United States Foreign Research Articles

Understanding Iraq’s Persistent Domestic Instability: A Revisit to the 2003 Iraq War and the Effect of the US Foreign Policy.

After the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in the heart of the United States (US), the US policymakers implemented a new doctrine known as the Bush Doctrine and declared war on any country in the international system which has a connection with terrorism or shelters the terrorists. In line with this, Iraq became one of “the target countries” on the axis of the new US doctrine. They took a further step and invaded Iraq with their allies in 2003 by claiming that they would liberate the Iraqi people from the authoritarian regime and bring democracy to Iraq. Toppling Saddam Hussein, the US implemented a new political regime in the country. In the post-Saddam regime, Iraq’s new ruling elites were mainly chosen from the Shiites. On the other hand, the Sunnis stayed at the periphery of the emerging Iraqi political system. The US political manoeuvres triggered ethnic and sectarian (ethno-sectarian) segregation as well as a tense political environment in Iraq. To put it clearly, the practices of the US foreign policy in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq war/invasion not only inflamed the conflicts/divide between the major Islamic sects (the Sunni and the Shiite Muslims) but also widened “the ethnic rift”, mainly between the Kurds and the Arabs in the country. The ethno-sectarian segregation among the Iraqi people highly affected the domestic political stability in the country. Depending on the scientific data in the field, this research has mainly revealed that the 2013 US-led military invasion/Iraq War and the US policy towards Iraq had an impact on the persistent domestic instability in Iraq.

US Foreign Policy towards Ghana and Tanzania: An Afrocentric Review

In this article, the author uses Afrocentricity in order to provide an African point of view in respect of the analysis of the United States (US) foreign policy towards Africa. Given the dominance of mainstream thinking about the US foreign policy that takes for granted US as a prominent and primary in defining the relations, this article employs historical sensibility in order to trace the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania using Afrocentric lens. This discourse is often partially understood due to the lack of an Afrocentric perspective on the existing literature in this aspect of Strategic Studies. History is crucial in this regard because the past provides a sound basis for understanding the present and future. This helps challenge the thinking overly informed by mainstream theories in Strategic Studies. As it shall be seen below, such a paradigm remains critical in highlighting the peculiarity of the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania and in providing a deeper understanding of underlying dynamics in US foreign policy towards Africa. To realise the purpose of this article, the author relies methodologically on interdisciplinary critical discourse and conversations in their widest forms.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKSPOR NONMIGAS INDONESIA KE AMERIKA SERIKAT

In this study the study of Analysis of factors affecting IndonesianNon-oil and gas exports to America and the data used in this study isquarterly time series data from 2007Q1-2018Q. The model used in thisstudy is the Error Correction Model / ECM. Data sourced from the WorldBank and the Ministry of Trade. The results of this study indicate that (1)the estimated economy of the United States in the long term and short termhas a significant positive relationship to Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports to the United States (2) a significant negative effect on Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports to the United States (3) Foreign direct investment or investment foreign direct in the long run, has a significant positive and in the short term does not have a significant and positive influence on non-oil and gas exports Indonesia to the United States.

SOVEREIGN DEFAULT AND LITIGATION: NML CAPITAL V. ARGENTINA

In recent times private creditors have increasingly begun to resort to litigation against States in case of sovereign debt default. One of the most complex recent cases concerns the legal proceedings brought against Argentina by NML Capital Limited before the courts of the United States (US). The plaintiffs are primarily “vulture funds”, seeking profit by buying heavily discounted distressed debt, that have rejected the restructuring terms accepted by the majority of Argentina’s creditors. There are two main questions at the heart of the present dispute: sovereign immunity and the alleged breach of the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), and the interpretation of the pari passu clause. The US Supreme Court held that the FSIA does not limit the scope of discovery against foreign sovereign assets and rejected Argentina’s petition for certiorari to review the Second Circuit decision upholding the injunction orders that required Argentina to pay NML Capital and the other plaintiffs whenever it pays the holders of its restructured debt. This comment assesses the approach of the US courts in relation to discovery and their interpretation of the pari passu provision. In particular, it argues that the outcome of this legal battle threatens future sovereign debt restructurings and confirms the gravity of the lack of a binding central restructuring mechanism.

Food Safety or Food Fight: Administrative Impact on Trade Policies Relating to Genetically Modified Organisms

By comparing US, Canadian, and EC regulatory regimes, this paper examines the impact of each government’s regulatory administrative structures on GMO trade policies. Although the Office of the United States Trade Representative, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, and Europe’s Directorate-General For Trade have primary responsibility for developing and implementing trade policies, the scope of this paper is limited to exploring the respective regulatory regimes. This introductory section of the paper discusses the background and history of GMOs along with the health and safety concerns raised by the introduction of GMOs into the environment. The following three sections present an overview of the regulatory regimes in the US, Canada, and the EC respectively. Section V then discusses the relevant WTO disputes involving the US, Canada, and the EC. A comparative analysis of the regulatory regimes in the context of the trade disputes is presented in Section VI. Section VII concludes the paper with a discussion of risk and recommendation that substantial equivalence doctrine expand to include novel processes.

