Unitary System Research Articles

Numerical cognition: Unitary or diversified system(s)?

Many researchers, including Clarke and Beck, describe the human numerical system as unitary. We offer an alternative view - the coexistence of several systems; namely, multiple systems (general magnitude, parallel individuation, and symbolic) existing in parallel, ready to be activated depending on the task/need. Based on this alternative view, we present an account for the representation of rational numbers.

Demystifying the development of a structurally marginal pattern: A case study of the wa-initiated responsive construction in Japanese conversation

This study examines the nature of multiplicity in grammar through an analysis of the development of a marginal syntactic construction in Japanese conversation. This construction, wa-initiated responsive construction (WRC), starts with a dependent particle, the topic postposition ‘wa’. It appears only in spoken conversation, particularly in the response part of question-answer pairs. We provide evidence indicating that the particle ‘wa’ in the WRC has been grammaticalized into a marker with an interactional function. The WRC, therefore, is not just a ‘pragmatic variant’ but constitutes a structurally different construction. We propose an analysis that the marginal syntax emerged out of analogical association with the phenomenon of co-construction and also with an utterance template that has an initial interjectional expression. These two constructional templates in combination provided the basis for the development of this structurally rather unusual construction. We identify motivations for this development in the functional characteristics of the communicative environment of conversation: interactionality and sensitivity to social relationships. This development shows that, within a single language, different constructions can be formed in response to different communicative environments, which in turn suggests that a grammatical system consists of multiple sets of grammars rather than a single unitary system.

Translanguaging as an Instructional Strategy in Adult ESL Classroom

The use of the first language (L1) in adult second (L2/SL) or foreign language (FL) classrooms has always been a bone of contention over the past few decades. Many are in favor of L1 use terming it as constructive and facilitating for language learning while some disapprove that practice and identify it as a hindrance to the teaching and learning of a language. Of late, the concept of translanguaging has added a new dimension to this long-standing debate of using L1 in teaching/learning L2 since it basically insists on viewing languages as a single unitary system as opposed to the traditional linguistic perception of L1 versus L2. However, there have only been a very few studies on translanguaging with particular emphasis and attention given to ESL/EFL adults at the college/university level. This research study thus attempts to shed light on the theoretical underpinnings of this L1-L2 dichotomy and discuss how translanguaging differs from the customary notion of using L1 in the adult L2 classroom. This study uses a qualitative research method that exclusively uses the relevant secondary references/works available on the topic. The results demonstrated that both translanguaging and the notion of L1use in the L2 classroom are pedagogically similar as both allow the use of L1 in L2 classrooms at varying degrees though theoretically, they are different.

Two routes to precarious success: Australia, New Zealand, COVID-19 and the politics of crisis governance

Australia and New Zealand are routinely presented as sharing more in common than the federal and unitary systems separating them. As two modernising Antipodean settler societies, their governing trajectories have embraced waves of public administration/management reform. Shared pathways seem matched by their relative, although precarious and fragile, early successes in the crisis challenges of COVID-19. This article contextualises and examines one crucial point of separation: two very different crisis governance routes to such outcomes. Australia’s federal variant of multi-level governance, more used to addressing diverse regional challenges than shared national threats, has been characterised by an evolving balancing act of multi-jurisdictional agendas and bureaucratic–political conflicts. By contrast, New Zealand’s unitary system of governance, well-versed in the centralisation of power, has produced lower levels of intergovernmental conflict. Our analysis of these differing pathways also makes a contribution to our conceptual understanding of successful crisis governance.Points for practitionersAdministrative arrangements based around federal or unitary systems are both quite capable of contributing to successful outcomes. Essential for both are inclusive crisis discussions that are consistent with the norms of the respective systems. Success can be fragile, especially in a pandemic. Appropriate inclusive discussions can facilitate responses to cascading crisis developments and act as a safeguard against complacency.

