United Nations Relief Research Articles

WAR CRIMES IN GAZA STRIP FROM YEAR 2008 2021: INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY UNDER THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

From the end of the year 2008 to 2021, Israel committed four wars in the Gaza Strip. These wars were known as Operation Cast Lead in 2009, Operation Pillar of Cloud in 2012, Operation Protective Edge in 2014, and Operation Guardian of the Walls in 2021. The destructive impacts on vital facilities in Gaza, including schools, universities, mosques, hospitals, and United Nations Relief centers, as well as the killings of thousands of innocent civilians by Israeli forces, are visible evidence of a serious violation of the principle of distinction, a basic principle provided under the international humanitarian law conferring protection upon the civilians during armed conflicts. The accession of Palestine to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on crimes. This paper aims to analyze the position of individual criminal responsibility committed during the above-mentioned wars, regulated under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and other relevant international conventions. In analyzing the data from primary and secondary sources, this paper applied doctrinal legal research and qualitative approaches. This paper concludes that the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court associated the individual criminal responsibility for war crimes by systematically determining the extent of participation, namely: (1) commission; (2) ordering/instigating; (3) assistance; and (4) contribution to a war crime as a group crime. Thus, Israeli military leaders ought to be held liable for the commission of war crimes in accordance with Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The pretexts of the Israeli occupation to be exempt from criminal responsibility should be rejected according to the state of legitimate defense.

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE UNRWA-USA FRAMEWORK FOR COOPERATION (2021-2022) REGARDING PALESTINIAN REFUGEES

Recently, issues related to Palestinian refugees have been diminishing in support due to multiple attempts made by the United States and Israel, which include measures to restrict the activities of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA). These attempts escalated when former US President Donald Trump announced a complete suspension of funding for the UNRWA in 2018, plunging the Agency into an unusual financial crisis that harmed the assistance to refugees in its operation areas. However, the current US President Joe Biden announced his intention to resume funding for the UNRWA and, in July 2021, signed a cooperation framework known as "framework agreement" but its terms and details were widely rejected by the Palestinians and the general public because of political and security reasons. According to the Agreement, individuals receiving military training under the UNRWA programmes are not eligible for UNRWA health or educational assistance. The framework agreement between the US and the UNRWA tries to change UNRWA's operating mandate without the authorisation of the United Nations General Assembly. Therefore, this article follows a doctrinal analytical approach to both the framework agreement and the UNRWA's operational mandate. It also critically appraises this Agreement in light of international humanitarian law and verifies its impact on the human rights of both beneficiaries and UNRWA workers, including rights to education and freedom of speech. This article concludes that the Agreement violates the norms of public international law by switching the Agency's missions and avoiding the need for an important decision-making process.

Classifying caesarean section to understand rising rates among Palestinian refugees: results from 290,047 electronic medical records across five settings

BackgroundRising caesarean-section rates worldwide are driven by non-medically indicated caesarean-sections. A systematic review concluded that the ten-group classification system (Robson) is the most appropriate for assessing drivers of caesarean deliveries. Evidence on the drivers of caesarean-section rates from conflict-affected settings is scarce. This study examines caesareans-section rates among Palestinian refugees by seven-group classification, compares to WHO guidelines, and to rates in the host settings, and estimates the costs of high rates.MethodsElectronic medical records of 290,047 Palestinian refugee women using UNRWA’s (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) antenatal service from 2017–2020 in five settings (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, West Bank, Gaza) were used. We modified Robson criteria to compare rates within each group with WHO guidelines. The host setting data were extracted from publicly available reports. Data on costs came from UNRWA’s accounts.FindingsPalestinian refugees in Gaza had the lowest caesarean-section rates (22%), followed by those residing in Jordan (28%), West Bank (30%), Lebanon (50%) and Syria (64%). The seven groups caesarean section classification showed women with previous caesarean-sections contributed the most to overall rates. Caesarean-section rates were substantially higher than the WHO guidelines, and excess caesarean-sections (2017–2020) were modelled to cost up to 6.8 million USD. We documented a steady increase in caesarean-section rates in all five settings for refugee and host communities; refugee rates paralleled or were below those in their host country.InterpretationCaesarean-section rates exceed recommended guidance within most groups. The high rates in the nulliparous groups will drive future increases as they become multiparous women with a previous caesarean-section and in turn, face high caesarean rates. Our analysis helps suggest targeted and tailored strategies to reduce caesarean-section rates in priority groups (among low-risk women) organized by those aimed at national governments, and UNRWA, and those aimed at health-care providers.

