United Nations Organizations Research Articles

The Evolution of the United Nations Peacemaking Strategy: The Second Wave of Reform


 From its foundation in 1945 until the present time, the United Nations Organization has gone through a series of reform attempts, some of which have been achieved but not most. However, we can say that the 1990s witnessed more serious and determined attempts to adapt the organization to the surrounding international environment. The aim of these attempts was to keep the organization as the primary sponsor and the most neutral and acceptable party for states and the rest of the international actors, and to have the greatest capacity and the deepest influence in all its interactions. We can describe these attempts and the subsequent reform steps as the second wave, which resulted in a set of practical measures, formulating of new strategies, and the establishing of a number of organizational joints that greatly contributed to the implementation of those strategies in line with the vision of the leaders of the international organization who wanted to move the United Nations to a higher level. of international performance and interaction and taking responsibility in accordance with its principles to which it committed itself and codified it in its charter, but with a new approach that is more modern and interactive than what was prevalent in the past. Therefore, a new pattern of responsibility was formulated that was adopted by the United Nations as a basis for its work, efforts, and endeavors to confront crises and solve problems facing the peoples and countries of the world, and a number of joints were established that are a milestone in relation to those efforts, endeavors, and how the United Nations can Through it, it manages global affairs and its great repercussions, which are becoming more complex and overlapping.
 

Food Security in Emerging Global Situations-Functional Foods and Food Biotechnology Approaches: A Review

People having access to physical, social and economic food that is sufficient, safe and nutritious to meet their dietary needs and food preferences, for an active and healthy life, could be a mirage without the involvement of local communities, in global effort to mitigate malnutrition. World leaders have identified the lacuna in the drive for food security and therefore, seek a sustainable approach through which biotechnology and functional food technology could be tailored to forestall food insecurity, especially in emerging global situations. Consequently, researchers in food microbiology, enzyme biotechnology, among other disciplines are making concerted effort to provide solutions to some emerging world problems such as banditry, wars, climate change, internal displacement, migration, among others. Emphasis on the role of functional foods and biotechnology for sustainable food security should be paramount on the global scale as championed by United Nations Organization (UNO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), World Health Organization/World Bank (WHO/WB) and World Food Programme on Malnutrition. Functional food components such as biotin, carotenoids, lycopene, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, among others could be tailored to reduce the incidences coronary heart diseases, diabetes and free radicals in the body for improved nutrition, while nutritional education, alongside global support and empowerment initiatives for sustainability in agricultural biotechnological approaches would be highly imperative. It is therefore imperative for the global support agencies to reduce malnutrition to emphasize food functionality such as the role of carotenoids, fatty acids, lycopene, vitamins, minerals, biotin, fibre, etc in combating food insecurity through nutritional education, and in farming operations. It is in doing so that the role of food biotechnology would impact positively on the affected population, whereby foods are not just in abundance but also have the ability and capacity to provide the needed food ingredients to functionally prevent cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neutralize free radicals and prevent antioxidant activity in the body.

Dilema Hukuman Mati: Komparasi Antara Konvenan International Terkait Hak Asasi Manusia dan Pandangan Nahdlatul Ulama

The United Nations, through Resolution 77/2022 of the Global Moratorium on the Death Penalty, has encouraged world countries to postpone the death penalty because it is seen as a violation of Human Rights. In this article, the authors compare the arguments by the United Nations and human rights organizations in abolishing the death penalty with the religious views of the largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). The research was conducted using qualitative methods, and data collection techniques were conducted through interviews with informants, namely several Nahdlatul Ulama women activists, as well as literature studies. NU generally approves of the death penalty for perpetrators of serious crimes, such as corruption and subversive acts that threaten national security, as long as there are solid and convincing evidences. NU stated that Islam recognizes the principle of human rights, but the death penalty can be applied to severe crimes to protect the security of the state and protect the right to life of more people. In this study, it was also found that Islamic law (in this case, the verses of the Quran) were in line with the Criminal Code and laws in Indonesia regarding the death penalty.

