United States Government Printing Office Research Articles

Influence of Ion Pairs and Activity on the Index of Irrigation Water Quality Relying on Some Modern Terms in Erbil Governorate. *

Influence of Ion Pairs and Activity on the Index of Irrigation Water Quality Relying on Some Modern Terms in Erbil Governorate. *

Extracting Value From Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Extracting Value From Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Gove Hambidge (ed.), Climate and Man: The 1941 Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office

This work marked the beginning of a new phase in applied climatology. After this work, new manuscripts would not just incorporate the rote description of statistics or regions, but attempt to place physical aspects of climate as a dynamic factor in the natural environment.

Partners in Collaborative Cataloging: The U.S. Government Printing Office and the University of Montana

Collaboration is a necessity in the current library environment where time, money, and resources are limited. This is particularly noticeable for institutions housing federal government documents. In addition to keeping up with the influx of current publications, federal depository libraries must address historical documents for which bibliographic records are not readily available. This report discusses how the United States Government Printing Office and the University of Montana Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library are working together to increase access to pre-1976 United States Forest Service publications and gray literature within the same subject area.

The Making of (Native) Americans: Suturing and Citizenship in the Scene of Education

Louise Erdrich's novel The Painted Drum (2005) introduces a minor character who bears a scar across her lips, the mark of her punishment for speaking her tribal language whilst a student at an Indian boarding school. The wounding and suturing of the Native body offers a figuration of Spivak's subaltern but, more importantly, suggests the ways in which the Native other is constituted as the concept-metaphor of the 'Indian' through foundational texts of the US like the Constitution. This essay brings together the Native scene of education with Gayatri Spivak's 1990 essay, 'The Making of Americans, the Teaching of English, and the Future of Culture Studies,' to explore the concept of suturing and the possibilities for ethical intervention in relation to issues of state interpellation, nationalist ideologies, and postcolonial pedagogies. The historical programme of Native assimilation, in part through education, stages a suturing of the subject into a colonial fantasy of 'reality.' But when voices speak in more than one language within the same speech act, discursive sutures burst and Derridean 'mouth-wounds' open to new articulations of pain and also of meaning.

Catching On

In July, Chicago Cubs manager Lou Piniella announced that he would retire from his position at the end of the current baseball season. Although the season didn't end until October and spring training doesn't start until February of next year, there was immediate buzz and much speculation about who would be the next skipper of the storied franchise. It is never too early to start looking for a good manager. Before settling on interim manager Mike Quade to take the full-time job, many names were suggested to be the team's next leader. Two of the top candidates were Bob Brenly, who led the Arizona Diamondbacks to a World Series title in 2001, and Joe Girardi, who took the Yankees to a World Series championship last year Brenly is currently a well-respected analyst for the Cubs' on-air broadcasting team, while Girardi played with the Cubs from 1989-92 and again from 2000-2002. But apart from their obvious managerial success, it's not their connections to the Cubs that have their names among the frontrunners--it's the fact that when they were active players, they both were catchers. Catchers are viewed as the lynchpins of the baseball diamond. From their unique vantage point behind the plate, they are able to size up everything that happens on the field: where everyone on the team is positioned, what's going on in each of the dugouts, where the umpires are situated, what the baseline coaches are up to, and whether there's activity in the bullpens. They also call the games, signaling the pitcher what pitches to throw to whom. Based on how the game plays out, they adjust, readjust, and recommend adjustments. An astute catcher will suggest fine-tuning that allows the other specialized position players to perform like a well-oiled machine. They can keep an eye on the fans as well. They see and do it all. Catchers themselves are specialists, too; their position is considered the most difficult and grueling to play Often they are converted to play other positions. Because of their inherent versatility and their required relationship with everyone else on the team, it's no surprise that there's a preponderance of catchers-turned-managers in Major League Baseball (MLB). In the first eighty years of the twentieth century, 21.6 percent of MLB managers once were catchers. (1) Three of the five new managers hired in 2008 had previously played that position. Of the four teams left standing in the 2009 postseason, three were managed by former catchers. Forty percent of current MLB managers were career catchers. As Nalbantian and Guzzo note, it can't be by accident that such a disproportionate number of MLB managers were catchers. There appears to be something in that job that provides broader perspective by linking the individual more fully to the organization. (2) What does this have to do with libraries? As in baseball, libraries are always looking for good managers. The broad skill set and range of experience needed by administrators are often cultivated by holding a variety of positions at a number of different institutions, most often on a track that primarily focuses on either public services, technical services, collections, or sometimes IT work, the separate areas of operation that inform many libraries. But, also like baseball, there might be a single area of library expertise that lets practitioners see and do it all. A catcher's would prepare a librarian to take on the challenges of managing at the senior level before actually reaching it. Such a background would transcend divisions and offer potential for a different kind of leadership. Numerous libraries of all types and sizes--currently, nearly 1250--participate in the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), a network coordinated by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO). (3) Depository libraries select and receive a range of content in an array of subject areas in both hard and electronic formats at no cost in exchange for making the information freely available to library users, including the general public. …