In the Shadow of the Qur'an: Recent Islamist Discourse on the United States and US Foreign Policy

Academics have paid far more attention to Islamist movements than to the political discourse of contemporary Islamist authors. This is regrettable for four main reasons. First, Islamists address issues of major importance to their societies and these societies' relations with the external world, especially the West. Understanding their discourse holds the key to a better understanding of Islamist movements. Second, Islamists form an integral component of the Arab intelligentsia. As opinion shapers they influence the attitudes, beliefs and value systems of Arab publics. Third, Islamists have been writing extensively and critically about the United States, especially since the end of the Cold War. It is of great importance to understand why they are so ‘preoccupied’ with America and why they view it the way they do. Finally, Islamists write in a distinct style that leans heavily, and in complex ways, on the sacred text (the Qur'an). It is intriguing and intellectually stimulating to analyze the substance and style of their discourse and to contextualize it historically. This article focuses on one specific and critical aspect of contemporary Islamist discourse: its treatment of the United States.

CHOICE OF FORUM IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ADJUDICATION AND THE UNITY/FRAGMENTATION DEBATE: IS PLURALITY THE WAY FORWARD?

In recent times private creditors have increasingly begun to resort to litigation against States in case of sovereign debt default. One of the most complex recent cases concerns the legal proceedings brought against Argentina by NML Capital Limited before the courts of the United States (US). The plaintiffs are primarily “vulture funds”, seeking profit by buying heavily discounted distressed debt, that have rejected the restructuring terms accepted by the majority of Argentina’s creditors. There are two main questions at the heart of the present dispute: sovereign immunity and the alleged breach of the US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), and the interpretation of the pari passu clause. The US Supreme Court held that the FSIA does not limit the scope of discovery against foreign sovereign assets and rejected Argentina’s petition for certiorari to review the Second Circuit decision upholding the injunction orders that required Argentina to pay NML Capital and the other plaintiffs whenever it pays the holders of its restructured debt. This comment assesses the approach of the US courts in relation to discovery and their interpretation of the pari passu provision. In particular, it argues that the outcome of this legal battle threatens future sovereign debt restructurings and confirms the gravity of the lack of a binding central restructuring mechanism.

After Vietnam: The Future of American Foreign Policy, Cold War and Coexistence: Russia, China, and the United States and American Foreign Policy in International Perspective

After Vietnam: The Future of American Foreign Policy, Cold War and Coexistence: Russia, China, and the United States and American Foreign Policy in International Perspective

United States Taxation and Foreign Investment

United States Taxation and Foreign Investment

Comparability of Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States and Certain Foreign Countries. Elizabeth C. Tandy

<i>Comparability of Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States and Certain Foreign Countries</i>. Elizabeth C. Tandy

The Government of the United States and American Foreign Missionaries

It is common knowledge that the United States was originally settled either by God-fearing men and women fleeing from persecution, or by political refugees who were unable to bring about reforms which they believed essential to good government and were unwilling to comply with the state of affaire existing in the Old World, or, finally, by those who, unfortunate at home, were desirous of bettering their condition in the New World. The Pilgrim and the Puritan, the Episcopalian and the Catholic, the Quaker, the Presbyterian and the Lutheran settled the Atlantic Coast. The roundhead and the cavalier, the rich and the poor and the inmate of the debtor’s prison found themselves side by side upon a plane of equality without the traditions and the conservatism of an older world. Whether the colony was composed of Puritans and manifested intolerance to the protestant brother of a different faith; whether the settlement remained loyal to the Church of England, as Virginia, or favored the Catholic, as Maryland, or freely accepted the law-abiding without questioning his religion, as the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the principle of religious toleration steadily gained ground, and by the time of the Revolution it may be said generally that religious differences ceased to influence men or their conduct toward each other, by virtue of a conception of liberty which embraced not merely the right to and protection of property but the freedom of thought, of speech and of public worship. The example of Virginia, which in 1786 established religious freedom by statute, profoundly influenced the Federal Government and the various States of the Union; for, by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, it is provided that “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of a religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,” and the States of the American Union have, in their various Constitutions, placed the same restriction upon their legislatures. The amendment of the Constitution and the like provisions in State Constitutions were not dictated by indifference or hostility to the principles of the Christian religion, but aimed to prevent not merely the establishment of any one form of religion, however widely spread, but to establish upon a firm footing the right before the law of every religious sect.