Social determinants and mental health needs of Palestine refugees and UNRWA responses in Gaza during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative assessment.

Due to pre-existing difficulties, refugees are especially susceptible to the negative effects of the pandemic; nonetheless, the pandemic's effect on this group is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Palestine refugees in Gaza by identifying the role of social determinants. During the pandemic, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) enacted a number of policies and measures. The purpose of this research was to assess their efficacy and acceptability. This qualitative study took place between August and November 2020. Twenty-nine key-informant interviews were conducted remotely with UNRWA Headquarters, field and clinical staff in Gaza and with community members, aged ≥18 years and residing in Rafah and Jabalia camps. We sought informed consent verbally or via email. Data was coded based on the framework for social determinants of mental health. Interview results indicated that the relationship might be unidirectional, with COVID-19 causing the degradation of living conditions and vice versa, with living conditions exacerbating the COVID-19 situation by facilitating virus transmission. In other instances, the association between mental health determinants and COVID-19 might be bidirectional. In terms of experiencing violence and anxieties, women, children, and daily-paid employees were significantly more disadvantaged than other groups in the community. UNRWA modified its service delivery techniques in order to continue providing essential services. In general, UNRWA's strategies throughout the pandemic were deemed beneficial, but insufficient to meet the needs of Gazans. The pandemic highlights the need to go beyond disease treatment and prevention to address social determinants to improve refugees' health and reduce their susceptibility to future shocks. UNRWA has rapidly implemented telemedicine and mental telehealth services, making it imperative to assess the efficacy of these novel approaches to provide care at a distance. A long-term option may be to employ a hybrid strategy, which combines online and in-person therapy.

An Empirical Study of Factors Influencing the Perceived Usefulness and Effectiveness of Integrating E-Learning Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using SEM and ML: A Case Study in Jordan

The purpose of this research paper is to identify and test the factors influencing the perceived usefulness and perceived effectiveness of adopting an e-learning system from the perspective of teachers in public and private schools as well as the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) in Jordan during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the academic year 2019/2020. Based on the findings and best practices, the study intends to make appropriate recommendations to decision-makers. Its significance stems from the use of scientific tools of research and investigation, and it aims to ensure the quality and effectiveness of Jordanian schools’ e-learning systems. The study’s hypotheses were verified by electronically collecting 551 questionnaires from teachers in Jordan. To test the study hypotheses, the empirical validity of the research model was set up, and the data were analyzed with SPSS version 21.0. Structural equation modeling (SEM), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and machine learning (ML) methods were used to test the study hypotheses and validate the properties of the instrument items. Nineteen variables and one mediating variable were studied. The study found that independent variables pertaining to technology (relative advantage, compatibility, top management support, communication technologies, competitive pressure, technology competence, information intensity, and work flexibility) and moderating variables pertaining to the teacher’s personal income and those pertaining to school (school size, education program, and work sector) had a positive effect on teachers’ perceived usefulness of adopting e-learning systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, independent variables pertaining to technology (complexity and collaboration technology), moderating variables pertaining to the teacher (age, education level, and gender), and moderating variables pertaining to school (educational stage, number of students) were not supported.

