Unitary Quantum Theory Research Articles

Quantum tunneling from Schwarzschild black hole in non-commutative gauge theory of gravity

In this letter, we present the first study of Hawking radiation as a tunneling process within the framework of non-commutative (NC) gauge theory of gravity. First, we reconstruct the non-commutative Schwarzschild black hole (NC SBH) within the gauge theory of gravity, employing the Seiberg-Witten (SW) map and the star product. Then, we compute the emission spectrum of outgoing massless particles using the quantum tunneling mechanism. In the first scenario, we calculate the tunneling rate of massless particles crossing the event horizon of the NC SBH with lower frequencies. Our results reveal pure thermal radiation. Notably, we find that the Hawking temperature remains consistent in both the classical thermodynamics and the quantum tunneling approach, suggesting equivalence between these two approaches in NC spacetime. However, in the case of massless particle emission with higher frequencies, we account for energy conservation resulting in the tunneling rate to deviate from pure thermal radiation. This tunneling rate remains consistent with an underlying unitary quantum theory. We establish a relationship between this deviation and the change in the black hole entropy, revealing a logarithmic correction to the entropy within this geometry. Furthermore, we demonstrate that non-commutativity enhances the correlations between two successively emitted particles. Additionally, we determine the NC density number of particle emission and conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.

Determining the normalization of the quantum field theory vacuum, with implications for quantum gravity

In a standard quantum field theory the norm of the vacuum state is taken to be finite. In this paper we provide a procedure, based on constructing an equivalent wave mechanics, for determining whether or not actually is finite. We provide an example based on a second-order plus fourth-order scalar field theory, a prototype for quantum gravity, in which it is not. In this example the Lorentzian path integral with a real measure diverges though the Euclidean path integral does not. Thus in this example contributions from the Wick rotation contour cannot be ignored. Since is not finite, use of the standard Feynman rules is not valid. And while these rules not only lead to states with negative norm, they in fact lead to states with infinite negative norm. However, if the fields in that theory are continued into the complex plane, we show that then there is a domain in the complex plane known as a Stokes wedge in which one can define an appropriate time-independent, positive and finite inner product, viz. the overlap of left-eigenstates and right-eigenstates of the Hamiltonian; with the vacuum state then being normalizable, and with there being no states with negative or infinite norm. In this Stokes wedge it is the Euclidean path integral that diverges while the Lorentzian path integral does not. The concerns that we raise in this paper only apply to bosons since the matrices associated with their creation and annihilation operators are infinite dimensional. Since the ones associated with fermions are finite dimensional, the fermion theory vacuum is automatically normalizable. We discuss some general implications of our results for quantum gravity studies, and show that they are relevant to the construction of a consistent, unitary and renormalizable quantum theory of gravity.

Observing a Quantum Measurement

With the example of a Stern-Gerlach measurement on a spin-1/2 atom, we show that a superposition of both paths may be observed compatibly with properties attributed to state collapse - for example, the singleness (or mutual exclusivity) of outcomes. This is done by inserting a quantum two-state system (an ancilla) in each path, capable of responding to the passage of the atom, and thus acting as a virtual detector. We then consider real measurements on the compound system of atomic spin and two ancillae. Nondestructive measurements of a set of compatible joint observables can be performed, one for a superposition and others for collapse properties. A novel perspective is given as to why, within unitary quantum theory, ordinary measurements are blind to such superpositions. Implications for the theory of measurement are discussed.

A no-go theorem for the persistent reality of Wigner\u2019s friend\u2019s perception

The notorious Wigner’s friend thought experiment (and modifications thereof) has received renewed interest especially due to new arguments that force us to question some of the fundamental assumptions of quantum theory. In this paper, we formulate a no-go theorem for the persistent reality of Wigner’s friend’s perception, which allows us to conclude that the perceptions that the friend has of her own measurement outcomes at different times cannot “share the same reality”, if seemingly natural quantum mechanical assumptions are met. More formally, this means that, in a Wigner’s friend scenario, there is no joint probability distribution for the friend’s perceived measurement outcomes at two different times, that depends linearly on the initial state of the measured system and whose marginals reproduce the predictions of unitary quantum theory. This theorem entails that one must either (1) propose a nonlinear modification of the Born rule for two-time predictions, (2) sometimes prohibit the use of present information to predict the future—thereby reducing the predictive power of quantum theory—or (3) deny that unitary quantum mechanics makes valid single-time predictions for all observers. We briefly discuss which of the theorem’s assumptions are more likely to be dropped within various popular interpretations of quantum mechanics.