The Constitutional Identity of Contemporary China – The Unitary System and its Internal Logic, written by Han, Zhai

The Constitutional Identity of Contemporary China – The Unitary System and its Internal Logic, written by Han, Zhai

Nonlinear quantum neuron: A fundamental building block for quantum neural networks

Quantum computing enables quantum neural networks (QNNs) to have great potentials to surpass artificial neural networks (ANNs). The powerful generalization of neural networks is attributed to nonlinear activation functions. Although various models related to QNNs have been developed, they are facing the challenge of merging the nonlinear, dissipative dynamics of neural computing into the linear, unitary quantum system. In this paper, we establish different quantum circuits to approximate nonlinear functions and then propose a generalizable framework to realize any nonlinear quantum neuron. We present two quantum neuron examples based on the proposed framework. The quantum resources required to construct a single quantum neuron are the polynomial, in function of the input size. Finally, both IBM Quantum Experience results and numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

A possible route towards dissipation-protected qubits using a multidimensional dark space and its symmetries

Quantum systems are always subject to interactions with an environment, typically resulting in decoherence and distortion of quantum correlations. It has been recently shown that a controlled interaction with the environment may actually help to create a state, dubbed as “dark”, which is immune to decoherence. To encode quantum information in the dark states, they need to span a space with a dimensionality larger than one, so different orthogonal states act as a computational basis. Here, we devise a symmetry-based conceptual framework to engineer such degenerate dark spaces (DDS), protected from decoherence by the environment. We illustrate this construction with a model protocol, inspired by the fractional quantum Hall effect, where the DDS basis is isomorphic to a set of degenerate Laughlin states. The long-time steady state of our driven-dissipative model exhibits thus all the characteristics of degenerate vacua of a unitary topological system.

Default mode network subsystem alterations in bipolar disorder during major depressive episode

BackgroundDefault mode network (DMN) has been widely reported to be altered in bipolar disorder during major depressive episode (BDD). Recent studies supported the idea that DMN is not an unitary system, but composed of smaller and distinct functional subsystems. The current study aimed to investigate the abnormal functional connectivity (FC) patterns of DMN subsystems in BDD. MethodsSeed-based FC method was applied to extract 11 DMN components in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from 40 patients with BDD and 63 demographically matched healthy controls. ResultsPatients showed reduced FC between precuneus and all three DMN subsystems. Additionally, in the midline core, patients revealed increased FC between posterior cingutate cortex (PCC) seed and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. In the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe subsystems, patients demonstrated increased FC with sensorimotor, visual, and salience network regions. Furthermore, the abnormal FC between the PCC seed and precuneus was correlated with high pessimism. LimitationsOur sample size is relatively small, limiting the power to detect subtle group differences and significant correlations between brain connectivity and clinical variables. In addition, most of our patients have been treated with medications. ConclusionOur findings revealed the abnormal FC patterns of DMN subdivision circuits and highlighted these abnormalities were associated the pathological mechanisms in BDD.

THE FIRST EDUCATION LAW IN ROMANIA AND THE EFFECTS OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION

In modern Romania, the legal protection of the right to education has played an important role in the activity of government, parliament and political parties in general. A turning point in defining the national educational policy was the elaboration of the Public Education Law in 1864. By expressing the ideal of the revolutionary generations of 1848, this law addressed the principle of free and compulsory primary education. The progress of the Romanian society depended on applying this principle. On November 25, 1864, Al. I. Cuza enacted the Public Education Law, the first law to provide a unitary learning system for both principalities. The provisions of this law extended to both public and private educational institutions and regulated education at all levels (Bârsănescu and Bârsănescu, 1978). The fundamental principles of this law are: unitary and mandatory character, gratuity, and as a premiere in our legislation, equal access to education regardless of gender (Legea instrucţiunii publice, 1864, Art. 31).

