Unit Body Research Articles

Control of the spending of educational subsidies for non-public schools by the registering authority

The aim of the article was to analyze legal regulations regarding co-financing of non-public schools in the form of educational subsidies. This funding can never be full, only partial. Collecting subsidies involves controlling the settlement and spending of these funds. For this reason, the governing body of a local government unit is entitled to create a control system that allows for full verification of the use of the subsidy by its beneficiaries. The competences of the inspectors include both the right to enter the school’s premises and access to its organizational and financial documentation as well as documentation of the course of teaching in connection with the subsidy provided. Such broad powers ensure effective control. If it is found that the subsidy has been used contrary to its intended purpose, or has been collected unduly or excessively, the subsidy authority, by way of a decision, determines the amount of the subsidy to be returned to the budget of the local government unit together with interest.

DEVELOPMENT THE MATHEMA-TICAL MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF STRIPED SOIL TREATMENT BY THE METHOD OF DISCRETE ELEMENTS

The paper describes the general characteristics of the Strip-Till technology, its application and the design of Strip-Till cultivators, talks about the prospects of this technology, describes the advantages and disadvantages of the technology and highlights the ways of implementing the technology. Each technology has its advantages and disadvantages and specifics of implementation - Strip-Till is no exception. In some farms, the technology is implemented quite easily and proves its effectiveness after harvesting and summing up, while in other farms it may be the opposite. One of the many reasons for this phenomenon is the design features of strip cultivators, which arise from the creative flight of the developer and the specific agro-climatic conditions for which these units are designed. The culture of work and agrarian business in a particular region also has a significant impact on some design features. For example, it is no secret that the school of mechanical engineering in Europe and the USA has many differences. The article is devoted to the study of the interaction of the working bodies of Strip-Till units with the soil using the discrete element method. The paper considers modern aspects of the application of Strip-Till technology in the world and Ukraine, its advantages and disadvantages, and also analyzes methods for modeling physical processes of soil cultivation. Considerable attention is paid to the development of a mathematical model of soil cultivation by the discrete element method using Hertz-Mindlin contact models, which take into account the adhesion and cohesion of particles. The article provides a calculation algorithm, the main physical and mechanical properties of soil particles, parameters for simulation, and also presents the modeling results. The proposed model allows predicting the dynamics of the interaction of soil particles with working bodies, which will contribute to increasing the efficiency and optimizing the operation of Strip-Till units. The conclusions outline directions for further research to improve the methodology and practical application of the results obtained.

Contribution of goats to climate change: how and where?

This review examines the contribution of domestic goats (Capra hircus) to climate change, particularly through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The review seeks to outline the global numerical importance and physical characteristics of domestic goats; Compare goats with other main livestock species in terms of their climate impacts; Assess the types of environments and farmers most likely to raise goats; Investigate the climate change impacts of raising goats, focusing on variables such as feed sources, management systems (intensive vs. extensive), and methodologies used to measure these impacts. The conclusion is that the negative reputation of goats needs to be re-evaluated, given their importance to poorer farm families and the potential overstatement or misunderstanding of their climate impact. Goats are the third most common ungulate livestock globally, with an estimated population of 1.1 billion. They are particularly suited to harsh environments due to their physiological advantages, such as efficient utilization of fibrous woody material and resilience to extreme climates. Goats are crucial for poorer farmers, especially in lower and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. They provide milk, meat, and other products, are readily sold and have low labour requirements, making them ideal for families with limited resources. Goats emit less methane per unit body weight compared to other ruminants like cattle and sheep. However, the extent of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions varies significantly based on their diet, management system (extensive vs. intensive), and environmental conditions. Extensive systems, where goats forage on natural pastures, may result in low GHG emissions per unit of land area due to carbon sequestration and minimal reliance on high-energy feed. Intensive systems, which use more cultivated energy feed, produce lower methane emissions per unit of product but incur carbon costs arising from feed production. In sum, this review suggests that the negative reputation of goats regarding climate change may be overstated or misunderstood. More research is needed to accurately measure the GHG impacts of goats, considering factors like feed quality, management practices, and carbon sequestration.

