United Republic Research Articles

Examination of Right to Privacy for Telecommunication Customers toward Service Providers in Tanzania

The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, provides the right to privacy as stipulated under Articles 16 (1) and (2). It takes also cognizance of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which is provided under Articles 17 (1) and (2). The protection of the right to privacy may be hindered by the duty to disclose information and the absence of guidelines promoting it in Tanzania. This study preceded with, whether the existing telecommunication legal regime effectively protects the right to privacy of telecommunication customers against service providers and the best shortcomings that can be addressed. The study set out to review the right to privacy for telecommunication customers. The research aims to analyse the existing telecommunication legal regime and identify lacunas with the ways to tackle the challenges facing enforcement of the right to privacy. The study was planned to use the doctrinal research methodology. This methodology was purposely selected because the study requires analysis of the laws on the right to privacy. However, data was collected by using primary and secondary sources. The researcher used qualitative methods to analyse data that finally made conclusions and recommendations. In this study, it was concluded that the right to privacy covered in different laws has not sufficiently safeguarded the actual right to privacy for telecommunication customers in Tanzania. This is due to the following factors which are the aspect of authorization in the disclosure of a person’s information and the absence of adequate law securing a telecommunication customer’s information. The researcher ratifies that, there should be a specific law that regulates the right to privacy for telecommunication customer’s information. This will enforce the right to privacy and remove issues arising out of lack of authorization such as the issue of phone interceptions

Combining quality improvement and critical care training: Evaluating an ICU CPR training programme quality improvement initiative at the National Hospital in Tanzania

BackgroundThe United Republic of Tanzania has had a 41.4% mortality rate in the intensive care unit. In Tanzania, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare has implemented quality improvement (QI),...

The Impacts of the Legal Framework Governing Ship Registration in Tanzania

The ship registration system in the United Republic of Tanzania is a vital component of the nation's maritime infrastructure, playing a key role in ensuring compliance with national and international maritime laws. This research provides A Case Study of The Effectiveness of the Ship Registration System: Examining the Legal Framework and Administrative Procedures of The United Republic of Tanzania. The mixed-methods approach combined qualitative and quantitative data collection. The findings were to assess the impacts of the legal framework governing ship registration in Tanzania. The study observed that, the maritime sector of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) operates under a complex legal framework that is divided between two distinct legal systems, each with its own governing authority. This duality is primarily reflected in the Merchant Shipping Act of 2003 and the Merchant Transport Act of 2006, which cater to the maritime needs of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, respectively. The Merchant Shipping Act of 2003 is designed to be applicable across the entire URT, encompassing both Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. This is explicitly stated in Section 3 (1) of the Act, which asserts that the provisions apply to all Tanzanian ships, irrespective of their geographical location.

Analysis of demand for managerial and teaching staff (with knowledge of the Russian language) in the economy of the United Republic of Tanzania

The analysis and economic evaluation of the prerequisites of demand for Russian language teachers in the education system in Tanzania show the Russian and Tanzanian interstate projects growth, which require not only political and legal, but also educational support. The activities of domestic structures (Rossotrudnichestvo, Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, and business structures) in Tanzania create economic prerequisites for demand for the Russian language in the country’s economy. Considering the increased level of interstate relations between the two states, due to the changes in Russia’s foreign policy course, it is possible to predict increasing demand for specialists in the field of Russian language, as well as knowledge of the language as a competitive advantage in Tanzania’s labor market. As a result of the analysis of the presence or planned presence of the structures associated with Russia, it is advisable to open centers for Russian language teachers training in the administrative districts of Tanzania, such as Zanzibar, Kigoma, Pemba, Rukwa, Mbeya, Arusha, and Mwanza. In these administrative units the interaction between the two countries is carried out or is planned, which will lead to an increase in demand for specialists speaking the Russian language, whose training is carried out as part of the main professional activity by Russian language teachers from among locally trained specialists.

