has on small retail businesses, and how that will continue to shape the future of the industry as a whole.

Toward Cherokee Removal: Land, Violence, and the White Man's Chance by Adam J. Pratt

Reviewed by: Toward Cherokee Removal: Land, Violence, and the White Man's Chance by Adam J. Pratt Emilie Connolly (bio) Native Americans, Indigenous, Georgia, Indian removal, Cherokee Toward Cherokee Removal: Land, Violence, and the White Man's Chance. By Adam J. Pratt. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2020. Pp. 240. Cloth, $59.95.) Vigilante violence is as American as apple pie, and white men are at it again in Adam J. Pratt's often harrowing account of Georgia's role in Cherokee Indian removal. As any reader of this journal knows, the fraudulent Treaty of New Echota, signed in 1835 by a unauthorized faction of Cherokees, tore away the nation's remaining homelands, which once spanned parts of Virginia, the Carolinas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. It also dictated Cherokee removal to new territories in present-day Oklahoma, and three years later, the rightly notorious "Trail of Tears" began. Thousands of Cherokee citizens perished while languishing in detention camps, traveling west, or attempting to rebuild their homes in a disease-ridden and destabilized Indian Territory. As Pratt emphasizes, these federal actions against the Cherokee were significant but secondary to Georgia's aggressive and often chaotic ground war, which escalated after the Cherokee's announcement of their republic in an 1827 constitution. Scuttling a Weberian definition of state power as a monopoly on violence, Pratt shows how motley groups claimed and extended Georgia's ostensibly legitimate use of force, from vigilante groups bearing loose authorization from the governor, to a group of horse thieves branded "the Pony Club," to militias serving under federal officials, and every paramilitary variant in between. Pratt argues that terrorizing Cherokee people through bodily harm, murder, rape, and creative expropriation—forms of violence that were state-sanctioned although not always state-controlled—allowed Georgia to claim and eventually conquer Native land. Chapter 1 introduces Georgia's efforts to impose civil order and distribute unceded Cherokee territories. Pratt sees here more than a mere land grab: Georgia's actions aimed at the production of a lawful space in which free men could enjoy equal economic opportunity, or the titular "white man's chance." Chapter 2 introduces the Cherokee, including their adoption of standards of civilization pushed by United States policymakers and missionaries. Pratt here draws heavily and appropriately on historian Julie Reed, whose Serving the Nation demonstrated that timeworn principles of social welfare, rooted in Cherokee kinship practices [End Page 146] and clan law, informed newer institutions like orphanages and schools during the removal crisis (and long after).1 Pratt unfortunately trivializes Reed's argument by referring to Cherokee "community," "culture," and "traditions" as "harmonious," while also imputing to the nation "a romantic conception of nationalism, which they felt entitled them to their land" (32). Chapter 3 analyzes two vigilante groups, the Pony Club and the Slicks. Chapter 4 examines the convergence of federal and state aims in adopting a more aggressive posture against the Cherokee, who continued to defend their homelands as pressure to remove intensified. The discovery of gold in Cherokee territory, and the potential for that gold to serve Georgia's interests, plays a prominent role in this and following chapters. Chapters 5 through 7 cover specific armed groups, namely the state-authorized Georgia Guard and the Georgia militia, and discusses their role in imposing a blood-soaked "order." Drawing primarily on sources produced by Georgia officials and citizens, Pratt sees their ubiquitous states' rights rationale for Indian removal as underpinning state formation and campaign rhetoric. Georgia built institutions to market neighboring Native lands, usually a federal prerogative. Pratt treats Georgia's lottery distribution system as a "radical experiment" in "state-directed economic development" that emblematized the politics of white male equal opportunity (16). State lawmakers also planned to use Cherokee resources—land, but also gold—to supplement and ideally supplant taxation. By delving into the nuts and bolts of how Georgia seized Cherokee possessions, Pratt depicts how the fruits and controversies of this plunder shaped a political landscape already polarized by divisions between the upcountry and distant coastal regions, as well as a coalescing two-party system. In short, readers curious about how Cherokee removal provoked policy and political drama in the state of...

Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price

Grounded in the Granger causality test, vector autoregression (VAR) model, and BEKK-GARCH model, our current study aims to examine the effect of mean and volatility spillover between the United States (US) economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price. Using the US EPU monthly index and WTI spot price data from 1996 to 2019, we revealed that there is a one-way Granger causality link between the US EPU and spot price of WTI crude oil. The VAR model not only illustrated that there is a mean spillover effect between WTI oil price and US EPU, but they will also be affected by its memory, as well as the other’s past. At the same time, it also pointed out that this correlation has positive and negative directions. The BEKK-GARCH model test yielded similar conclusions to the VAR model and, importantly, proved a two-way volatility spillover effect between the US EPU and WTI spot price fluctuations. In conclusion, US economic policy has a substantial influence on the variation of global crude oil prices, as an essential strategic reserve resource and will also influence the government’s economic policy formulation. Understanding the association between WTI crude oil price and policy uncertainty not only helps investors to manage assets allocations and mitigate losses but also guides US policymakers to adjust the energy structure for economic sustainability.

Suicide fatalities in the US compared to Canada: Potential suicides averted with lower firearm ownership in the US.

The United States (US) has the highest rate of firearm suicides in the world. The US and Canada are comparable countries with markedly different rates of firearm ownership, providing an opportunity to estimate suicide fatalities that could be averted in the US with a lower rate of firearm ownership. We compared 2016 US suicide fatality rates-standardized within fourteen sex-specific age groups to reflect the ethnic composition of Canada-to 2016 Canadian suicide rates. We then calculated the number and proportion of suicides that could be averted in the US if the US had the same rates of suicide as in Canada. If the US had the same suicide rates as in Canada, we estimate there would be approximately 25.9% fewer US suicide fatalities, equivalent to 11,630 suicide fatalities averted each year. This decline would be driven by a 79.3% lower rate of firearm-specific suicide fatalities. The male suicide fatality rate would be 28.8% lower and equivalent to 9,992 fewer suicide fatalities each year. The female suicide fatality rate would be 16.0% lower and equivalent to 1,638 fewer suicide fatalities each year. While 36% of firearm suicide fatalities could be replaced by non-firearm suicide fatalities, 64% of firearm fatalities could be averted entirely. US policymakers may wish to consider policies that would reduce rates of firearm ownership, given that that about 26% of US suicide fatalities might be averted if the US had the same suicide rates as in Canada, a country with drastically lower firearm ownership rates.

‘We’re coming!’ Danish American identity, fraternity, and political remittances in the era of World War II

ABSTRACTRecent research on political transnationalism raises tantalising questions about how people, organisations, and ideologies in both host and homeland countries activate, shape, and constrain political remittances. This article historicises and extends the literature by exploring ways the development of transcultural Danish American identities in fraternal lodges between the wars prepared an institutional conduit for Danish officials to successfully lobby United States policymakers during World War II. In the process it demonstrates that political divisions within the sending state, Denmark, elevated the importance of mutually held values in determining the diaspora’s overwhelming support for a pro-democratic diplomatic corps acting against official government policy. Thus it captures the multi-directionality of political remittances while problematising the role of the state and mapping the transformative potential of ideology and ethnic institutions in shaping their currents.

US Domestic Agency in the Early Cold War Foreign Policy, 1945-1950

The present paper attempts to synthesize the United States policymakers’ decisions on the course of the second half of the 1940s. Personal judgements and bureaucratic agency converged to give birth to a latent but emerging confrontation with the former Soviet Union. The international system shifted to become bipolar and the two superpowers' behaviors became more antagonistic. This paper emphasizes the American perspective of the rising confrontation, and the fateful United States' decision-makers' view of the situation during that period.

Awakening Global Governments: An International Survey of Internet of Things Regulation