STYLISTIC MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING THE IDEA OF THE WORLD’S IRIDESCENCE IN PH.K. DICK’S “UBIK” IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS

The article deals with the formation means of the idea of the world’s iridescence or illusiveness, its stylistic and translation aspects within the textual framework of Ph.K. Dick’s novel “Ubik” and its translat- ed version in Ukrainian. The relevance of the study is defined by general scarcity of current enquiries highlighting stylistic means of moulding the idea of the world’s iridescence in science fiction as well as translation methods of delivering it from English to Ukrainian. The purpose of this scientific inquiry is to identify the stylistic devices that play a role in the delinea- tion of ways in which reality may be reduced to tatters in comparison with a coherent state of things and to pinpoint the translation techniques of rendering the related contexts from English into Ukrainian. The top- icality of the study is determined by the paucity of relevant research focusing on the kernel of the prevail- ing theme in Dick’s “Ubik”, namely illusiveness of reality, and translation techniques and transformations that help adequately deliver the significant sequences from English into Ukrainian. It is argued that the idea in question being the core of the prevailing theme in Dick’s “Ubik” is at- tained by means of incorporating several ontological planes represented by mental constructs, or reali- ties, focalised through the perceptions and personalities of different characters of the novel. Contextu- al and text interpretation analyses enabled the authors to determine and interpret those semantic domi- nants that underpin the formation of the world’s iridescence effect in the novel, namely: “alternate reali- ties”, “dream as a variant of reality”, “changes in time and space”, “changes of forms of consciousness and existence”. It has been proven these dominants’ diegetic interrelation. The idea of the world’s iridescence in the novel is brought about by the literary work’s fluctuating plot convolutions stemming from seemingly incoherent planes of different sections of the novel: a mosaic of the primary diegesis together with several hypo-diegeses comes across as a kind of an ontic hazy maze building up to an overall effect of the world’s fluidity and oscillation. The method of stylistic analysis was applied to interpret stylistic phenomena inherent in the novel in relation to their contribution to the studied idea as those were found functioning in the relevant textu- al microcontexts and enhancing the aforementioned semantic dominants. It was esti mated that expres- estimated that expres- sive means and devices of stylistic syntax constitute four fifths of the whole researched corpus of units, thus playing a major role in the formation of the idea of the world’s illusiveness (those include aposiopesis, rhetoric questions, asyndeton, and nominative sentences) while expressive means and stylistic devices of stylistic semasiology prove much less numerous, accounting for a fifth of the units analysed (presented by metaphors, epithets, similes, antitheses). Among the typical translation methods, instrumental in the rel- evant textual sequences in “Ubik”, a share of lexical and semantic transformations equals 60.2% of the re- searched sets of translation counterparts, with modulation and specification being the dominant ones and logical synonymy, calquing and lexical compensation trailing behind. Grammatical transformations com- pose nearly two fifths (39.8 %) of the researched body of units, the most efficient ones being substitution and word order change. The results of the study enabled understanding the interaction mechanism of semantics of the leit- motif of a literary work, its stylistic representation and translation solutions of its delivery from English into Ukrainian. We envisage the prospects for further research in studying linguistic aspects of cross-cultural conveying symbolic significance of recurring narrative elements.