Research trends of traditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapy in the management of overweight and obesity from 2004 to 2023: a bibliometric study

ObjectiveTraditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapy has gained popularity in the management of overweight and obesity. This study aims to reveal trends and hotspots of global research on traditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapies for overweight and obesity. MethodsPublications on traditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapies for overweight and obesity between 2004 and 2023 were searched from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses and visualization were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R software. ResultsA total of 566 publications from 246 journals were included in this study. Annual number of publications and cited times in the field were generally increasing. China contributed the most publications, followed by the United States and Republic of Korea, and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from China had the highest number of publications among institutions. Stener-Victorin E was not only the most productive author but also, along with Cabioglu MT, the most cited authors. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine was both the largest source journal and the most cited journal. The highly cited references mainly consists of clinical trials, narrative reviews and systematic reviews focusing on acupuncture therapy. Keywords analysis indicated that acupuncture therapy and traditional Chinese exercise constituted the main components of traditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapy in weight management. ConclusionsThis study revealed a growing interest in traditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapies for managing overweight and obesity, with acupuncture therapies and traditional Chinese exercises as the main research focuses. This study offers insights into traditional Chinese non-pharmacological therapies in weight management, and may benefit further research.

The Benefits of Reading: A Reflection on Nyerere’s Contributions to Education and Reading Culture

This paper addresses the reading culture during the tenure of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, the first President of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) from 1961 to 1985. The importance of fostering a reading culture and its consequences for personal and social development is well documented. Various stakeholders have consistently emphasized the need for society to embrace a reading culture for both individual and national betterment. This study was designed to determine the potential academic and lifelong benefits of cultivating a reading culture in society. It was constructed using synthesized information extracted from past and present sources, integrating and analysing that data to generate findings. The study employed a desk research approach, screening secondary data and documents collected from various published sources. Primary data played a secondary role in this research. The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine how reading culture functions as an interlocking system of habits and logistics, (2) to assess the social construction of reading communities, (3) to explore the ideological constructions of reading, and (4) to evaluate the role of reading in healing, serving as an important reference for improving readership culture in academic settings. Findings from the study confirmed the importance and pleasure of reading, as Mwalimu Nyerere once stated: “It is a fact that we must recognize; that in dealing with the modern world, children in Europe have two big advantages over our own children. One is familiarity with mechanical things; the other, and perhaps even more important, is familiarity with books.” - Mwalimu Nyerere, Arusha, 29th November 1965. Documented research, along with individual observations, highlights that many people in Tanzania lack the habit of reading books. The noticeable decline in reading culture is alarming and threatens the development of a well-educated and learning-oriented society, including the quality of the nation's workforce. This research concluded that while the problem of poor reading culture is more pronounced in higher learning institutions and has effects on the job sector, it is attributed to several factors presented in this study. The study recommended that steps to promote reading culture are crucial to preventing the collapse of the nation's workforce. It also suggested that promoting reading in schools and universities is essential, and enhancing the reading culture should be integrated into the curriculum.

Assessment of Sanitation Services and Practices among Local Community in West B Municipality in Zanzibar Island, United Republic of Tanzania

Good basic sanitation services and practices are essential in maintaining generally accepted standards for personal hygiene and public health. The objective of this paper is to assess the sanitation services and practices among the local community in West B Municipality in Zanzibar Island, United Republic of Tanzania. The study uses a cross-sectional study design. Raosoft online sample calculator was used to determine the sample size while systematic random sampling was applied to select the respondents. Results show that a substantial proportion of the community uses on-site sanitation systems by which excreta and wastewater are collected and stored in containments within the vicinity, requiring emptying when full. Many toilets have security issues as they lack privacy and user comfort. About 28.8% have unlockable doors, 21.2% have fixed clothing curtains and 3.8% are completely open. In the area, Indian-type squat toilets are dominant (78.75%), followed by traditional pit latrines (20%). A slightly large percentage (55%) of households use motorised but the remaining percentage (45%) use non-motorised means of emptying and transportation. The study further found limited or ineffectual use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) among the sludge workers, thus risking their health and safety. The conveyed sludge waste is usually taken to a designated treatment plant, disposed of in excavated pits or dumped openly in the forest. This implies that sanitation services and practices in West B are inadequate, leading to disease transmission due to environmental pollution. The study recommends compliance with standards and guidelines, awareness and advocacy, technological innovations, stakeholder involvement and research and development on sanitation services and practices.

Medical device management reform, United Republic of Tanzania.