Federalism in Pakistan: A Conflict Management Tool to Manage Ethnic Diversities (2002-2012)

Federations can be different at the level of centralism and in practices of governance. Due to such idiosyncratic features, states can be considered as centralized on the basis of the powerful federal government at the centre or decentralized because of the implementation of the theory of devolution of power and majoritarian federations due to the influential position of majority ethnic groups of the society. Certain federal states can apply a multi-dimensional system of governance, power and authority, while some other states can ascent more centralized and powerful governance. Some scholars alleged that the capability of the Federal state to meet the issue of ethnic diversity diverges transversely to its commitments and different structures. The aforementioned is further claimed that “a formal federal system functions in practice as a unitary system; the system's capacity is not according to the needs to accommodate ethnic and national cleavages” (Kohli, 2004). On the basis of such suggestions, this research paper endeavors to examine federalism as a tool to manage ethnic diversities in Pakistan. This paper argues that a more effective paradigm of the power sharing mechanism can be fruitful to enable federalism in Pakistan to manage ethnic diversities more exclusively.

Balancing Nigerian Federal System: The Politics and Economics of a Federation.

This paper discusses the efforts that have been made since Nigeria became independent in 1960 to balance her federal system. These efforts include balancing the territorial structure, creation of states, the power structure between the central and state governments, balancing inform of revenue allocation formulae and balancing by the adoption of federal character principle. Thus, to what extent have these efforts succeeded in balancing Nigerian federal system? Today, however, the efforts continue as Nigerian federal system is being confronted by the clamour for restructuring. The paper concludes by recommending a review of the current federal system which is being practiced more like a unitary system.

The Doctrine of Modern Unitarism: Problems of Formation and Realization

The conceptual problems of the formation of the national doctrine of unitarism are covered. Recognizing the fact that the most multifaceted and complex problem is the establishment of the optimal form of government in Ukraine, it is proposed to introduce a separate vector in national constitutional science and education. In spite of the fact that in the field of political and legal science in general and modern constitutionalism, the issue of unitarism is quite actively discussed by scholars, scientists, politicians and public figures, the scientific knowledge in this field remains extremely controversial and fragmentary. Analyzing the complex of essential and substantive characteristics of unitarism as a phenomenon of modern constitutional law, outlines perspective directions of development of the unitarian doctrine. The synergistic connection between the theory of modern unitarism, the principles of unitarity of the state territory and the fundamental institutions of political-legal and state-administrative life of modern unitary states is shown. It proves that the unitary system is not only one of the important components of the process of achieving the tasks, goals and functions of most modern states, but also an immanent feature and strategic element of the mechanism of exercising their sovereign rights. Considering that unitarism is a multidimensional socio-political and constitutional phenomenon: it is an idea, a theory, a scientific direction, and a global social and constitutional practice, and a constitutional form of the existence and functioning of territorial communities, and the historical state of national statehood and Ukrainian regional civilization, and the form of realization of national identity and citizenship, etc., concludes the relevance and necessity of forming a unitarianist discourse in modern constitutional law science and education. In the opinion of the author, consistent conceptualization and institutionalization of the unitarianist doctrine will allow us to understand the deep processes that determine the emergence of the phenomenon of national unitarism, testify to the enormous civilizational role and axiological, ontological, epistemological, functional and psycho-logical features in the course of its political structuring, formation of market economy relations, implementation of eco-humanistic national security and defence. Keywords: unitarism, unitarian, territory, state, state system, unitary system, administrative and territorial system.

Comparative analysis of production performance in integrated aquaculture system and single system of production of fish, rice, poultry and pig