Use of small-sized units when spreading fertilizers on mountain slopes

BACKGROUND: The results of RD on a laboratory sample of the unit for spreading mineral fertilizers on mountain slopes, which can increase labor productivity and yield rate of mountain forage lands by 15–20%, are presented. AIM: Development of a small–sized laboratory sample of the unit for surface spreading of mineral fertilizers, ensuring accelerated restoration of productive and qualitative functions of natural grass stands of fallow forage lands. METHODS: The technical expertise and testing of the unit and the technology were carried out in the mountainous zone of the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania (Dargava basin, the station of North Caucasian Research Institute of Highland and Piedmont Agriculture) at an altitude of 1540 meters above sea level. The indicators of the test conditions and functional performance of the unit have been determined according to the OST 10.5.1-2000 industry standard. Surface fertilization was carried out according to the OST 10.7.1.-2000. “Testing of agricultural machinery. Machines for applying mineral fertilizers, lime materials and gypsum” industry standard. The study subject was the technology of spreading granular fertilizers, the design of the unit and working bodies: pendulum spreading devices, spreading rates and method of spreading fertilizers. RESULTS: A laboratory sample of the small-sized unit based on the KChG-2.4 cultivator of North Caucasian Research Institute of Highland and Piedmont Agriculture design for surface application of mineral fertilizers has been developed and manufactured. The block module is a hinged frame structure with a tow-lifting device, pendulum spreading tubes and rolling rollers installed on it. The considered motion of the mining unit is across the slope from top to bottom in a shuttle manner with rolling of the sown granules by rolling rollers. The tests were carried out on a rarefied section of the northern slope with a steepness of 13–16° in the area “Sugsadtanrag”. CONCLUSION: The practical application of the small-sized unit for surface spreading of mineral fertilizers with their subsequent rolling in areas in mountainous and foothill zones will ensure a reduction in the degradation processes of slope areas by accelerating the restoration of the quality and quantity of perennial grasses of fallow forage lands.

Clinical diagnostic reference levels and image quality metrics for CT in oncology patients.

In CT, the volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP) and patient's size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) are used as diagnostic reference level (DRL) metrics. To develop clinical local DRL values for CT chest-abdomen-pelvis (CAP) examinations using the CTDIvol, DLP and SSDE, and to determine the image quality achieved. In total, 201 cancer patients were included in the study. The scanning parameters, dose metrics from the CT unit and participants' body mass index (BMI) were documented. The local CT DRL values for CAP examinations were defined as the median and 75th percentiles of the dose distribution. The local DRL values given in terms of median CTDIvol ranged between 8.4 mGy and 12.7 mGy for the different types of cancers. The median DLPs ranged from 848 to 1173.4 mGy.cm for the various cancers. Generally, the radiation dose was directly proportional to the BMI and number of scan phases. Significant differences were observed between the DRLs for the various size-related parameters, number of scan phases and BMI classifications. The image quality was clinically satisfactory. No baseline data for clinical DRL values were available for this medical oncology department. The achieved DRLs were similar to published size-specific DRLs. The image quality was maintained during CT imaging. Dose optimisation and image quality assessment should be implemented to ensure optimal scanning parameters for different cancers in CT CAP examinations. The first size-specific local DRL values for CT CAP investigations carried out on oncology patients in South Africa have been established.

Tracking anthropometric dimensions and grip strength among children, adolescents and adults in an indigenous community of southern Mexico: 1968-1978-2000.

To track body size and proportions, arm dimensions and grip strength in children, adolescents, and adults resident in an indigenous community in Oaxaca who were measured on two or three occasions across surveys in 1968, 1978, and 2000. The three cross-sectional surveys included measures of height, weight, sitting height, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and grip strength in surveys of schoolchildren in 1968 and of schoolchildren, adolescents and adults in 1978 and 2000. Cross-checks of surnames, forenames and ages/dates of birth of participants in the three surveys identified three samples of individuals measured on two occasions (1968-1978, two age groups in 1978-2000) and a subsample of individuals measured in the three surveys. Partial correlations controlling for age at each observation were calculated for each variable in the three sex-specific samples measured on two occasions, and for the subsamples of males and females measured on three occasions. Allowing for variation in age among subsamples, inter-age correlations were moderate to high for stature, moderate for sitting height and estimated leg length, and low to moderate for weight, BMI, arm and estimated arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold, and grip strength. Allowing for the relatively broad chronological age intervals, the inter-age correlations for height, weight and BMI were at the low end, while those for grip strength and for strength per unit body weight for males (though not females) were generally in the range of correlations noted in studies of European samples. Likely associated with improved health, nutritional, and sanitation conditions, obesity and overweight were emerging among adults by 2000. Obesity and overweight in adults paralleled the introduction of mechanized agriculture that reduced routine physical work. Among children, the association of obesity and overweight is likely with increased nutritional availability, but poor choices in diet.

