The Making of (Native) Americans: Suturing and Citizenship in the Scene of Education

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum [2005] (New York: Harper, 2006), p.231. 2 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘New Literary History: Pages from a Memoir’, New Literary History, 40: 4 (Autumn 2009), p.768. 3 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans, the Teaching of English, and the Future of Culture Studies’, New Literary History, 21: 4 (Autumn 1990), p.781, original emphasis. 4 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, pp.781;782. 5 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, p.784. 6 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, p.783. 7 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, p.783. 8 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, pp.783-784. 9 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, p.784. 10 Homi K. Bhabha, ‘The Postcolonial and the Postmodern: The Question of Agency’ in Simon During, ed., The Cultural Studies Reader, 2nd ed. (New York & London: Routledge, 1999), p.200. 11 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Outside in the Teaching Machine (New York & London: Routledge, 1993), p.60. 12 The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended, with Unratified Amendments and Analytical Index (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 2000). This latter clause articulates the notorious definition of a slave as three-fifths of a person. 13 Constitution of the United States of America. 14 Gerald Vizenor, Fugitive Poses: Native American Indian Scenes of Absence and Presence (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), p.57, original emphases. 15 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'The Making of Americans,' p.782. 16 Louis Althusser, ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’ in Lenin and Philosophy and other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (New York & London: Monthly Review Press, 1971), p.153. 17 Myriam Vučković, Voices from Haskell: Indian Students Between Two Worlds, 1884-1928 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), p.114. 18 Myriam Vučković, Voices from Haskell, pp. 91-92. 19 Thomas J. Morgan, quoted in Francis Paul Prucha, ed., Americanizing the American Indians (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), p.75. 20 George Peckham, ‘A True Report of the Late Discoveries … by … Sir Humphrey Gilbert’ in Peter C. Mancall, Envisioning America: English Plans for the Colonization of North America, 1580-1640 (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1995), p.64. 21 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Righting Wrongs – 2002: Accessing Democracy among the Aboriginals’ Other Asias (Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell, 2008), p.15. 22 Bonita Lawrence, ‘Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview’, Hypatia, 18: 2 (Spring 2003), p.3, my emphasis. 23 Bonita Lawrence, ‘Regulation of Native Identity’, p.4. 24 Laura Coltelli, ‘Gerald Vizenor: The Trickster Heir of Columbus: An Interview’, Native American Literatures Forum, 2-3 (1990-91), p.105. 25 Laura Coltelli, ‘Gerald Vizenor’, p.105. 26 Gerald Vizenor, Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance (1994; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), pp.96-97. 27 Gerald Vizenor, The People Named the Chippewa: Narrative Histories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984). 28 Bonita Lawrence, ’Regulation of Native Identity,' p.4. 29 In his 1831 decision in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall defined Native tribes as ‘domestic dependent nations,’ bearing a relation to the US comparable with that of a ward to its guardian. See Robert A. Williams, Jr. Like a Loaded Weapon: The Rehnquist Court, Indian Rights, and the Legal History of Racism in America (Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 2005 for the legacy of this decision in subsequent US Supreme Court Indian law decisions. 30 Gerald Vizenor, ‘Tragic Wisdom,’ introduction to Fugitive Poses, pp.1-22. 31 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.250 32 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.197 33 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.198 34 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.200. 35 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.236. 36 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.224. 37 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Woman in Difference: Mahasweta Devi's “Douloti the Beautiful,”’ Cultural Critique, 14 (Winter 1989-90), p.126. 38 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.231. 39 Jacques Derrida, ‘The Truth That Wounds: From an Interview’ in Jacques Derrida, Sovereignties in Question: The Poetics of Paul Celan, in Thomas Dutoit and Outi Pasanen, eds (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005), pp.166-167. 40 Jacques Derrida, ‘The Truth That Wounds’, p.167. 41 Jacques Derrida, ‘The Truth That Wounds’, p.169. 42 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘The Making of Americans’, p.782. 43 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Woman in Difference’, p.108. 44 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Woman in Difference’, p.109. 45 Zitkala Sa, ‘The School Days of an Indian Girl’, Atlantic Monthly, 85 (1900), p.187. 46 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Making of Americans’, p.794. 47 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee, and Certain Scenes of Teaching’ Diacritics, 32, 3-4 (Fall-Winter 2002), p.19. 48 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Ethics and Politics’, p.18. 49 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p.161. 50 Rachel Reidner, ‘Affective Encounters. Writing Zapatismo’, JAC: Rhetoric, Writing, Culture, Politics, 27:3 (2007), p.655. 51 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Ethics and Politics’, p.24. 52 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Ethics and Politics’, p.24. 53 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Ethics and Politics’, pp.23-24. 54 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Ethics and Politics’, p.24. 55 Louise Erdrich, The Painted Drum, p.277. 56 Bonita Lawrence, ‘Regulation of Native Identity’, p.21. 57 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Righting Wrongs’, p.23. 58 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Righting Wrongs’, p.25.