UNRRA in North Africa: A late colonial history of refugee encampment

Abstract This article tells the story of two long-forgotten United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) camps in wartime French North Africa, using their history as a lens through which to view the emergence of a modern global regime of refugee encampment. It examines these camps’ entanglements with the mechanisms of late colonial rule; their resonances with the systems of detention articulated by the Third Reich and its Vichy collaborationists; their rehabilitation of the practice of encampment for post-war colonial ‘development’ schemes like French Algeria’s centres de regroupement; and their eventual clearing of the way for the Cold War–era extension of an internationalist, American-dominated regime of refugee internment, first into Tunisia and Morocco and later across much of the Global South. Through its attempt to present its North African refugee camps as a new, modern, humanitarian form of encampment, UNRRA managed to rehabilitate the old colonial strategy of migrant internment as fundamentally humanitarian rather than punitive, successfully eliding its relationships with Nazi and Vichy practices in the process and establishing encampment as a central strategy of the modern internationalist refugee regime for the era of decolonization.

Editorial introductions.

Editorial introductions.

A Survey Assessing Antimicrobial Prescribing at United Nations Relief and Works Agency Primary Health Care Centers in Jordan.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health emergency. There is insufficient information on AMR in the context of humanitarian settings. An understanding of behavioral and institutional-level factors can strengthen antimicrobial stewardship. This study used a semistructured questionnaire to assess both knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on antimicrobial use, resistance and stewardship, and options to improving prescribing, among prescribers at the Primary Healthcare facilities of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency Jordan field office. Responses to the KAP questions were evaluated using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior (COM-B) framework and Bloom's cutoffs. For each framework component, Blooms cutoffs and interpretations were as follows: > 80%, "good"; 60-79%, "moderate"; and < 60%' "poor." Fourteen options to improve prescribing were each assessed using 5-point Likert scales from very unhelpful to very helpful, aggregated by helpful and very helpful and ranked as follows: > 90%, best/most acceptable; > 80-90%, acceptable; and 70-80% as maybe acceptable/good. The questionnaire response rate was 59% (37/63) with a completion rate of 92% (34/37). Aggregate scores for real knowledge on AMR was 97%; opportunity to improve prescribing 88%; and motivation 16%-participants did not believe that there was a connection between their prescribing and AMR or that they had a key role in helping control AMR. Good options (74% aggregate score) to improving prescribing were the availability of guidelines and resistance data. There was good knowledge of AMR and good opportunities, but poor motivation for rational prescribing or behavioral change. There is a clinical need for AMR data to promote rational antibiotic prescribing.

Belarusians in camps for displaced persons in West Germany in 1945–1952

The article is devoted to the life of Belarusians in camps for displaced persons in West Germany, mainly in the British and American occupation zones. The period of “waiting” for further fate and departure to new countries and continents was characterized by another impetus for the Belarusians which, not surprisingly turned out to be a nation-building one. In Belarusian camps, perhaps even following the example of other national camps, there was schooling in the national language, active social and political life, and even religion. It was several years of Belarusians living in camps for displaced persons that became another stage in the existence of the Belarusian Autocephalous Church, which continues to exist in Belarusian diasporas around the world to this day. Printing numerous periodicals and public-political polemics in their columns, an active scouting movement, holding theatrical productions and secular events, creating professional unions - this is evidence that Belarusians held on to their identity, developed social ties that were active in new places throughout their lives. The camps were financial taken care of and control by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administrations (UNRRA). From 1 July 1947, the International Refugees Organization (IRO) but several years without ideological oppression and the imposition of someone else’s identity made it clear that Belarusians were able to independently expand their own cultural space.