Suspension of Local Government Bodies and Establishment of Receivership During Martial Law

The subject of the article is the analysis of legal provisions regulating the supervisory measure, which is the suspension of the bodies of a local government unit and the establishment of receivership in their place during martial law. The aim is to discuss the procedure for its application and the premises justifying supervisory interference, determining its legal nature and comparing it with similar regulations in Polish law. Considerations in this regard are preceded by comments on constitutionally defined states of emergency, including martial law, in which the title measure is optionally applicable. In the context of martial law, the procedure for its introduction was described and its legal assessment was made. The analysis also covers the principles of operation of public authorities during martial law, including the admissibility of authoritative interference in their organization and functioning, which is useful in explaining the specificity of legal regulations in the examined area. To achieve the goals of the study, the dogmatic-legal method was used. It involves the analysis and interpretation of the texts of legal acts. To the extent required, the article also takes into account administrative court jurisprudence.

Energy cost of running uphill as compared to running on the level with impeding horizontal forces.

We have previously shown that accelerated running on flat terrain is biomechanically equivalent to running uphill at a constant speed. This hypothesis was further investigated comparing the energy cost of running at a constant speed either uphill, or on flat terrain against an equivalent horizontal impeding force, mimicking acceleration. Steady-state O2 consumption and the corresponding energy cost (per unit body mass and distance) were determined on 12 male subjects during treadmill running at speeds between 2.11 and 2.89 m/s: (i) on the level, (ii) uphill at 10 or 20% incline ( ), or (iii) on the level against a horizontal traction force of 10 or 20% of the subject's body weight ( ). This allowed us to estimate the net efficiency ( ) of running against horizontal or vertical forces, as given by the ratio between the additional mechanical work output under , or the corresponding condition, and the difference between the appropriate energy cost above that for running at constant speed on flat terrain. The values when running uphill ( ) amount to 0.35-0.40, whereas those for running against an equivalent impeding force ( ) are about 10% greater (0.45-0.50), a fact that may be due to a greater recovery of elastic energy in the as compared to the condition. Making allowance for these small differences, these data support the view of considering accelerated running on flat terrain biomechanically equivalent to running at a constant speed, up an equivalent slope.

Characterization of Pore Structure and Fluid Mobility of Shale Reservoirs.

Accompanying the commercial exploitation of shale oil and gas in North America, shale oil has gradually become an important resource, sparking great interest among countries around the world in recent years. In this study, focusing on the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Bohai Bay (Eastern China), techniques such as CT, nitrogen adsorption, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to characterize the pore structure and mobility of the shale reservoir. Based on the X-ray CT data, the pore radius of the shale reservoir is in the range 0.5-65 μm, and the pore coordination number is concentrated in the range of 1-4. The shale reservoir is poorly connected. The minimum size of the unit body for establishing the digital core model is 380 μm. Based on the experimental data of nitrogen adsorption and MICP, the pores of shale in the study area are mainly classified as ink-bottle-shaped pores, transition-shaped pores, and flat plate slit-shaped pores. The specific surface area and volume of pores are mainly attributed to meso- and macropores. The movable fluid saturation of shale is distributed from 23.59 to 44.42%, the pore throat radius is distributed from 0.001 to 6 μm, and the lower limit of the movable pore throat radius of shale is distributed between 9.0 and 20.1 nm. The movable fluid porosity is mainly distributed between 0.84 and 4.08%, with an average movable fluid porosity of 2.37%. The findings provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of shale oil resources.

Water retention property and microscopic mechanism of shallow soil in inner dump improved by fly ash and polyacrylamide.

Improving the water retention property of shallow soil in the inner dump is the key step in the sustainable development of mines. In recent years, the use of fly ash to improve the structure of the inner dump and polyacrylamide as an additive to enhance water retention was an effective method. The article used a physical model test, filter paper method, and microstructure analysis method to compare and analyze the water retention property and microstructure of slope-improved soil with different fly ash and polyacrylamide content. The results show that the combined use of fly ash and polyacrylamide improved the water retention property of the amended soil. Fly ash and polyacrylamide had a greater effect on the low suction stage of the amended soil. Polyacrylamide reacted with water and bound soil particles to form aggregates, and the structural unit bodies were a block structure. Fly ash was non-sticky and was a matrix of fine particles, which weakened the bonding effect of polyacrylamide, and reduced the aggregates of soil particles, and the structural unit bodies were a flocculated structure of aggregates mixed with matrix. This, in turn, enhanced the capillary action and improved the water retention performance of the improved soil. In addition, polyacrylamide could connect water molecules, further enhancing the water retention property of the improved soil. The combined use of fly ash and polyacrylamide improved the available water content of improved soil, providing a viable and sustainable solution for improving the comprehensive utilization of fly ash, and laid the foundation for land reclamation at the inner dump.