Health-care technology is central to boosting the productivity and quality of health-care systems. In many sub-Saharan African countries, however, medical device management systems are weak or absent. The aim of this article is to illustrate, using a case study, how policy reforms can help ensure policy on health-care technology is translated into everyday practice and how an integrated systems approach can enhance the operation of medical device management. Between 2011 and 2023, a plan to improve medical device management systems in the United Republic of Tanzania was developed and implemented through Swiss-Tanzanian cooperation within the Health Promotion and System Strengthening Project. The availability of biomedical engineers was increased through new training courses and the creation of permanent positions in government. Moreover, additional district and regional maintenance and repair workshops were built, and a National Centre for Calibration and Training was established to ensure the correct functioning of medical devices. The introduction of an electronic medical device management system provided health facilities and the health ministry with data on the operational status of medical devices and the need for repairs and spare parts. Every level of government was encouraged to allocate more human and financial resources to medical device management. Following this decade-long effort, the percentage of functioning equipment increased substantially, and costs were reduced by repairing rather than replacing equipment. The project also demonstrated the value of an integrated, system-strengthening approach that considered personnel, maintenance and repair facilities, documentation and management, and government policy and budgeting.

Has COVID-19 affected the publication productivity of neurosurgeons in UK and Republic of Ireland? A bibliometric analysis

Background Our aim was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the publication productivity of neurosurgeons in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Methods Using bibliometric data we quantified and analysed the academic output of neurosurgeons in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, and the Republic of Ireland, between two time periods i.e., January 2017 to December 2019 and January 2020 to March 2022, as a representative capture of the academic climate before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The consultant neurosurgeons were grouped according to their departments, title, sex, subspecialities and additional research qualifications. Using data charts on Scopus author directory, the total number of publications, citations and h-indices of each neurosurgeon were obtained over the two time periods. The median and mean of these 3 parameters were computed and the median values were analysed and tested for significance using a Mann Whitney-U test according to the groups. Results Our analysis conveyed a statistically significant increase (2440 publications and between January 2020 and March 2022 there were 2548 publications p<0.05) in the total number of publications after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean number of citations (mean 55.24 vs 57.01, p<0.05), after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend was observed in both sexes, in authors without an additional MD/PhD and in authors who sub-specialized in neuro-oncology. Overall, there was a significant decrease in H-index after the start of the pandemic compared to before (median h-index:1.00 and 2.00; mean h-index:1.8 and 3.4 respectively). Conclusions There appears to be an apparent increase in total number of publications after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, most authors have registered a reduction in citations and h-indices, suggesting a lower impact and unequal distribution of the abovementioned increase.

Towards developing a national climate change framework in Tanzania: Evidence from taxing energy sources to enhance use of renewable energies as a mitigation policy

A stable mitigation policy requires an adequate legal framework for climate change. The energy sector contributes to about 80 % of total GHGs. The use of renewable energies is a solution to GHG reduction. A carbon tax has been acknowledged as one of the best mitigation policies as it tends to shift the tax burden to polluters and yields revenue, which relieves households.This study focused on developing Tanzania's national climate change framework by taxing energy sources to enhance the use of renewable energies as the mitigation policy. The study draw extensively on interviews and documentary data sources that reviewed international instruments, regional instruments, legislations, the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, the National Energy Policy of 2015, the National Environmental Policy of 2021, Tax Statutes and the Tanzania Development Vision of 2025.The study revealed that, first, there are supplies not been carbon taxed irrespective of their qualification. Second, there are chapters within policies and sections within laws that hinder access to renewable energies. Third, there is no guiding framework that coordinates approaches across sectors and levels of government.The study concludes that from 2023, 9.7 % were using renewable energies and by 2033 getting to 80 % usage, requires investment leading to redressed policies and laws aligning to the introduced national climate change framework towards renewable energy access for carbon reduction.

Evaluating the Impact of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H6N1 Outbreaks in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Poultry Farms during 2020.