From POW to Cold War DP: A Global Microhistory of Former Yugoslav Soldiers in Occupied Germany, 1946–48

AbstractThere are still many historical blind spots in research on Europe's displaced persons (DPs) after the Second World War. In particular, there are relatively few studies that link microhistorical perspectives on repatriation and resettlement with global contexts. This essay addresses this gap, in empirical as well as methodological terms, by focusing on a group of DPs that hitherto has received little attention from scholars: former members of the Royal Yugoslav Army, whom the Nazis had taken to Germany as prisoners of war (POWs). Classified as DPs after 1945, they lived in camps administered by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO). Under the circumstances, they continued to maintain military-like routines and fiercely refused repatriation. This was partly an expression of loyalty to the exiled Yugoslav king, Peter II. But it also mirrored the fears of DPs about—and resistance to the idea of—being returned to their homeland in the context of the early Cold War. Using the example of a DP camp in Bad Aibling (Upper Bavaria), this article connects Yugoslav DPs, Allied DP politics, and the interests of Tito's government, as well as the interventions of international relief agencies. It shows how some DPs adroitly subverted the international logic of DP self-governance as promoted by UNRRA. A global microhistory approach thus reveals how local actors and sites are shaped by, but also foundationally constitutive of, global regimes of migrational self-governance.

Forced Migration and Refugee Resettlement in the Long 1940s: An Introduction to Its Connected and Global History

AbstractWhen considering the wave of forced migrations during the Second World War in Europe and Asia, and the international and institutional responses thereof, we can speak about the 1940s as witnessing the birth of a global refugee resettlement regime. Organisations including the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), the International Refugee Organization (IRO), and eventually the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) placed refugee resettlement at the heart of constructing the postwar world order. This volume adopts a global optic to investigate the formation of this international resettlement regime in Europe and Asia, while also studying refugee camps and movements, agency of refugees and migrants, decision factors for resettlement, and the intellectual production of people on the move. A historicisation of the global resettlement regime of the long 1940s may well carry important political and ethical lessons for us today, if only to remind us of the connected fates of our common humanity, and the responsibilities we therefore bear towards our fellow human beings.

Ernest Weissmann’s Architectural and Planning Practices

Architect Ernest Weissmann (1903-1985) dedicated his career to improving the living conditions of the deprived population - before and immediately after World War II in Europe and the United States and, starting from the 1950s and owing to senior positions he held at the United Nations Department of Social Affairs [UN DESA], also in underdeveloped countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The means by which he tried to achieve it were type projects flexible enough to respond to each individual case, education, teamwork, and self-help approach. The latter was thought to strengthen the local communities, their experts, resources, and production. Relying on the research on Weissmann’s pre-UN DESA career, this paper argues that Weissmann formulated most of his ideas, in particular self-help, and the above-mentioned methods, and put them into practice and an international perspective, before 1951 thanks, to his collaboration with Le Corbusier, the School of Public Health in Zagreb, the International Congress of Modern Architecture [CIAM], New York-based Structural Study Associates [SSA] group, Board of Warfare, and United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration [UNRRA].

Refugee Camps in Gaza: Between Upgrading and Urbicide

This article examines the urban development of camps under humanitarian mandates in the context of the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt). The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) launched its Infrastructure and Camp Improvement Programme (ICIP) in 2007, with several pilot projects carried out to test this new approach. Using Gaza’s Deir El-Balah refugee camp as a case study, this article explores the contradictions inherent to development under humanitarianism and what Ilana Feldman has called “punctuations” in a chronic context of siege and infrastructure violence. That context, the article argues, perpetually sets the refugee communities back, eroding whatever capacities they were able to build up through their own collective efforts and through the aid of which they have been recipients for decades. Compounded by UNRWA’s perpetual funding shortage, the limits of development under the humanitarian umbrella within the context of a technocratic apolitical mandate become even more apparent.