A new human metabolic rate sensing model optimization and wearable sensor realization

Accurate assessment of metabolic rate is crucial for predicting human thermal comfort. However, many existing instruments are bulky, invasive, and inconvenient. Additionally, wearable metabolic rate measurements have faced long-standing challenges due to a lack of a comprehensive theoretical model with easy-to-measure parameters. This paper optimizes our previously proposed theoretical approach for wearable metabolic rate measurement that incorporates heart rate, whole-body unit heat loss, skin resistance, and body muscle percentage. We have improved the evaluation approach for whole-body unit heat loss by introducing a newly designed convective heat loss coefficient from various body segments. Regarding the wearable sensor design, a heat loss measuring system with serpentine channel was verified as the most suitable design following calibration experiments. We also integrated a modified square-wave-based skin resistance design, resulting in an upgraded integrated metabolic sensor. To validate our sensor and model performance, we conducted experiments with ten subjects of both genders at three temperature conditions (22, 25 and 28 °C) and four levels of activities (rest, tiptoe heel, slight walk, and moderate walk). First, our results demonstrate a strong positive relationship between the metabolic rate obtained by our optimized sensor and Quark CPET instrument, with high coefficients of determination (highest:0.97 from the male group, 0.98 from the female group). Our approach achieved at least 96 % accuracy and less than 2.5 % uncertainty for both groups. Second and increasingly, we found that only one metabolic rate model was required across combined temperature conditions when the person was fixed. Third, the positive relationship was further improved by incorporating whole-body unit heat loss. Finally, we obtained information from different segments on skin temperatures. In summary, our study provides a powerful methodology for predicting and evaluating human metabolic rate through an innovative wearable approach. Our approach and sensor have the potential to substantially contribute to energy-saving efforts in smart buildings.

Impact of online learning on administrationstudents of the Academic Unit of Ahuacatlán.

Online learning is a new educational model that has left much to be desired in the use of the student body of the academic unit of Ahuacatlán (UAAH). The investigation has a quantitative approach with a non-experimental and descriptive design, whose objective is to analyze the level of learning in the academic achievement of UAAH students, who have experimented with the use of digital platforms in their training process. online. The research question is answered through a Likert scale questionnaire with 11 items, applied among 90 business administration students. The answer show that students are more comfortable with classroom classes than virtual classes, that their failure rate does not increase and that the teacher training was not correct. It can be concluded that significant knowledge in students is generated more in person.

Gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi w czasie kryzysu geopolitycznego z punktu widzenia budżetu gminy

The article aims to present the problem of paying for municipal waste management in the face of the influx of refugees caused by the war in Ukraine. The number of people residing in Poland has significantly increased, and as a result more waste is generated. The authors analyse current legal regulations and judgments of administrative courts and the Constitutional Tribunal to determine who is obliged to pay the municipal waste management fee and what proper steps this entity should take. Due to the nature of the problem, the dogmatic-legal method was used to analyse the texts of legal acts, court decisions and available literature. The solution proposed by the authors can be used in practice by the bodies of local government units adjudicating the determination of the municipal waste management fee amount.

Training, Nutrition, and Sports Supplement Strategies of an Elite Female Masters Cyclist: A Case Study