The rapid proliferation of connected devices has the potential to transform and enrich our lives and to drive significant productivity gains in the broader economy. However, the lack of sufficient security in many “Internet of Things” (IoT) devices creates a meaningful risk to consumers and to the basic functionality of the Internet. The increasingly frequent and high-profile cyberattacks, often fueled by insecure IoT, are driving governments globally to develop responsive policy measures. This paper provides a qualitative survey of the current public policy and emerging regulatory frameworks facing consumer IoT devices in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). For each geography, we provide an overview of the current regulatory landscape, as well as emerging policy developments, primarily in the area of IoT security and to a lesser extent IoT privacy. In so doing, we develop a broad comparison of the two jurisdictions that draws out the commonalities and differences. We accomplish this through a survey of each jurisdiction’s “hard” and “soft” law applicable to IoT as well as an examination of proposed or otherwise developing policies in the jurisdiction. While existing surveys of individual jurisdictions help develop a clear picture for those countries or regions, a broader perspective on IoT security and privacy policy is needed, given the global nature of the security challenges posed by insecure IoT as well as the global market for IoT devices. It has become clear that no single government or industry actor will be able to alone address the problem of insecure IoT, and cooperation and consensus across borders and industries are needed to more fully address the problem and to fully realize the promised benefits of IoT. This paper provides a first step in developing that broader perspective through a survey and comparison of the current policy approaches in the EU and US. This understanding is essential to formulating coherent and effective policy responses to the problems that arise from insecure IoT. We find that although there is broad recognition of the risks associated with insecure IoT among policymakers in the EU and the US, each government is approaching how to address these risks quite differently, particularly in how they view the role of government visa vie the role of industry and market forces. Not surprisingly, US policymakers currently see industry-led initiatives and a close partnership with industry as the preferred approach, while the EU is approaching these challenges through more centralized, government-led efforts. However, looking beyond the “how,” there is substantial agreement on the “what” – the specific technical areas that must be addressed to improve IoT security. We conclude by identifying the risks these varied approaches create to the promised benefits of IoT as well as the need to expand the analysis to include Asian jurisdictions, particularly China.

U.S. Principals' Interpretation and Implementation of Teacher Evaluation Policies

In the United States policymakers, states, and researchers are increasingly reliant on teacher evaluations as a means for identifying high-quality teachers. School principals are the primary school-based actors responsible for implementing teacher evaluation policies at the school level and must make sense of these policies at an ever-increasing pace. These sensemaking processes have great implications for how teacher evaluation policies play out in practice. In this paper I ask (a) what factors influence principals’ sensemaking of changing teacher evaluation policies and (b) how these factors influence both decision-making by principals, as well as the ways the policies are implemented. I use an exploratory case study approach, drawing on interviews and district specific documents from six public school principals in the U.S. state of Michigan. Findings suggest that, because teacher evaluation policies were tied to the employment of their teachers, principals made sense of and implemented these policies in very specific ways. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Re-Thinking Short-Termism and the Role of Patient Capital in Europe: Perspectives on the New Shareholder Rights Directive

The 2007–08 global financial crisis gave rise to an extensive debate in the United States (US) on short-termism and its influence on agency relationships, incentives, and fiduciary duties. This debate and the consecutive legal creativity of US policymakers display spillover effects and constitute an influential source of inspiration for politicians and lawmakers in foreign jurisdictions. The European Commission currently proposes to amend the Shareholder Rights Directive (2007/36/EC) to counterbalance the financial sector’s alleged triumph over industry. The initiative is motivated primarily by traditional Anglo-American arguments, and contains provisions first introduced through Dodd-Frank. This Article explores the proposal and its justifications, followed by an evaluation of the suggested regulatory amendments. It highlights the influence of American debate and policymaking abroad, and argues that the short-termism concept, despite its contemporary authority in the post financial crisis era on both sides of the Atlantic, is misguided, and even more so in the European context. The Article concludes that the proposed amendments should not be expected to solve short-termism problems or alter the corporate governance system in any significant way.

Regulating a novel drug: An evaluation of changes in use of Salvia divinorum in the first year of Florida's ban

BackgroundA plant with dissociative and psychoactive properties began to attract the attention of the media and United States policymakers following a well-publicized suicide in 2006 and reports that the plant served as a ‘legal high’ and substitute for cannabis. As a result, Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient, salvinorin A, were classified as Schedule I substances by the Florida Legislature on July 1, 2008. As of yet, no research has explored the efficacy of this policy or similar policies in other jurisdictions. MethodsThree self-report studies collected from young adults both prior to and following the policy's implementation are employed to investigate the potential relationship between the policy and usage rates. In addition, law enforcement personnel from the state's most populated areas were interviewed to determine the extent to which they were encountering salvia in their work. ResultsIt was indicated that less than two-thirds of those surveyed were aware of the drug's legal status. Lifetime prevalence of salvia use was largely unchanged. However, the rates of self-reported past year and past month use in Florida were significantly lower following the scheduling. Though use of Salvia divinorum appears to have decreased, perceptions of peer use increased markedly. Law enforcement officers and laboratories reported rarely, if ever, dealing with cases of salvia possession. ConclusionsData suggests the classification of Salvia divinorum as a Schedule I drug was followed by a substantial reduction in recreational use. We caution that other factors may have influenced use, that the efficacy of scheduling novel substances is likely to vary by drug type, that such a reduction in reported use may only exist transiently until a sophisticated illicit market develops to replace the legitimate one, and that a state's success in regulating salvia may be related to their regulation of and enforcement of other drug prohibitions.