United nation and collective security

The preamble to the charter of the United Nations Organization states that the maintenance of world peace and security though the combined efforts of its members is the priority for the establishment of the body. The aim of the establishment of an international regime that will enhance an international order policed collectively by all nations found expression in the United Nation. This intention was born from the war time co-operation that led to the success of the Allied forces in World War 11

Transboundary Waters and Their Status in Today’s Water-Scarce World

Approximately 40% of the world’s population lives in transboundary river and lake basins, accounting for an estimated 60% of global freshwater flow. These shared water resources support the livelihoods of more than 3 billion people. Today, with the decrease in the amount of water in the world, the dispute over transboundary waters has increased. In this research, using library studies (including articles, books, reliable reports from the United Nations and other relevant organizations, etc.), problems of the most important transboundary waters have been investigated. Because transboundary water problems are widespread all over the world, solutions by researchers, relevant organizations such as UN sub-organizations, and politicians have been suggested. In this research, emphasizing the cases of diplomacy and hydro-hegemony, risk, water–energy–food nexus, and 5P, this issue is investigated. Finally, by examining the most important problems of transboundary waters all over the world, as well as the most critical cases and using successful experiences in the world in solving transboundary water crises, peaceful proposals to solve such problems and reach sustainable solutions in order to reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been proposed depending on the regional and country conditions of each of these basins.

Il mausoleo di Oljeitu a Soltaniyeh in Iran. Bilanci e prospettive per un sito UNESCO

At the time of the signing of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage the Oljeitu Mausoleum at Soltaniyeh in Iran was already the subject of an international programme of restoration and conservation, in the spirit of collaboration that was to be sanctioned by the same convention. The designer and person in charge of these works was Piero Sanpaolesi. He was already a consultant for the United Nations Organisation and in those same years he directed the Institute of Restoration of Monuments at the Faculty of Architecture in Florence and headed the institution of the same name that he founded at the University of Tehran. The mausoleum commissioned in the early 14th century by Oljeitu, the eighth ruler of the Ilkhān dynasty, in Soltani- yeh, is covered by a dome, made of masonry with a double calotte, which bears similarities to Brunelleschi's dome in Santa Maria del Fiore, and is the third largest in the world. In July 2005 in Durban, the Mausoleum of Oljeitu in Soltaniyeh was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Fifty years after the first restoration work, it is possible to take stock of the effects that the activities carried out, in the spirit of the Heritage Convention, have had on this particular UNESCO site.

Modelling Road Work Zone Crashes’ Nature and Type of Person Involved Using Multinomial Logistic Regression

The sustainable development goals “Good health and well-being” and “Sustainable cities and communities” of the United Nations and World Health Organization, alert governments and researchers and raise awareness about road safety problems and the need to mitigate them. In Portugal, after the economic crisis of 2008–2013, a significant amount of road assets demand investment in maintenance and rehabilitation. The areas where these actions take place are called work zones. Considering the particularities of these areas, the proposed work aims to identify the main factors that impact the occurrence of work zones crashes. It uses the statistical technique of multinomial logistic regression, applied to official data on road crashes occurred in mainland Portugal, during the period of 2010–2015. Usually, multinomial logistic regression models are developed for crash and injury severity. In this work, the feasibility of developing predictive models for crash nature (collision, run off road and running over pedestrians) and for type of person involved in the crash (driver, passenger and pedestrian), considering only one covariate (the number of persons involved in the crash), was studied. For the two predictive models obtained, the variables road environment (urban/rural), horizontal geometric design (straight/curve), pavement grip conditions (good/bad), heavy vehicle involvement, and injury severity (fatalities, serious and slightly injuries), were identified as the preponderant factors in a universe of 230 investigated variables. Results point to an increase of work zone crash probability due to driver actions such as running straight and excessive speed for the prevailing conditions.

A global portrait of expressed mental health signals towards COVID-19 in social media space.