Background: The purpose of this case report was to compare the training, diet, and supplement strategies of a 54-year-old female national-class cyclist to what is typically recommended in the literature. Methods: This case study examined the training, nutrition, and supplement strategies of a 54-year-old Masters female cyclist who won the 2023 USA Cycling Time Trials. Data was acquired via a smartwatch that the athlete wore in all of her training sessions over 29 weeks, outlining the volume of training as well as macronutrient and supplement consumption. Results: Her average weekly training volume was 167.0±61.4 miles (268.8±98.8 km; mean ± standard deviation [SD]). The number of training sessions per week was 8.4±2.1. In addition, the percentage of the weekly training sessions that consisted of high-intensity interval training was 55.3±20.1 %. Her mean energy intake was 2444±101 kcal or 36.6 kcal/kg. Her macronutrient intake was 228±33 grams (g) of carbohydrate, 95±34 g of fat, and 196±25 g of protein. Expressed per unit body weight daily (kilograms or kg), her macronutrient intake was 3.3 g/kg carbohydrate, 1.4 g/kg fat, and 2.9 g/kg protein. After 29 weeks of training, the athlete won first place in the 30k USA Cycling Time Trial (Masters) with an average speed of 23.35 miles per hour (37.6 km/hr.). Conclusions: The results highlight that for this particular female athlete, consuming a high-protein diet coupled with a moderate intake of carbohydrates is a viable strategy for endurance events (e.g., cycling time trials). It should also be noted that the majority of her training sessions consisted of interval training.

Comparability of comparative toxicity: insect sensitivity to imidacloprid reveals huge variations across species but also within species.

Pesticides have been identified as major drivers of insect biodiversity loss. Thus, the study of their effects on non-pest insect species has attracted a lot of attention in recent decades. In general toxicology, the 'gold standard' to assess the toxicity of a substance is to measure mass-specific LD50 (i.e. median lethal dose per unit body mass). In entomology, reviews attempting to compare these data across all available studies are lacking. To fill this gap in knowledge, we performed a systematic review of the lethality of imidacloprid for adult insects. Imidacloprid is possibly the most extensively studied insecticide in recent times, yet we found that little is comparable across studies, owing to both methodological divergence and missing estimates of body mass. By accounting for body mass whenever possible, we show how imidacloprid sensitivity spans across an apparent range of approximately six orders of magnitude across insect species. Very high variability within species can also be observed owing to differences in exposure methods and observation time. We suggest that a more comparable and comprehensive approach has both biological and economic relevance. Ultimately, this would help to identify differences that could direct research towards preventing non-target species from being negatively affected.

Financial Security and Invoicing in Management of Public Enterprises Whose Founders are Local Self-Government Units, Example Republic of Serbia

The purpose of the study was to analyze two forms of invoicing in the operations of public companies that were established by local self-government units in the Republic of Serbia. At the same time, to point out the importance of introducing electronic invoicing in regular business. The author's focus was on the comparison of classic and electronic invoicing with the aim of improving the future financial reporting of companies according to the administrative bodies of local self-government units. The analysis of this process was carried out through a threefold observation of the evaluation, namely: employees, top management of the company and management of the administrative bodies of local self-government units. Our contribution is reflected in the fact that we discovered that there are large differences in the level of significance of the t test, i.e. they are less than the threshold level of significance for all analyzed factors (p<0.0005*) in all 6 analyzed factors and in their total observation, between classical and electronic invoicing. Also, higher values were obtained when evaluating electronic invoicing compared to classical financial reporting of public companies, which indicates the importance of introducing the mentioned form of financial reporting.

Tibia properties in broilers raised on their own commercial diets with different growth rates and sex during a 10-week rearing period.

Genetic selection applied to broilers results in fast growth and an increase in meat yield. However, this situation causes welfare problems in broilers. The aim of this study is to determine the weekly changes in the tibia characteristics in broilers raised on their own commercial diets. In the study, 168 (84 female and 84 male) slow-growing (Hubbard-Isa Red JA) and 168 (84 female and 84 male) fast-growing (Ross-308) day-old broiler chicks were used. Six broilers from each genotype and sex group were weighed weekly and slaughtered to determine the tibia properties during the 10-week fattening period. Fast-growing broilers had higher tibia weight and longer length, diaphysis diameter and medullary canal diameter than those of slow-growing broilers at the same age. In fast-growing genotypes, the cortical index was low only in the 2nd week, and Robusticity and Seedor indices were observed to be better throughout the whole fattening. The ash content of the total tibia in the fast-growing broilers was higher in all of the examined weeks except the 4th week and the 9th week of fattening than that in the slow-growing broilers. Although the amount of ash per unit body weight in the 1st week of fattening was higher in fast-growing broilers, this situation reversed after the 4th week. The level of all minerals examined in total tibia weight is high in fast-growing broilers, and they differed according to the fattening period. When comparing tibia characteristics of two different genotypes fed their own commercial diets, the tibia structure was found to be stronger in fast-growing broilers compared to other genotypes at the same age, but slow-growing broilers were more prominent in terms of body weight. It was observed that the mineral density was higher in male broilers, except in the 1st week.