Creating Path Dependency: The Divergence of German and U.S. Renewable Energy Policy

Germany and the United States followed similar renewable energy policy paths after the energy crisis of the 1970s. Starting around 1990 Germany moved onto a different path, promoting renewable energy with aggressive and consistent policies and, despite its weak renewable resources, became a leading country in terms of both renewable energy installations and manufacturing. At about the same time United States policy makers began debating greater support for renewable energy but never got onto a new policy path, providing instead weaker and volatile policy supports for the technologies. We utilize a historical institutionalist account to explain these divergent outcomes and, in the process, explore how well different theories of policy change work as explanatory frameworks. The cases reveal some unexpected outcomes, as the conventional institutionalist account of German policy making argues that Germany tends to avoid innovative policies for fear of upsetting carefully crafted social bargains. Yet, in our case, Germany not only strengthened its support for renewable energy but did so by adopting an innovative policy instrument, the feed-in tariff, a policy now popular almost everywhere except in the United States. The United States, in contrast, seemed both technologically and institutionally poised to become a leading renewable energy country but failed to do so, in part because of the interaction of institutional structures of policy making and deep-seated conflicts over the social nature of energy systems. Understanding these barriers to policy innovation is important at a time when the United States seems, again, to be on the brink of enacting policies that will substantially remake the energy system.

Biotechnology and Biological Weapons: Challenges to the U.S. Regional Stability Strategy

Throughout military history, some changes in technology have provided new weapons and capabilities to military commanders. Some of those changes were so significant, as in the case of nuclear weapons, that they modified the strategic positions of the countries that possessed them within the international system. Although biological weapons cannot destroy civilian or military infrastructure, they can kill people in large numbers. Because the effects of the dissemination of biological weapons are invisible, delayed, and uncertain, genetically modified biological weapons can acquire a deterrence capability that would present serious challenges to United States policymakers.

Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?

A growing body of scholars and policymakers have raised concerns that failed and failing states pose a danger to international security because they produce conditions under which transnational terrorist groups can thrive. This study devises an empirical test of this proposition, along with counter-theories, using simple descriptive statistics and a timeseries, cross-national negative binomial analysis of 197 countries from 1973 to 2003. It finds that states plagued by chronic state failures are statistically more likely to host terrorist groups that commit transnational attacks, have their nationals commit transnational attacks, and are more likely to be targeted by transnational terrorists themselves. Addressing the problem of failed and failing states will undoubtedly yield significant security and humanitarian dividends for the international system. Is a reduction in transnational terrorism one of them? United States policymakers regard failed and failing states such as Afghanistan, Somalia, and Sudan to be festering incubators of terrorism, and lament that for too long United States foreign policy has ignored the threat that these types of states pose to the international order and to national security. Post September 11th national security documents explicitly describe failed states as, ‘‘…safe havens for terrorists’’ (National Security Council 2006, 15), while Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice proclaims, ‘‘Today…the greatest threats to our security are defined more by the dynamics within weak and failing states than by the borders between strong and aggressive

More than location: crafting a US policy for the Black Sea region

This article is a survey of key foreign policy issues in the Black Sea Region (BSR) which will confront the next United States (US) administration. The article argues that interrelated issues of security, energy and political development make the region a critical, but often overlooked, area for US policymakers. Increasing regional integration, and encouraging pro‐Western and democratic political development is key to resolving the security issues and unleashing the economic potential of the region. However, this is a difficult task given the political, historical and cultural diversity of the region, ongoing ‘frozen conflicts’, and the newly empowered Russian Federation.

Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny by Robert J. Miller

drove tribes towar, for example, war must also have diverted tribal attention from resource procurement, thereby reducing pressure on bison. He argues for"ecology two," writing on "ecological politics," but fails tomention that the 1877Black Hills Agreement ended Lakota off-reservationhunts and opened thenorthern killing fields towhites. JohnDorst opens Part 3, "Representations of Indians andAnimals," by comparing Krech's work to theDraper Museum bison exhibit. Both avoid critical inquiry concerning tribal bison relations. Sebastian F. Baum reviews recent literature on twenty-first-century bison commons despite contemporary tribal bison projects' focus on environmental politics, which are counter tomany tribalgoals. InPart 4, "Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)," Michael Harkin explores Northwest Coast salmon fishing.He concludes thattribal relations to fish included ecologies one and two,but not threebecause of feastand famine patterns based on fish availability. Examining Tlingit salmon fishing, Stephen J.Langdon discovered that only ecology one is present, since there isno tribal conservation ethic.The Tlingit's consideration of salmon tobe other than-human persons who require reciprocity and giftsreveals the extentof tribal-fishsocial relationships. "Contemporary Resource Management Issues" concludes thebook. LarryNesper and JamesH. Schlender describe theGreat Lakes Indian Fish andWildlife Commission as a scientificand legal entity,therebydebunking stereotypes of tribesmen living in harmony with the landor destroying the land's resources. David Rich Lewis evaluates sovereignty's role in the SkullValley Goshutes' decision to store nuclear waste, pointing to difficultchoices all societiesmake in regard to landscapes. Krech concludes the anthology by level inghard criticism at Feit for selectivelyusing sources,but he supports Flores's argument that tribesmen contributed to the bison's demise, although Flores fails to explain how theydid so. Having not evaluated Flores's research, Krech isguiltyof the same errorhe attributes to Feit; Krech relied on Flores's work to draft his bison chapter. Neither Krech nor Flores answers the question of whether tribesmen over-killed or over-harvested. The differences between these two environmental behaviors are vast. Darren J.Raneo, Robert L. Kelly, Mary M. Prasciunas, Ernest S. Burch, Jr., John Dorst, Sebastian F. Braun, Stephen J. Lang don, and Harkin make strong critiques of The Ecological Indian, providing thoughtful essays that take readers beyond Krech by explaining the relationships between tribal people, their cultures, and their landscapes. To do so, they refuse tomake western conservation, ecology, environmentalism, and over kill their straw men; instead, they evaluate tribal landscape relationships from within. LarryNesper, James H. Schlender, and Lewis examine similarities between cultures and their environmental relationships. Contemporary Chippewa have tribalwildlife and fisheriesplans and theGos hute, like every culture,make daily conscious and rational decisions to use or change their environment.All ofus have social transactions with our landscape, and that truthforcesus to find a common formatforcreating meaningful discussions of relations between tribalpeople, culture, and landscape, and in that light the editors have succeeded. Richmond Clow University of Montana, Missoula NATIVE AMERICA, DISCOVEREDAND CONQUERED: THOMAS JEFFERSON, LEWIS AND CLARK, ANDMANIFEST DESTINY by Robert J. Miller Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 2006. Notes, bibliography, index. 240 pages. $49.95 cloth. Robert J. Miller describes how United States policy makers deftlyused a precept of inter 500 OHQ vol. 108, no. 3 national law? the doctrine of discovery ? to subjugate Native Americans and seize theirland.According to Miller's definition, the doctrine of discovery held that "when Euro pean, Christian nations discovered new lands, the discovering country automatically gained sovereign and property rights in the lands of non-Christian, non-European peoples" (p. 8). This isa very narrow summary of amuch broader definition, composed of ten distinct elements that Miller employs in this work. The doctrine of discovery originated when the medieval Catholic Church sought to justify thedispossession of non-Christians. Western European powers thenused theprinciple, as it was developed and revised by church lawyers and legal philosophers, to determine prior ityamong competing territorialclaims. One signally important principle of the doctrine held that the discovering "Christian" nation assumed sovereigntyover newly found terri toryand acquired an exclusive "right of pre emption" topurchase fromNative residentsthe rightof possession ? the only titleacknowl edged to indigenous peoples by imperialist legal scholars. After theAmerican Revolutionary War, the nascent United States claimed itwas the Join OHS for the 40th Holiday Cheer and Authors' Party Sunday, December 2,12...