Implications of harmonizing the future of the federal depository library program within e-government principles and policies

For more than 150 years, the United States Government Printing Office (GPO), along with its Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), has supported an informed citizenry and democracy by ensuring access and preservation to a broad swath of federal government information. This collaborative national public information program between local libraries and the national government, if it is to survive beyond its second century of service, must overcome profound challenges within a rapidly evolving complex of e-government policies and principles. The FDLP can (and must) find a way to serve its traditional values – permanent and public access to government information – that allows for growth and change within the demands of a dynamic electronic environment between the governors and the governed.

Creating Virtual CD-ROM Collections

Over the past 20 years, more than 100,000 CD-ROM titles have been published including thousands of collections of government documents and data. CD-ROMs present preservation challenges at the bit level and in ensuring usability of the preserved artifact. We present techniques we have developed to archive and support user access to a collection of approximately 2,900 CD-ROMs published under the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO). The project provides web-based access to CD-ROM contents using both migration and emulation and supports remote execution of the raw CD-ROM images. Our project incorporates off-the-shelf, primarily open-source software. The raw data and (METS) metadata are made available through AFS, a standard distributed file system, to encourage sharing among libraries.

Dr. Ehrlich and Dr. Atomic: Beauty vs. Horror in Science

Dr. Ehrlich and Dr. Atomic: Beauty <i>vs.</i> Horror in Science

Migration Performance for Legacy Data Access

We present performance data relating to the use of migration in a system we are creating to provide web access to heterogeneous document collections in legacy formats. Our goal is to enable sustained access to collections such as these when faced with increasing obsolescence of the necessary supporting applications and operating systems. Our system allows searching and browsing of the original files within their original contexts utilizing binary images of the original media. The system uses static and dynamic file migration to enhance collection browsing, and emulation to support both the use of legacy programs to access data and long-term preservation of the migration software. While we provide an overview of the architectural issues in building such a system, the focus of this paper is an in-depth analysis of file migration using data gathered from testing our software on 1,885 CD-ROMs and DVDs. These media are among the thousands of collections of social and scientific data distributed by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO) on legacy media (CD-ROM, DVD, floppy disk) under the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) over the past 20 years.