Scientific and Technical Basis for the Development of an Induction Heating Unit for Milk Pasteurization

Introduction. Induction heating is a preferred heating technique for industrial, medical and consumer systems, because it has a number of advantages over traditional heat transfer methods. The advantages include energy efficiency, heating rate, safety of operation, cleanliness of the process, low metal consumption, simple design, and precise control of the temperature of the heated raw materials. An induction heating unit is especially important for farms involved in processing of milk and producing milk-based products. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at developing a prototype unit for long-term pasteurization of milk using a container heated by induction currents and at selecting optimal operating conditions for the developed prototype unit. Materials and Methods.There was used 3D modeling in the KOMPAS-3D computeraided design system to develop the main components of a milk pasteurization prototype unit with induction heating. The container for raw materials, stirrer and lid are made of stainless steel AISI 304 and AISI 430. The inductor is a frame made of polymer material with a litz wire arranged in a spiral manner. The body of the prototype unit is made of aluminum composite material. The developing and debugging of the electronic circuit of the prototype unit power part was carried out with the use of the design program Proteus 7.10. The microcontroller Mega 2560 was used to make the power part of the electromagnetic induction generation unit. The controlled temperature was monitored by using the waterproof temperature sensor DS18B20. A thermal imager was used to visualize the propagation of the thermal field over the surface of the container walls. Results. The structure diagram of the developed prototype unit with induction heating for long-term pasteurization of milk is presented. The article gives grounds to the use of the necessary elements and actuators in the unit for pasteurization of milk in a container heated by induction currents. There are presented a diagram of the developed power part for the prototype unit and the results of testing it when heating containers made of various materials. An algorithm has been developed to control the operation and PID regulation of the milk pasteurization in an experimental unit with the use the Raspberry Pi microcomputer. The graphs of transient processes when changing the coefficients of PID temperature control are presented. Discussion and Conclusion. When testing the induction heating principle on stainless steels of different compositions, it has been concluded that for the efficiency of heating the container, there is required a ferromagnetic steel pad welded on top of the main container made of food-grade stainless steel. The developed system of inductors made it possible to create a prototype unit with two heating zones depending on the volume of processed raw materials that is important for small farms engaged in processing milk and producing milk-based products.

The importance of intravenous glucose tolerance test glucose stimulus for the evaluation of insulin secretion

For 100 years, the Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has been used extensively in researching the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and AIRg—the IVGTT-induced acute insulin response to the rapid rise in circulating glucose—is a key measure of insulin secretory capacity. For an effective evaluation of AIRg, IVGTT glucose loading should be adjusted for glucose distribution volume (gVOL) to provide an invariant, trend-free immediate rise in circulating glucose (ΔG0). Body weight-based glucose loads have been widely used but whether these achieve a trend-free ΔG0 does not appear to have been investigated. By analysing variation in AIRg, ΔG0 and gVOL with a range of IVGTT loads, both observed and simulated, we explored the hypothesis that there would be an optimum anthropometry-based IVGTT load calculation that, by achieving a trend-free ΔG0, would not compromise evaluation of AIRg as an index of beta cell function. Data derived from patient and research volunteer records for 3806 IVGTT glucose and insulin profiles. Among the non-obese, as gVOL rose, weight increased disproportionately rapidly. Consequently, the IVGTT glucose load needed for an invariant ΔG0 was progressively overestimated, accounting for 47% of variation in AIRg. Among the obese, ΔG0 was trend-free yet AIRg increased by 11.6% per unit body mass index, consistent with a more proportionate increase in weight with gVOL and a hyperinsulinaemic adaptation to adiposity-associated insulin resistance. Simulations further confirmed our hypothesis by demonstrating that a body surface area-based IVGTT load calculation could provide for a more generally invariant IVGTT ΔG0.