In January 2020, increased mortality was reported in a small broiler breeder flock in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Gross pathological findings included coelomitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, visceral gout, splenomegaly, and renomegaly. Clinical presentation included inappetence, pronounced diarrhoea, and increased egg deformation. These signs, in combination with increased mortality, triggered a notifiable avian disease investigation. High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was not suspected, as mortality levels and clinical signs were not consistent with HPAIV. Laboratory investigation demonstrated the causative agent to be a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV), subtype H6N1, resulting in an outbreak that affected 15 premises in Northern Ireland. The H6N1 virus was also associated with infection on 13 premises in the Republic of Ireland and six in Great Britain. The close genetic relationship between the viruses in Ireland and Northern Ireland suggested a direct causal link whereas those in Great Britain were associated with exposure to a common ancestral virus. Overall, this rapidly spreading outbreak required the culling of over 2 million birds across the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland to stamp out the incursion. This report demonstrates the importance of investigating LPAIV outbreaks promptly, given their substantial economic impacts.

Promotion of the Russian Language in the education system of Tanzania: conditions, demand, «deficits» and potential «growth points»

The article analyzes the program documents regulating functioning of the education system of Tanzania, examines the socio-economic factors affecting its development, analyzes the language policy, as well as the state policy of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania in the field of education, which is considered to be a strategic factor in the transformation of mentality and the creation of a well-educated nation, sufficiently possessing the knowledge necessary for competent and competitive solutions to the challenges facing the country. The authors identify objectives of the education system of Tanzania, aimed at promoting universal access to quality basic education, including preschool, primary and secondary education; eradication of illiteracy; dissemination of high-quality higher education, providing training of highly qualified personnel necessary for the effective development of all sectors of the economy. The problems faced by the education system of Tanzania, the ways to solve them and the prospects for development are determined. The activities of the Representative Office of the Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation, which is the coordinator of the promotion of the Russian language and culture in Tanzania, are described in detail. The factors influencing the demand for the Russian language, increasing motivation to study it and the demand for Russian education in general among the youth of Tanzania, as well as the formation of a positive image of Russia in the minds of Tanzanians, are identified. The conditions, «deficits» and potential «growth points» of the promotion of the Russian language in the education system of Tanzania are determined. The article presents the results of the survey conducted during the official visit of the delegation of the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education to Tanzania, which determined the future prospects of the study, which will result in designing a modular training program for teachers of Russian as a foreign language for educational organizations of the United Republic of Tanzania in the system of Russian teacher training education, including a Russian as a foreign language course at a preparatory department, bachelor’s and master’s degree programs and advanced training for teachers of Russian as a foreign language.

Adolescent health and well-being check-up programme in three African cities (Y-Check): protocol for a multimethod, prospective, hybrid implementation-effectiveness study

BackgroundDuring adolescence, behaviours are initiated that will have substantial impacts on the individual’s short-term and long-term health and well-being. However, adolescents rarely have regular contact with health services, and available...

Rooted in Society?

Abstract In 2010, Zanzibar, a sub-state within the United Republic of Tanzania, became a unique case of power sharing in Africa. The country conducted a referendum before establishing a government of national unity and entrenched it in Zanzibar’s Constitution of 1984. The aim was to make the power-sharing system durable and rooted in society to achieve peace and development. Nevertheless, a political system must be accepted, practised and routinised to be rooted in society. Usually, peace settlements involve elites, who negotiate, sign and occasionally benefit from the pact—and Zanzibar is not an exception. What is missing in peace negotiations is the broad-based participation of the citizens. Based on a survey and expert interviews, this article examines how power sharing in Zanzibar has nevertheless become rooted in society over time.

Rooted in Society?

Abstract In 2010, Zanzibar, a sub-state within the United Republic of Tanzania, became a unique case of power sharing in Africa. The country conducted a referendum before establishing a government of national unity and entrenched it in Zanzibar’s Constitution of 1984. The aim was to make the power-sharing system durable and rooted in society to achieve peace and development. Nevertheless, a political system must be accepted, practised and routinised to be rooted in society. Usually, peace settlements involve elites, who negotiate, sign and occasionally benefit from the pact—and Zanzibar is not an exception. What is missing in peace negotiations is the broad-based participation of the citizens. Based on a survey and expert interviews, this article examines how power sharing in Zanzibar has nevertheless become rooted in society over time.