Compliance of dental health care providers with the infection prevention and control protocol in Gaza Strip: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH) developed the infection prevention and control (IPC) protocol in 2004 to control infection among dental health care providers in their interactions with clients, the community, and the environment. Adherence to the protocol has not previously been reported. We compared compliance of dental health-care providers with the IPC protocol and in MOH and United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) clinics and assessed factors affecting adherence. MethodsWe did a cross-sectional observational study in all Gaza Strip governorates. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 137 dental health-care providers in the region to collect data about compliance with the IPC protocol. In parallel, we completed two observational checklists for each dental health-care provider during visits to clinics: one assessing compliance (completed three times with 3-day intervals) and one assessing the presence and availability of IPC systems and supplies (completed once). Data were analysed by χ2 and t test, with p<0·05 indicating significance. Ethics approval was obtained rom the Palestinian Helsinki Committee, and dental health-care providers gave written informed consent for inclusion in the study. Findings137 (100%) dental health-care providers completed questionnaires. 82 (60%) respondents were men and 55 (40%) were women. 90 (66%) worked in MOH clinics (67 dentists and 30 practical nurses) and 40 (34%) in UNRWA clinics (24 dentists, 14 practical nurses, one dental nurse, and one oral hygienist). 134 (98%) of 137 dental health-care providers had received a hepatitis B vaccination. 97 (80%) dental health-care providers in MOH clinics and 38 (95%) of those in UNRWA clinics showed compliance in applying the IPC protocol during practice (p<0·001). Only 40 (29%) of respondents in MOH clinics and only four (3%) in UNRWA clinics had a hard copy of the IPC protocol. 29 (21%) of 137 respondents had systems for monitoring infection rates in their clinics. 65 (47%) attributed the shortage of IPC materials in clinics, such as bleaching agents, suction tubes, face shield or masks, and aprons, to lack of availability in central medical stores. 104 (76%) of respondents showed good knowledge of the importance of IPC standards for society, 115 (84%) had suggestions for modification of the protocol, and 137 (100%) reported that there was no protocol for prevention of medical injuries (eg, needlestick injury) as only a post-exposure programme was included in the IPC protocol. Adherence of dental health care providers to the IPC protocol was significantly higher in UNRWA clinics than in MOH clinics (p<0·001). InterpretationThere is an urgent need to develop the IPC protocol for dentistry. Future interventions and training, securing essential IPC materials, and increased monitoring of IPC coverage in MOH and UNRWA clinics will be needed to achieve this goal. FundingNone.

The role of training courses in the professional development of teachers from public school principals’ viewpoints

The study aimed to identify the role of training courses in the professional development of teachers from secondary school principals’ viewpoints in Jordan. The researchers used a descriptive–analytical approach. The study population comprised all the principals of public, private and United Nations Relief and Works Agency schools in Jordan. The researchers selected a random sample of 743 principals, including 333 males and 410 females. The researchers used a questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. The questionnaire comprised 28 items and 3 domains in which validity and reliability were confirmed. The study results showed that the role of training courses in developing teachers professionally in Jordan got an average degree. Also, they showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≥ 0.05) in the estimates of the study respondents. Keywords: Professional development for teachers, school principals, training courses;

Picturing Displaced Persons (DPs), Exhibiting French Prestige?

This article explores how photography documenting humanitarian aid in French-occupied Germany was mobilized to enhance France’s image, against the backdrop of increasing anxieties about its international standing. It draws on images found in the archives of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the French occupation zone , which sat between the ‘official’ and the ‘private’. In doing so, it calls for a recognition of the role of amateur and relief workers photographers in sustaining post-war visual discourses of internationalism and national-self fashioning. Although largely overlooked today, these images play a role in wider debates about what it meant to be ‘French’ in the aftermath of the Nazi occupation. Relief workers and amateur photographers built on and reproduced aspects of the widely disseminated narrative about the universalism of resistance to disrupt images of the zone as a refuge for wartime collaborators. This neglected aspect of humanitarian imagery offers fresh insights into the contribution of these photographers to post-war diplomatic strategies.