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has induced a mental health crisis. Social media data offer a unique opportunity to track the mental health signals of a given population and quantify their negativity towards COVID-19. To date, however, we know little about how negative sentiments differ across countries and how these relate to the shifting policy landscape experienced through the pandemic. Using 2.1 billion individual-level geotagged tweets posted between 1 February 2020 and 31 March 2021, we track, monitor and map the shifts in negativity across 217 countries and unpack its relationship with COVID-19 policies. Findings reveal that there are important geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic disparities of negativity across continents, different levels of a nation's income, population density, and the level of COVID-19 infection. Countries with more stringent policies were associated with lower levels of negativity, a relationship that weakened in later phases of the pandemic. This study provides the first global and multilingual evaluation of the public's real-time mental health signals to COVID-19 at a large spatial and temporal scale. We offer an empirical framework to monitor mental health signals globally, helping international authorizations, including the United Nations and World Health Organization, to design smart country-specific mental health initiatives in response to the ongoing pandemic and future public emergencies.

Capacity Building as Intervention-Lite: Migration Management and the Global Compacts

ABSTRACT Many states lack the standing capacity – housing, food, medical, or legal assistance – if thousands of people cross their border in one day. In addition, developing countries often lack the administrative capacity, expertise, and legal frameworks to process immigration or asylum applications and issue visas or refugee statuses. In response, the United Nations and other international organisations (IOs) propose to build the capacity of states through direct aid, training schemes, consultancies, twinning programmes, and start-up funds. The 2018 Global Compacts on Refugees (GCR) and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) were in part created with the mandates to ‘build capacity’ in designated states. This article examines how the meaning of capacity building has changed in migration management over the last 70 years. First, we present a brief history of capacity building and theorise capacity building as a form of intervention-lite that relies on the invitation by the host state and reaffirms an absolutist interpretation of sovereignty. The emerging norm of ‘well-managed migration’ asserts that if a state is not able to make migration safe, then the international community has a responsibility to provide resources and training to those national institutions. The article traces this logic of intervention-lite and the norm of ‘well-managed migration’ in the Global Compacts, particularly UNHCR Asylum Capacity Support Group and UN Network on Migration’s capacity building mechanism. Methodologically, we draw on elite interviews, case studies, policy analysis, project workplans, evaluations, UN white papers and reports to examine the concept of ‘capacity building’ as framed in the Global Compacts and its implications for migration management and sovereignty. While the compacts affirm state responsibility for migration management, the GCR and GCM increase the capacity of international organisations to intervene in domestic institutions, rather than increase the capacity of national institutions.

Genealogía de la pobreza energética y del derecho a la energía Racionalidad del cálculo, epigrama “desarrollo” y derechos humanos

From the genealogist’s point of view proposed by Foucault, this essay reconstructs the emergence, potentiality and limits of the notions of “energy poverty” and “right to energy”, which are at their peak in the field of human rights, one of the great contemporary regimes of truth. Both notions have been linked from the outset to a central idea since Hitler’s military defeat: “development”. The energy problem, then, is presented as part of the world agenda as the sustainable and then the sustainable are complementing the developments desired by the state commonwealth agglutinated in the United Nations Organization. At present, these notions allow us to think about the scope of the energy transition.

Gender Representation in Classroom Discourse: A Study of School-Related Gender-Based Violence in Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana

Gender equality and gender-fair representation, across all facets of life, especially in education, has been one of the major agenda of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Massive efforts are fronted by the United Nations (UN) and other International Organisations to reduce or eliminate gender-biases and violence. However, the problem still remains an issue of concern especially in developing and Sub-Saharan African countries. This study is an attempt to re-echo and complement the efforts of the UN in creating sufficient gender-awareness in education. It investigates how gender is represented in the discourses and spontaneous interactions, sentences and utterances in the language classroom. Classroom sessions of 9 language tutors from 3 Colleges of Education spread across 3 regions of Ghana were observed and recorded. In total, 360 minutes of verbal structures were analysed, that is, a duration of 40 minutes each from the 9 class sessions. The data collection instruments were audio-recorders and note taking. The qualitative approach was adopted and thematic analysis was used to analyse the recorded discourses. Mehari and Belete’s (2021) conceptual framework of gender representation was adopted. The main finding of the study was that females were underrepresented relative to males in the classroom discourse. Also, the male pronoun, he, was used as universal term for both genders. The males were also ascribed more prominent professional and educational statuses than the females. The females were ascribed domestic chores, less education and low-esteemed professions. There was never a single time when the feminine pronoun, she, was used as a universal term for both genders. The study concludes that there is yet to be significant improvements in the gender representation of females in language use in the classroom.

