United Nations Recommendations Research Articles

Peace Agreements: Their Nature and Legal Status

The last fifteen years have seen a proliferation of peace agreements. Some 50 percent of civil wars have terminated in peace agreements since 1990, more than in the previous two centuries combined, when only one in five resulted in negotiated settlement. Numerically, these settlements amount to over three hundred peace agreements in some forty jurisdictions. International standards have even begun to regulate peace agreements. United Nations guidelines, guidelines and recommendations of the secretary-general, and Security Council resolutions have all normatively addressed peace agreements: both the processes by which they are negotiated and their substance, particularly with relation to accountability for past human rights abuses.

Decomposition of hydroxylamine/water solution with added iron ion

Decomposition hazards of hydroxylamine (HA)/water solution with and without the addition of iron ion were studied in this paper. Tests were conducted to obtain information about decomposition hazards of HA/water solution following the United Nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. When the heat accumulation storage test was conducted using HA50 wt.%/water solution without the addition of iron ion, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) was 80 °C. Therefore, HA50 wt.%/water solution was not classified with self-reactive substances following the United Nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. Decomposition hazards of HA50 wt.%/water solution with added iron ion were investigated. The concentration of iron ion in sample of HA50 wt.%/water solution without the addition of iron ion was below 1.0 ppm. The range of the concentration of iron ion in sample of HA50 wt.%/water solution with added iron ion was between 1.0 and 5.4 ppm. The thermal stability of HA50 wt.%/water solution decreased by the addition of iron ion in the heat accumulation storage test. HA50 wt.%/water solution with the addition of iron ion was classified with self-reactive substances following the United Nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods. The intensity of the thermal decomposition of HA50 wt.%/water solution increased by the addition of iron ion in the Koenen test.

Influence of heat transport mechanisms on transport classification by SADT-measurement as measured by the Dewar-method

The self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is according to the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods needed for transport classification of goods as class 4.1 (self-reactive). One of the methods recommended to determine the SADT is the Dewar-method. The method is well suited to assess the transport stability of liquids, whereas for solids the assessment errs on the unsafe side. The differences in heat transfer between solids and liquids are explained using cooling curves and classifying them by their Biot and Fourier-numbers and by applying the theories of Semenov and Frank-Kamenetskii for the critical heat release rates.

Estimating Multistate Transition Hazards from Last-Move Data

Following United Nations recommendations, many countries collect or publish internal migration data in last-move form, despite continuing uncertainty among researchers about how to estimate transition rates and probabilities from such information. “Last-move” data are a form of retrospective event history in which the only available information for each observational unit are the state at the time of a survey (ω), the last previous state (ψ), and the time at which the ψ → ω transition occurred. The statistical literature has addressed special cases, but there is still no general method for estimating transition hazards from last-move data. In this article I propose such a method, analyze its performance in a Monte Carlo simulation study, and apply it to migration data from Brazil's 1980 census.

Rock blasting and explosives engineering

Rock Strength and Fracture Properties. Mechanical Drilling and Boring in Rock. Explosives. Shock Waves and Detonations, Explosive Performance. Initiation Systems. Principles of Charge Calculation for Surface Blasting. Charge Calculations for Tunneling. Stress Waves in Rock, Rock Mass Damage, and Fragmentation. Contour Blasting. Computer Calculations for Rock Blasting. Blast Performance Control. Flyrock. Ground Vibrations. Air Blast Effects. Toxic Fumes. Metal Acceleration, Fragment Throw, Metal Jets and Penetration. Explosive Art, Explosive Metal Forming, Welding, Powder Compaction, and Reaction Sintering. Safety Precautions, Rules, and Regulations. Safety in Production of Explosives. United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Appendices: Exercises. Solutions to Selected Exercises. References. Units. Conversion Factors. List of Symbols. Glossary. Indices: Explosives Index. Name Index. Subject Index.

IMPUTED RENT AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION

This paper uses unit record survey data to implement a 1977 United Nations recommendation that imputed rent from owner‐occupied housing be included in household income in statistics collected for income distribution purposes. The conceptual difficulties associated with employing the recommended National Accounts approach are highlighted by a comparison of the methodologies used to impute housing income for National Accounts purposes, for use in income distribution analyses and for income taxation purposes. The empirical difficulties associated with implementing the preferred approach are also discussed. The results reinforce the significant impact owner‐occupation has on the well‐being of many households and point to the importance of a disaggregate analysis of its distributional impact.

UN containers mean marketing flexibility and pollution protection for International Paints

There remains a good deal of confusion as to the scope of the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, and how far they apply to UK firms.

The United Nations Recommendations and Data Efforts: International Migration Statistics

This article provides a critical review of the United Nations’ efforts to improve international migration statistics. The review addresses the challenges faced by the U.N. effort, the direction in which this effort is going, gaps in the current approach, and priorities for future action.

Improving the Comparability of International Migration Statistics: Contributions by the Conference of European Statisticians from 1971 to Date

During the past fifteen years the Conference of European Statisticians, a Principal Subsidiary Body of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the United Nations Statistical Commission, has actively worked on improving the quality and international comparability of international migration statistics. This article summarizes the principal activities the Conference has pursued and the progress it has achieved in this field during this period through its contributions to the preparation and implementation of the United Nations recommendations on international migration statistics, its regular exchange of statistics on international migration flows among member countries and the bilateral studies on international migration member countries are conducting at its request.

The United Nations Recommendations and Data Efforts: International Migration Statistics

The United Nations Recommendations and Data Efforts: International Migration Statistics

Possible Approaches to Improving the International Comparability of Immigration and Emigration Statistics–An Illustration of the Canadian Situation

"This article seeks to highlight the extent of the lack of standardization which exists in the field of international migration statistics and, using statistics for Canada as an example, to illustrate how significant progress towards resolving this problem could be made if sufficient numbers of countries made their immigration and emigration statistics gradually comply more fully with the United Nations recommendations."

United Nations Draft Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses

United Nations Draft Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses

United Nations facts and recommendations

United Nations facts and recommendations

World Meteorological Organization

The first Congress of the World Meteorological Organization, which convened in Paris from March 19 to April 28, 1951, elected Dr. G. Swoboda (Switzerland) Secretary-General. Dr. Swoboda, former chief of the IMO secretariat, was to be director of the permanent secretariat with headquarters in Geneva. WMO officers, who automatically became the officers of the Congress and the Executive Committee, were elected as follows: Dr. F. W. Reichelderfer (United States) President, A. Viaut (France) First Vice President, and N. P. Sellick (Southern Rhodesia) Second Vice President. Six regional associations were set up (Africa, Asia, South America, North and Central America, Europe and the South West Pacific). The Congress approved, with minor modifications, the text of the draft agreement between the United Nations and WMO, which provided for 1) recognition of WMO as a specialized agency; 2) reciprocal representation of the two organizations; 3) coordination with respect to agenda items, United Nations recommendations, and the exchange of information and documents; 4) advisory aid from the International Court of Justice; 5) cooperation with regard to location of WMO headquarters and regional offices, personnel arrangements, statistical and other services, budgetary and financial relationships, inter-agency agreements and liaison arrangements; and 6) implementation of the agreement and possible revision.