Rejection of Rutherford's Planetary Model of the Atom, Bohr's Postulates and the Tunnel Effect

The article raises the question of the strange behavior of electrons in an atom, when the electronic orbitals of the P- and d-states of the atom have the form of eights with nodal points in the nucleus of the atom, as well as the discovery of the mysterious K-capture of an electron when the nuclei of atoms of some isotopes of chemical elements someh they sometimes capture an electron from the inner (K- or L-) electron shell of the atom. It has not been possible to explain these phenomena within the framework of the atomic model existing in quantum electrodynamics. In the new model of the atom, proposed by Professor Lev Sapogin in Unitary Quantum Theory, the electron makes quantum leaps within the orbital not randomly, as physicists thought, but through the nucleus of the atom, each time tunneling through it. In this case, the quantization of the energy levels (orbitals) of electrons in an atom is explained by the distribution of nodes and antinodes in a standing wave of an electron, and an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths should be located in the diameter of the electron orbital. The article shows the dependence of the magnitude of the interaction constants in the hydrogen nucleus and, in particular, the fine structure constant, discovered by the CMS cooperation in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in 2019, during reactions in pp collisions with energies from 1 TeV to 13 TeV and an intranuclear pressure of 10³⁵ Pascal. The value of the fine structure in the near-Earth medium and in a neutron star is given

The Heisenberg Indeterminacy Principle in the Context of Covariant Quantum Gravity

The subject of this paper deals with the mathematical formulation of the Heisenberg Indeterminacy Principle in the framework of Quantum Gravity. The starting point is the establishment of the so-called time-conjugate momentum inequalities holding for non-relativistic and relativistic Quantum Mechanics. The validity of analogous Heisenberg inequalities in quantum gravity, which must be based on strictly physically observable quantities (i.e., necessarily either 4-scalar or 4-vector in nature), is shown to require the adoption of a manifestly covariant and unitary quantum theory of the gravitational field. Based on the prescription of a suitable notion of Hilbert space scalar product, the relevant Heisenberg inequalities are established. Besides the coordinate-conjugate momentum inequalities, these include a novel proper-time-conjugate extended momentum inequality. Physical implications and the connection with the deterministic limit recovering General Relativity are investigated.

Towards a Unitary, Renormalizable, and Ultraviolet-Complete Quantum Theory of Gravity

For any fundamental quantum field theory, unitarity, renormalizability, and relativistic invariance are considered to be essential properties. Unitarity is inevitably connected to the probabilistic interpretation of the quantum theory, while renormalizability guarantees its completeness. Relativistic invariance, in turn, is a symmetry which derives from the structure of spacetime. So far, the perturbative attempt to formulate a fundamental local quantum field theory of gravity based on the metric field seems to be in conflict with at least one of these properties. In quantum Ho\v{r}ava gravity, a quantum Lifshitz field theory of gravity characterized by an anisotropic scaling between space and time, unitarity and renormalizability can be retained while Lorentz invariance is sacrificed at high energies and must emerge only as approximate symmetry at low energies. I review various approaches to perturbative quantum gravity with a particular focus on recent progress in the quantization of Ho\v{r}ava gravity, supporting its theoretical status as a unitary, renormalizable and ultraviolet-complete quantum theory of gravity.