France and the Partition Plan: 1947–1948

France and the Partition Plan: 1947–1948

Water table is a relevant source for water uptake by a Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) stand: Evidences from continuous evapotranspiration and water table monitoring

The objective of this study was to quantify the main terms of the water cycle in a Scots pine stand ( Pinus sylvestris L.) growing on a sandy soil and to estimate the contribution of the shallow water table (0.80 m deep in spring) to the forest water use. Continuous monitoring was organized in 2005 to measure climate, throughfall, soil moisture, tree transpiration and water table variations at a half-hourly basis. Leaf area index seasonal dynamic was measured and roots were counted down to the bottom of the soil profile. Forest floor evapotranspiration was modelled with Granier et al. [Granier, A., Bréda, N., Biron, P., Villette, S., 1999. A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands. Ecol. Model. 116, 269–283]. From May to November, pine transpiration never exceeded 1.85 mm d −1 and reached a total of 176.4 mm, which corresponded to 25% of potential evapotranspiration, whereas the understorey evapotranspiration was 130 mm ( i.e. 18–20% of the stand water use). The maximum soil water reserve measured over the soil rooted zone was 250 mm, in which 145 mm was extractable water. A 3.5-week period with no rain was observed in June, which induced a regulation of pine transpiration when the soil extractable water reached 0.25 of its maximum value. We applied the water table fluctuation (WTF) method [White, W., 1932. A method for estimating groundwater supplies based on discharge by plants and evaporation from soil. US Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 659-A. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC] to estimate the water table daily loss of water. A relationship was established with potential evapotranspiration and the actual transpiration fluxes of the stand. Yet, it was not possible to extract from the WTF results the part that was effectively contributing to actual transpiration. We applied then the WTF methodology on longer time intervals, with a focus on periods with no rains. From May to November, the contribution of the water table to forest transpiration reached 61%. During the drought period in June, the water table contributed to 98.5% of the water uptake by vegetation, through its contribution to the capillary rise above the water table. The presence of a groundwater table with a floor down to 180–200 cm allowed this stand to rely upon water that otherwise would have drained deeper.

Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Incident Hypertension Among Middle-Aged and Older US Women in a 10-Year Follow-Up Study

To assess the hypothesis that magnesium intake is beneficial in the primary prevention of hypertension, 28,349 female United States health professionals aged > or =45 years participating in the Women's Health Study (WHS), who initially reported normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg, no history of hypertension or antihypertensive medications), were prospectively studied. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate magnesium intake. During a median follow-up of 9.8 years, 8,544 women developed incident hypertension. After adjustment for age and randomized treatment, magnesium intake was inversely associated with the risk for developing hypertension; women in the highest quintile (median 434 mg/day) had a decreased risk for hypertension (relative risk 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81 to 0.93, p for trend <0.0001) compared with those in the lowest quintile (median 256 mg/day). This inverse association was attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for known risk factors. In the fully adjusted model, the relative risks were 1.00 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.10), 1.02 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.10), 0.96 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.03), and 0.93 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.02) (p for trend = 0.03). Similar associations were observed for women who never smoked and reported no history of high cholesterol or diabetes at baseline. In conclusion, the results suggest that higher intake of dietary magnesium may have a modest effect on the development of hypertension in women.

A Virtual Depository

The University of Arizona Library, in conjunction with the United States Government Printing Office's Library Programs Service, worked to create a model for a virtual depository by replacing tangible documents with their online counterparts whenever possible. The partnership was achieved by dedicated teamwork: the UA team provided the searching and assessment; the GPO team provided the legal and organizational framework as well as the indexing. At the end of the pilot project's year the program was deemed to be a success and GPO and UA worked to make this process a more permanent one with positivelong-term effects in terms of costs and human and physical resources.

Editorial comment

No AccessJournal of UrologyAdult urology1 Sep 2006Editorial comment Benjamin A. Spencer and Mitchell C. Benson Benjamin A. SpencerBenjamin A. Spencer More articles by this author and Mitchell C. BensonMitchell C. Benson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.119AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Editorial comment." The Journal of Urology, 176(3), pp. 933–934 References 1 Healthy people 2010. In: With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health, 2nd ed. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, November, 2000 Google Scholar 2 : Prostate cancer risk is three-fold higher among men, aged 50–64, of African descent compared with men of Asian-Indian descent in Trinidad and Tobago. Ethn Dis2002; 12: S3. Google Scholar 3 : Quality-of-care indicators for early-stage prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol2003; 21: 1928. Google Scholar Columbia University, New York, New York© 2006 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 176Issue 3September 2006Page: 933-934 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2006 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Benjamin A. Spencer More articles by this author Mitchell C. Benson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Mistaken view of taxonomic validity undermines conservation of an evolutionarily distinct mouse: a response to Ramey et al. (2005)