The economic effects of the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation

The restrictive measures imposed on the Russian federation concern not only the State but also the entities and some people of power. These measures include the freezing of funds, illegal economic resources of a technical or material nature but also those that are oriented towards the production and use of chemical weapons and/or acts that help and encourage such activity. This research focuses mainly on the type of the aforementioned sanctions by the European Union. This work also seeks to analyze the legal effectiveness of these sanctions within the circle of the United Nations and World Trade Organization (WTO). Finally, the proposal of new types of sanctions, but also the setting of new rules against the Russian federation are the final objective of our work.

Systemic vision of the technological educational context in Latin America

The research aimed to diagnose the reality of Latin America in the technological educational context, from the perspectives of different international organizations. A documentary and interpretive study was designed using discursive hermeneutics to detect the similarities and differences found in the pronouncements made by these organizations; about the use and appropriation of pedagogical solutions based on digital technologies that are fundamental in the countries of this region to guarantee a comprehensive education in accordance with these globalized and post-pandemic times. The international entities selected for analysis, and which served as a reference sample for this diagnosis, were: the World Bank (WB); the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); the United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The diagnosis was oriented towards the perception that these organizations have of the current reality and the solutions offered to solve the obstacles in the face of these realities. The results show discursive disparities regarding the existing technological-educational situation, as well as coincidences related to the aspects proposed to remedy these obstacles. It was concluded that the support received by these organizations around technology-based education in Latin American countries, should not be biased by the interests of the global economy that limit the autonomy of these people.

Fungi as a Source of Edible Proteins and Animal Feed.

It is expected that the world population will reach 9 billion by 2050. Thus, meat, dairy or plant-based protein sources will fail to meet global demand. New solutions must be offered to find innovative and alternative protein sources. As a natural gift, edible wild mushrooms growing in the wet and shadow places and can be picked by hand have been used as a food. From searching mushrooms in the forests and producing single cell proteins (SCP) in small scales to mega production, academia, United Nations Organizations, industries, political makers and others, play significant roles. Fermented traditional foods have also been reinvestigated. For example, kefir, miso, and tempeh, are an excellent source for fungal isolates for protein production. Fungi have unique criteria of consuming various inexpensive wastes as sources of carbon and energy for producing biomass, protein concentrate or amino acids with a minimal requirement of other environmental resources (e.g., light and water). Fungal fermented foods and SCP are consumed either intentionally or unintentionally in our daily meals and have many applications in food and feed industries. This review addresses fungi as an alternative source of edible proteins and animal feed, focusing mainly on SCP, edible mushrooms, fungal fermented foods, and the safety of their consumption.

17 Sustainable Bullshits: A Critical Evaluation

The United Nations Organization (UN) assumes global leadership and strives for a sustainable world. Concurrently, member countries endeavor to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals outlined in 2015. However, there is a pressing need to scrutinize whether these efforts align with truthful and purposeful concepts. Deviating from the right path could lead the world into an irreparable abyss. In this study, we aim to critically evaluate the accuracy of the UN’s sustainability definition and the Sustainable Development Goals derived from it. Our examination has been conducted with an open-minded approach, and we encourage utilizing the results for reevaluation rather than contentious debate. In essence, we contend that the UN’s sustainability definition and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals are fundamentally flawed, warranting the label of “bullshit.” We advocate for those committed to a sustainable world to unite in fostering a society based on simplicity.

Мотив як управлінська основа державотворчого патріотизму нації з позиції стратегіології розвитку держави