As the population of Nigeria continue to increase rapidly, there is corresponding increase in demand for food. In order to secure food security of the growing human population, it is imperative that a suitable agricultural production system that will meet the increasing demand for food be embraced. An important way of increasing agricultural production is through Integrated Aquaculture (IA). IA is known to diversify production thereby ensuring increase productivity and profitability in an ecofriendly manner. This project assesses the productivity of IA as a method of increasing food production. Two integrated combinations, Fish, Rice cum Poultry (FRPo) and Fish, Rice cum Pig (FRPi) were studied for production performance for period of one year. Comparison between productivity of (FRPo), (FRPi) and single system of production of fish, rice, poultry and pig were carried out. Seventeen farms (five fish farms, five poultry farms, five pig production farms and two rice plantations) were selected for the comparison based on their close proximity with the research site so as to reduce spatial error and error due to the influence of climate and weather. Production performance data were monitored daily in the IA systems and in-depth interview was used to collect information on single system of production of rice, fish, poultry and pig. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics such as mean, median, and frequency using SPSS version 22. The result of production performance showed that the average weight of fish under FRPo at 12 weeks was 309.9±1.78g; the feed conversion ratio and percentage survivability of the fish under this system were 1.39 and 72.6 respectively; while twenty five kilogram of rice was harvested per 50m². Also, the average weight of fish under FRPi at 12 weeks was 179±1.3g; the feed conversion ratio and percentage survivability of the fish under this system were 1.25 and 50 respectively; twenty eight kilogram of rice was harvested per 50m² under FRPi. The average feed conversion ratio and percentage survivability of fish under the single system of production studied were 1.1 and 78.99 respectively and average weight of rice harvested per 50m² was 11.3kg. Integrated fish farming was more productive and profitable than unitary system of farming as it ensured a spread of financial risk because of its varied and diversified nature in rearing of fish, animals and crops. The research studied also shows that IA offers cost saving strategy of operation in the manner that conserve the ecosystem by converting wastes to resources. IA therefore is a more productive system than the unitary system of production.

Eigenstate Thermalization and Disorder Averaging in Gravity.

Naively, resolving the black hole information paradox requires microscopic details about quantum gravity. Recent work suggests that, instead, a unitary Page curve can be recovered by adding disorder-averaged replica instantons to the path integral, though their origin is unclear. In this Letter, we show how replica instantons and disorder averaging emerge naturally in an effective theory built from typical microscopic states. We relate replica instantons to a moment expansion of simple operators, and find a microcanonical description in terms of wormholes and Euclidean black holes.

Dilations of dual g-frame generators for an abstract wavelet system

In this paper, we study the dilation of g-frame generators and the dual g-frame generators for an abstract wavelet system. By the semi-orthogonality of a special unitary system, we prove the dual g-frame generators can be dilated to a pair of dual g-Riesz basis generators for some larger Hilbert space. We first show the existence of the dual g-frame generators with the same structure of a g-frame generator for a unitary system. We then get a sufficient and necessary condition for the existing of the dual g-frame generators for unitary groups on a subspace.

Fiscal Decentralization in Somaliland: Challenges and the Way Out

After regaining its independence, Somaliland made a unitary system of governance in which the constitution establishes central government with regional and local governments. where Local governments provide basic services as per their capacity. The number of districts, their hierarchy, and boundaries were to be [and are still to be] defined by law. Donors and UN Agencies introduced Joint Program for Local Governance and Decentralization (JPLG) which has been operational in Somaliland since 2008, supporting decentralization. Nonetheless, decentralization efforts in Somaliland, particularly those pertaining to fiscal affairs face many challenges. The main aim of this study is to explore key fiscal decentralization challenges and available options for a better fiscal decentralization system. There is unnecessary increase of districts based on tribal political motivations many of them with limited taxable economic base and their dependency on electoral districts in elections. Subsidy allocations to local governments are not based on assessed physical and socioeconomic factors and have not been predictable nor fairly distributed. Districts with custom posts receive municipal tax revenue which raises local government budget over comparable districts. unless addressed with equalization funds such budget inequality among local governments in the process of decentralization will have a negative disparity in the services provided and livelihoods among districts. Other challenges include poor legal framework and limited institutional capacity. However, Somaliland should rethink the type of decentralization to adopt, review policies and regulatory frameworks applied to subnational governments to reflect best practices . Key Words ; Fiscal Decentralization, Somaliland, local governments/districts. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-6-09 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Time-Dependent Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians and a Hidden Geometric Aspect of Quantum Mechanics.