1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 2 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA 3 Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA 4 New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, NM, USA 5 Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 6 School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa

A Strategic Vision for the 21st Century U. S. Government Printing Office

The United States Government Printing Office is at the epicenter of change in the ways humans create and use information to communicate, remain informed, research a topic and preserve a record.

Constitutional Vision and Supreme Court Decisions: Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race

In the decade following the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a spate of significant advancements in civil rights provided new hope and opportunity for African Americans. On December 5, 1946, in an unprecedented move, President Harry Truman created a civil rights committee “to study and report on the problem of federally secured civil rights, with a view to making recommendations to Congress.” In little less than a year, the committee drafted and submitted a report more sweeping than Truman had likely expected. Entitled To Secure These Rights, the report called for no less than an outright “elimination of segregation, based on race, color, creed, or national origin, from American life.” To achieve this goal, the committee stressed that the federal government would have to assume much greater responsibility in the protection of civil rights. It recommended both an ever more vigilant Justice Department and the enactment of comprehensive national legislation. On February 2, 1948, the president called on the Congress to endorse his ten-point civil rights program in order to “correct the remaining imperfections in our practice of democracy.”Truman's 1947 State of the Union address, January 6, 1947, Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1947 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1962), 9; The President's Committee on Civil Rights, (PCCR) To Secure These Rights (New York: Simon and Schuster, October 26, 1947), 166; Truman's Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights, February 2, 1948, Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1948 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1964), 126. On July 26, 1948, acting alone, Truman issued two executive orders; one designed to end racial discrimination in federal employment, the other barring segregation in the armed forces.

Audit committee activity and agency costs

Menon and Williams indicate that many United States (US) over-the-counter (OTC) firms which form audit committees appear not to rely on them (cf. Menon, K., Williams, J.D. 1994. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 13(2), 121–139). Reliance on audit committees appears to depend upon board composition, while audit committee activity is associated with firm size. In this paper, we compare the US experience and evidence on audit committees and monitoring with the position in the United Kingdom (UK), where there has been a steady growth in the number of major companies voluntarily forming audit committees over the last 15 years (Collier, P.A. 1996. Accounting, Business and Financial History 6(2), 121–140). We contend that the dataset is best analyzed using the Heckman procedure (cf. Heckman, J.A. 1979. Econometrica 47(1), 153–161) which captures the two stages of the decision on audit committee activity. Our results show little support from the UK data for the findings of Menon and Williams (cf. Menon and Williams, 1994. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 13(2), 121–139). However, consistent with their agency theoretic perspective of monitoring, we found that high quality (Big Six) auditors, and to some degree leverage have a positive relationship with audit committee activity. Contrary to an agency theoretic expectation, we found that audit committee activity is reduced in firms that combine the role of chairman and chief executive. On the basis of this result we explored the impact of insiders (executive directors) and found that their presence on an audit committee had a significant negative impact on audit committee activity. This result suggests that the emphasis placed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (Staff Report on Corporate Accountability, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1980, p. 491) and the Cadbury Committee (Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance. 1992. Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance. Gee, London) on the independence of audit committee members may be well founded. The reduction in audit committee activity that arises from the combination of the role of chairman and chief executive officer, and the presence of insiders on the audit committee, has important policy implications. Indeed, in the UK, both practices are the subject of recommendations in the Hampel Committee report Hampel Committee 1998. Committee on Corporate Governance. Gee, London.

Eisenhower and Castro: US—Cuban relations, 1958–60

Books reviewed in this article: United States Government Printing Office, Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, Vol. V. American Republics United States Government Printing Office, Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, Vol. VI. Cuba