IDF21-0331 Diabetes care to Palestine Refugees during COVID 19 pandemic

Background: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established in 1949 and has delivered health care services for over 70 years. The epidemiological transition in disease burden is changing the context in which UNRWA’s health programme operates and poses new challenges that require new ways of providing health services. Hypertension and diabetes are two major health problems for Palestine refugees. UNRWA has been providing diabetes and hypertension care since 1992 in its primary health care centres. Of late, through a structured process of care delivery the UNRWA health system is making significant strides in addressing diabetes and hypertension. Given that most developing countries either have no or only rudimentary services for diabetes and hypertension at the primary care level and may face similar resource and capacity constraints, UNRWA’s efforts can serve as a model and inspiration to set up similar initiatives. Aim: Provision of needed medicines to patients with diabetes at home and vaccination of patients against COVID 19 in close coordination and cooperation of host countries. Method: Deliver of medicines and vaccination to targeted patients with Diabetes as below Since COVID 19 pandemic started UNRWA, Health department developed its emergency plan to continue delivering diabetes care to more than 156,000 as detailed belowTabled 1Morbidity typeJordanLebanonSyriaGazaWest BankAllDiabetes mellitus type I1,1622734071,3926453,879Diabetes mellitus type II11,6053,1523,52514,1526,26438,698Diabetes with hypertension35,85710,98812,38334,63320,077113,938Total48,62414,41316,31550,17726,986156,515 Open table in a new tab Results: Deliver of medicines to all patients at home during lockdown and closures and ensure all safety measures and minimizing the risk for getting the COVID 19. This was accomplished with help of UNRWA staff, community members and volunteers, almost all patients received their medicines during early time of pandemic. From other side once vaccination was available UNRWA with cooperation of Ministries of Health in hosting authorities started vaccination of patients with Diabetes considering them within the vulnerable groups. Discussion: UNRWA health programme managed to ensure continued services during COVID 19 pandemic by delivery of medicines to patients with diabetes in its five areas of. UNRWA with cooperation of Ministries of Health in hosting authorities provided vaccination to patients with Diabetes considering them within the vulnerable groups. through organized work with different stakeholders UNRWA ensured continued care of patients with diabetes during COVID 19.

Anglo-Jewish Humanitarianism and the Jewish Relief Unit, 1943–1950

Abstract The Jewish Relief Unit (JRU) was an Anglo-Jewish humanitarian agency of 213 members that operated across Europe during 1945/50, particularly in the British Zone of Occupation in Germany. JRU staff cared for the hundreds of thousands of Jewish Displaced Persons (DPs) who lingered in United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) assembly centres such as Belsen before their eventual departure for the United States or the new state of Israel. The JRU has remained a somewhat understudied body relative to other Jewish organizations active in DP camps and this article, based on personnel files and field reports archived at London’s Wiener Library and the London Metropolitan Archives, centres JRU aid workers as valuable objects of study in their own right, in line with increased historiographical interest in the backgrounds and world-views of postwar UNRRA operatives. Through an emphasis on materials related to and produced by individual JRU staff members and on the intimate and everyday character of their work, this article suggests that the JRU work among Jewish DPs in Germany was more substantive and consequential than has often been appreciated. More broadly, the work of the JRU is suggestive of the significance of humanitarian relief and reconstruction to postwar Jewish revival in Germany.

Adherence to UNRWA’s anaemia treatment guidelines in the Jerash Camp Health Centre, Jordan: a retrospective observational study

ObjectiveThe United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) provides primary healthcare to 2.2 million Palestinian refugees in Jordan. This study aimed to measure...

Network analysis regarding international organisations and donors of humanitarian aid

This study aims to evaluate the status of the partnerships with important international organizations that Korea employs in operating its foreign aid projects from a humanitarian point of view. On the basis of this information, Korea intends to seek ways of effectively supporting underdeveloped countries through future co-operation with these organizations. The main international organizations analyzed are the World Food Programmer (WFP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the (United Nations) Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). These international organizations support underdeveloped countries through co-operative relationships not only with Korea but also with important donor countries of the OECD. This study focuses on establishing the factors that Korea needs to consider when providing humanitarian aid in the future to underdeveloped countries via such international organizations.