Witnesses of non-classicality for simulated hybrid quantum systems

The task of testing whether quantum theory applies to all physical systems and all scales requires considering situations where a quantum probe interacts with another system that need not obey quantum theory in full. Important examples include the cases where a quantum mass probes the gravitational field, for which a unique quantum theory of gravity does not yet exist, or a quantum field, such as light, interacts with a macroscopic system, such as a biological molecule, which may or may not obey unitary quantum theory. In this context a class of experiments has recently been proposed, where the non-classicality of a physical system that need not obey quantum theory (the gravitational field) can be tested indirectly by detecting whether or not the system is capable of entangling two quantum probes. Here we illustrate some of the subtleties of the argument, to do with the role of locality of interactions and of non-classicality, and perform proof-of-principle experiments illustrating the logic of the proposals, using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance quantum computational platform with four qubits.

Quantum Theory and the Limits of Objectivity

Three recent arguments seek to show that the universal applicability of unitary quantum theory is inconsistent with the assumption that a well-conducted measurement always has a definite physical outcome. In this paper I restate and analyze these arguments. The import of the first two is diminished by their dependence on assumptions about the outcomes of counterfactual measurements. But the third argument establishes its intended conclusion. Even if every well-conducted quantum measurement we ever make will have a definite physical outcome, this argument should make us reconsider the objectivity of that outcome.

Nuclear fusion: the management prospects

The article discusses the prospects of controlled nuclear fusion. The operating installations of cold nuclear fusion and the tunnel effect are presented, which leads to the abandonment of the Rutherford planetary model of the atom and the recognition of Lev Sapogin’s Unitary Quantum Theory.

Unitary relativistic quantum theory.

We consider a quantum particle as a wave packet, and find that the group velocities in the coordinate and momentum spaces are in agreement with the Hamilton equations only when the Lagrangian is considered in the time dependent phases, instead of the Hamiltonian in the conventional forms of these waves as solutions of the Schrodinger equation. We define a relativistic quantum principle, and derive a wave equation for a relativistic quantum particle, the relativistic kinematics and dynamics of the particle waves, the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz force of a field interacting with the particle waves, the relativistic transform of such a field, and the spin as a characteristic of the particle waves. We consider a quantum particle as a distribution of conservative matter propagating according to the General Theory of Relativity. We obtain the dynamics of this matter in a gravitational field, the propagation in plane waves perpendicular to geodesic tracks, and equations of conservation.

Living without supersymmetry—the conformal alternative and a dynamical Higgs boson

We show that the key results of supersymmetry can be achieved via conformal symmetry instead. We propose that the Higgs boson be a dynamical fermion–antifermion bound state rather than an elementary scalar field, so that there is then no quadratically divergent self-energy problem for it and thus no need to invoke supersymmetry to resolve the problem. To obtain such a dynamical Higgs boson we study a conformal invariant gauge theory of interacting fermions and gauge bosons. The conformal invariance of the theory is realized via scaling with anomalous dimensions in the ultraviolet, and by a dynamical symmetry breaking via fermion bilinear condensates in the infrared, a breaking in which the dynamical dimension of the composite operator is reduced from three to two. With this reduction in dimension we can augment the gauge theory with a four-fermion interaction made renormalizable by this reduction, and can reinterpret the theory as a renormalizable version of the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, with the gauge theory sector with its now massive fermion being a mean-field theory and the four-fermion interaction being the residual interaction. It is this residual interaction and not the mean field that then generates dynamical Goldstone and Higgs states, states that, as noted by Baker and Johnson, the gauge theory sector itself does not possess. The Higgs boson is found to be a narrow resonance just above threshold, with its width potentially being a diagnostic that could distinguish a dynamical Higgs boson from an elementary one. We couple the theory to a gravity theory, conformal gravity, that is equally conformal invariant, with the interplay between conformal gravity and the four-fermion interaction taking care of the vacuum energy problem. With conformal gravity being a unitary and renormalizable quantum theory of gravity there is no need for string theory with its supersymmetric underpinnings. With the vacuum energy problem being resolved and with conformal gravity fits to phenomena such as galactic rotation curves and the accelerating universe not needing dark matter, there is no need to introduce supersymmetry for either the vacuum energy problem or to provide a potential dark matter candidate. We propose that it is conformal symmetry rather than supersymmetry that is fundamental, with the theory of nature being a locally conformal, locally gauge invariant, non-Abelian NJL theory.