A non-Hermitian operator H defined in a Hilbert space with inner product may serve as the Hamiltonian for a unitary quantum system if it is -pseudo-Hermitian for a metric operator (positive-definite automorphism) . The latter defines the inner product of the physical Hilbert space of the system. For situations where some of the eigenstates of H depend on time, becomes time-dependent. Therefore, the system has a non-stationary Hilbert space. Such quantum systems, which are also encountered in the study of quantum mechanics in cosmological backgrounds, suffer from a conflict between the unitarity of time evolution and the unobservability of the Hamiltonian. Their proper treatment requires a geometric framework which clarifies the notion of the energy observable and leads to a geometric extension of quantum mechanics (GEQM). We provide a general introduction to the subject, review some of the recent developments, offer a straightforward description of the Heisenberg-picture formulation of the dynamics for quantum systems having a time-dependent Hilbert space, and outline the Heisenberg-picture formulation of dynamics in GEQM.

Building Culturally and Linguistically Sustaining Spaces for Emergent Bilinguals: Using Read‐Alouds to Promote Translanguaging

AbstractMultilingual students arrive in classrooms with rich language knowledge and funds of knowledge. Educators must recognize that emergent bilinguals speak multiple languages. They have one unitary language system; their language is bilingualism. Whether in a monolingual classroom setting or a multilingual setting, when working with emergent bilinguals, it is important that all of the students’ linguistic resources are welcomed into the classroom. The author describes how, as a first‐grade dual‐language (Spanish–English) teacher, she used children's literature and translanguaging to support her emergent bilinguals in using all of their linguistic resources to make meaning and build a linguistically sustaining space. The use of the text created a space for the teacher to model translanguaging and for the students to use all of their linguistic resources.

Conceptual Problems of Modern Unitarianism

The aim of the article is to study the essential and substantial characteristics of unitarism as a phenomenon of modern constitutional law. The synergistic connection between the doctrine of modern unitarism, the principles of unitarity of the state territory and the fundamental institutions of political-legal and state-administrative life of modern unitary states is shown. It proves that the unitary system is not only one of the important components of the process of achieving the tasks, goals and functions of most modern states, but also an immanent feature and strategic element of the mechanism of exercising their sovereign rights.
 The complexity, importance and relatively widespread use of unitarity as a form of government is causing a lively and ever-growing scientific interest in it throughout the world. The unique ability of Unitarianism to take into account the specific features of a particular condition allows it to manifest itself in each case in a new way. That is why it is important to analyze the mutual influence of unitary theory and practice, to explore and take into account the peculiarities of national unitarism.
 The problem of unitarism and the unitary form of the territorial structure of the state and the status of its constituents is one of the least studied in domestic constitutional law. Modern representatives of the science of constitutional law, as a rule, are limited to consideration of individual issues of the territory, in particular, the features of the territorial organization of state power and local self-government, problems of state sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability, etc. To a large extent, a lack of study of the problem in contemporary Ukraine causes difficulties in understanding such interrelated but not identical phenomena as unitarism and unitarity, regionalism and regionalization, municipalism and municipalization, decentralization and deconcentration, etc. It should be noted that in modern literature on issues of state territory, territorial organization of state power, and other issues of the status of territory, the complex, multidimensional nature of unitarianism as a constitutional category is not always taken into account.
 Unitarianism is proved to be a multidimensional socio-political and constitutional phenomenon: it is an idea, a theory, a scientific direction, and a global social and constitutional practice, and a constitutional form of the existence and functioning of territorial communities, and the historical state of national statehood and Ukrainian regional civilization. and the form of realization of national identity and citizenship, etc.

On some operators and dilations of frame generator and dual pair of frame generators of two structured unitary systems

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the dilations of frame generators and pairs of dual frame generators of two special structured unitary systems for Hilbert spaces, i.e. the product unitary system and group-like unitary system. We first introduce certain operators which are associated with the frame generators of the unitary system and some properties of the operators are established. Then, as an application, we show that the canonical dual of a frame of group-like unitary systems remain the group-like structure. And we use these properties to study the dilations of the frame generators and dual pairs of frame generators of these two types of unitary systems.