The purpose of the article is to elaborate scientific views on the motives that become a modern strategiologic trend in the development of the State, manifested through the State-Creating Patriotism of the Nation (SBPN) with its dominants: qualitative; and quantitative (tax-based). It is allocated and substantiated that the motives have their own characteristic hierarchical nature within the system of manifestation of SBPN and in the strategiology of development, since they are oriented towards a particular person or the State as a whole. It is emphasized that in order to select and analyze in detail the manifestation of characteristic motives as to the issues under consideration, it is necessary to carry out a gradation regarding the classification of citizens according to the fundamental provisions of sociology, in particular through subcultures (that is, groups of people who recognize a certain system of values and are united according to certain social characteristics). It is proved that SBPN represents all that the people in general and every citizen in particular do in the interests of creating an independent, sovereign, civilized State. It is noted that taxes are a quantitative feature and a measure of the motive-actual SBPN to specify the real participation (current and future) of taxpayers in the formation of the financial component of life provision and further development of the State. It is through a purposeful strategiologic activation of the motiveness of SBPN, changing only by 1% the level of shadowing of the world economy, that it is possible to provide up to $ 350 billion of additional tax revenues to the State budget. It is emphasized that the motive and strategic issues of the formation of SBPN should be in the field of view of managers and undergo a specific discussion through large international institutions, in particular through consideration in the United Nations Organisation, since only joint actions can activate the motiveness of State-Creating Patriotism of the Nation at the world level and, among other things, to ensure the effectiveness of additional tax revenues, even reducing the cost of their administration through a real understanding of the participation of each citizen in the creation of his State along with increasing his law-abidingness and patriotic-motive manifestation through dominants.

From Grassroots to the UN — The Role of Faith in Climate Action

The role of faith-based organizations, as well as secular organizations engaging with faith actors, has gained significant momentum. Faith actors have been not only internalizing the spiritual connections to the environment, but also contributing to policy discussions at international conventions through the United Nations (UN) and other multilateral organizations. Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today, and it is an issue that requires a global response. While governments and policymakers have a crucial role to play, the issue of climate change is also the one that touches on the values and beliefs of individuals, communities, and faith groups. In this paper, we will explore the role that faith and religion can play in addressing climate change at the grassroots level and within the UN, using the Faith for Earth Initiative as a global example and the Green Anglicans movement in Southern Africa at the local level. Both local and global actions are necessary to achieve the aspirations of the people in fighting climate change, adapting to its impact, and bringing the voices of ethics and values to environmental policymaking as these actions are inseparable. At the local level, impacts of global decisions are felt but also implemented and in turn such practices can inform global decision-making. This paper demonstrates the lessons learnt, challenges, and opportunities for such local and global engagements.

Did the United Nations Organization Stabilization mission in DRC (MONUSCO) increase or decrease security?

Did the United Nations Organization Stabilization mission in DRC (MONUSCO) increase or decrease security?

Smart neighborhood as a sustainable neighborhood: a comparative study of Al-Ghadeer village (Najaf-Iraq)

The concept of neighbourhood planning has emerged as a new trend in our community and the emphasis has been of utmost importance on districts in cities as the basic independent units of metropolitans in a way similar to that of community formation. Improving neighbourhood structure can improve the standards of living through the introduction of a smart neighbourhood model, making it more suitable for being walked and enhancing the life quality of residents that leading to the upgrading of communal and territory sketch. This work focuses on the problems where neighbourhoods lack aspects that allow the use of technology and affect workable distance and social relations, which are the main pillars of liveability. The hypothesis was to evaluate the neighbourhoods constructed by Najaf Investment Commission, whether the standards for the neighbourhood were applied according to the standards of the United Nations Organization (UN-Habitat) using gap analysis, The study found a gap between the standards adopted in the planning and design of the studied residential complexes (Al Ghadeer Residential Complex) and the criteria and indicators for planning smart neighbourhood model, particularly in the effectiveness of traffic network and the occupied residential area which was greater than the commercial model and less than the specified standards.

Valorisation of environmental effects of scientific conferences addressing transport-environment effects: A case study review

To achieve greater awareness of the effects air transport has on the environment, the International Civil Aviation Organization has developed a web application named Green Meetings Calculator. It is primarily used by United Nations organizations to reduce their carbon emissions from air travel to attend certain meetings. In principle, the ICAO Green Meetings Calculator facilitates the process of selecting an optimal meeting venue by accounting for the carbon footprint. The optimal location is determined by correlating venue location, articulated in terms of accessibility by a direct or one-stop connecting flight, and attendees’ origin. In that respect, this paper presents findings of the application of the ICAO Green Meetings Calculator on the example of a randomly selected scientific conference whose agenda is to mitigate the effects of the aviation industry on the environment. Supported by findings on the effects and optimality of venue location selection, this paper in a broader sense indicates that the academic community should reconsider traditional forms of scientific conferences organization in favor of hosting carbon-neutral events.