Hawking radiation as tunneling in Schwarzschild anti-de Sitter black hole

The Hawking radiation from a -dimensional Schwarzschild Anti-de Sitter (SAdS) black hole is investigated within rainbow gravity. Based on the method proposed by Kraus, Parikh and Wilczek, the Hawking radiation is considered as a tunneling process across the horizon. The emission rate of massless particles which are tunneling across the quantum-corrected horizon is calculated. Enforcing the energy conservation law leads to a dynamical geometry. Both the dynamical geometry and the quantum effects of space-time yield some corrections to the emission rate. The corrected radiation spectrum is not purely thermal. The emission rate is related to the changes of modified entropy in rainbow gravity and the corrected thermal spectrum may be consistent with an underlying unitary quantum theory. The correlations between emitted particles are also investigated in order to address the recovery of information.

Naked singularity, firewall, and Hawking radiation

Spacetime singularity has always been of interest since the proof of the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorem. Naked singularity naturally emerges from reasonable initial conditions in the collapsing process. A recent interesting approach in black hole information problem implies that we need a firewall to break the surplus entanglements among the Hawking photons. Classically, the firewall becomes a naked singularity. We find some vacuum analytical solutions in Rn-gravity of the firewall-type and use these solutions as concrete models to study the naked singularities. By using standard quantum theory, we investigate the Hawking radiation emitted from the black holes with naked singularities. Here we show that the singularity itself does not destroy information. A unitary quantum theory works well around a firewall-type singularity. We discuss the validity of our result in general relativity. Further our result demonstrates that the temperature of the Hawking radiation still can be expressed in the form of the surface gravity divided by 2π. This indicates that a naked singularity may not compromise the Hakwing evaporation process.

Short Review of the Unitary Quantum Theory

Short Review of the Unitary Quantum Theory

Short Review of the Unitary Quantum Theory

The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.

Is Unitary Quantum Theory able to change civilization?

Is Unitary Quantum Theory able to change civilization?

Constructor theory of probability.

Unitary quantum theory, having no Born Rule, is non-probabilistic. Hence the notorious problem of reconciling it with the unpredictability and appearance of stochasticity in quantum measurements. Generalizing and improving upon the so-called ‘decision-theoretic approach’, I shall recast that problem in the recently proposed constructor theory of information—where quantum theory is represented as one of a class of superinformation theories, which are local, non-probabilistic theories conforming to certain constructor-theoretic conditions. I prove that the unpredictability of measurement outcomes (to which constructor theory gives an exact meaning) necessarily arises in superinformation theories. Then I explain how the appearance of stochasticity in (finitely many) repeated measurements can arise under superinformation theories. And I establish sufficient conditions for a superinformation theory to inform decisions (made under it) as if it were probabilistic, via a Deutsch–Wallace-type argument—thus defining a class of decision-supporting superinformation theories. This broadens the domain of applicability of that argument to cover constructor-theory compliant theories. In addition, in this version some of the argument's assumptions, previously construed as merely decision-theoretic, follow from physical properties expressed by constructor-theoretic principles.

Extracting Information about the Initial State from the Black Hole Radiation.

The crux of the black hole information paradox is related to the fact that the complete information about the initial state of a quantum field in a collapsing spacetime is not available to future asymptotic observers, belying the expectations from a unitary quantum theory. We study the imprints of the initial quantum state contained in a specific class of distortions of the black hole radiation and identify the classes of in states that can be partially or fully reconstructed from the information contained within. Even for the general in state, we can uncover some specific information. These results suggest that a classical collapse scenario ignores this richness of information in the resulting spectrum and a consistent quantum treatment of the entire collapse process might allow us to retrieve much more information from the spectrum of the final radiation.

Enigmatic E-Cat of Andrea Rossi and the Unitary Quantum Theory

In this article we are discussing the nature and mechanism of the huge amount of heat generation in Megawatts Energy Catalyzers (E-cat) of Andrea Rossi that are able to change the energetics of our civilization in general. These processes are new effects of Unitary Quantum Theory and do not relate to either chemical or nuclear reactions or phase transfer.