Design Solar Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System with Battery Storage for Rural Remote Area: A Case Study of Mwala Village Mbeya District

Reliable hybrid systems (solar photovoltaic and diesel generators) have been shown to produce high-quality energy that supports different social and economic activities in Mwala village and Mbeya region in the United Republic of Tanzania, which contain three hundred households for the purpose of reducing poverty. The system was designed after load demand analysis with the help of Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. For simulations on a diesel generator standalone system, a generator with penetration of renewable energy resources (solar photovoltaic) system, and a solar PV standalone system. The components of the hybrid system configuration include a generator of 24 kW, a solar photovoltaic of 29.5 kW, an inverter of 10.4 kW, and a generic 1 kWh lead acid with 120 strings. The paper features a detailed analysis of fuel consumption, optimisation of the system, capital cost, operating cost, electrical energy obtained, gas emissions, and sensitivity analysis. The result obtained from the model revealed that the total energy generated was about 75366 kWh per year, with an excess of 7240 kWh per year, which increased the reliability of power and allowed the availability of energy for new buildings and electrical appliances. The gas emissions from a generator standalone system were three times higher than those of a reliable hybrid system. Based on the energy demand, the solar PV diesel hybrid system with batteries has proven to supply reliable power 24/7.

United Republic of Tanzania

United Republic of Tanzania

Application of agile management theory in higher education in the United Republic of Tanzania

The application of Agile Management Theory in higher education institutions has emerged as a transformative approach to address the challenges faced by traditional methods in the United Republic of Tanzania. This study explores the integration of Agile principles into the core structure of higher education, assessing its potential to enhance the learning experience, improve student outcomes, and prepare graduates for the dynamic future of work. Agile, known for its flexibility, collaboration, and iterative development, provides an alternative to rigid curriculum structures and lengthy planning cycles. The research investigates effective strategies for incorporating Agile principles, the challenges encountered in traditional academic settings, and the impact on student engagement, learning outcomes, and graduate employability. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach, relying on semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and a diverse participant pool, including faculty, administrators, students, and Agile coaches. Results suggest promising strategies for Agile integration, such as designing modular curricula, emphasizing specific skills, and incorporating real-world projects. However, challenges include resistance to change, resource constraints, and the need for innovative assessment methods. The impact assessment reveals potential benefits, including increased student engagement, improved critical thinking skills, and enhanced graduate employability. The study concludes with recommendations for the ongoing process of Agile implementation, emphasizing the importance of commitment, adaptation, and creative problem-solving. By addressing challenges and considering cultural nuances, Tanzanian higher education institutions can create a learner-centred, responsive system that prepares graduates for success in the 21st century.

Age-group associations of schistosomiasis prevalence from trial data, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania.

To determine if the prevalence of schistosomiasis in children aged 9-12years is associated with the prevalence in 5-8-year-olds and adults after preventive chemotherapy in schools or the community. We combined data from four community-randomized, preventive chemotherapy trials in treatment-naïve populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania during 2010-2016 according to the number of praziquantel treatments and the delivery method. Schistosoma mansoni infection was sought on two slides prepared from each participant's first stool using the Kato-Katz technique. We assessed associations between S. mansoni prevalence in 9-12-year-olds and 5-8-year-olds and adults in the community before and after treatment using Bayesian regression models. Stool samples from 47 985 5-8-year-olds, 81 077 9-12-year-olds and 20 492 adults were analysed. We found associations between the prevalence in 9-12-year-olds and that in 5-8-year-olds and adults after preventive treatment, even when only school-age children were treated. When the prevalence in 9-12-year-olds was under 10%, the prevalence in 5-8-year-olds was consistently under 10%. When the prevalence in 9-12-year-olds was under 50%, the prevalence in adults after two or four rounds of preventive chemotherapy was 10%-15% lower than before chemotherapy. Post-chemotherapy age-group associations were consistent with pre-chemotherapy associations in this analysis and previous studies. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection in 9-12-year-olds was associated with the prevalence in other age groups and could be used to guide community treatment decisions.

Legal Dilemmas from Zitto Zuberi Kabwe v The President of the United Republic of Tanzania & Three Others: a Case Note

Abstract For the first time in Tanzania’s constitutional law jurisprudence, the court delivered judgment against the President on 5 December 2022. The decision was revolutionary as it opened the door for suits to be instituted directly against the President. Despite its jurisprudential significance, the utility of this judgment is washed away by some legal dilemmas that the Court left unaddressed. This case note highlights those dilemmas and their implications.