Unitary Form Research Articles

Chemical Properties, Biological Activities and Poisoning Treatment of Novichok: A Review

Novichok is an organophosphate compound found as a nerve agent chemical weapon. However, the information about its chemical properties, biological activities, and molecular interactions in the body are still protected under the “top secret” security clearance. Novichok, with the codes A230, A232 and A234, is a compound whose structure has been successfully determined. The compound is synthesized from a precursor through a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Novichok agents are considered more potent than VX gas and can be applied in unitary and binary forms. This compound has ability for the binding with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) due to inability of acetylcholine metabolism. AChE catalyzes the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetate and choline. The treatment of Novichok agent poisoning is similar to management of other nerve agents, such as atropine and pralidoxime administered intravenously. In this paper, we reviewed the Novichok component from chemical and biological perspective. Moreover, we discussed the potential molecular interaction and treatment of this compound.

The structure of the State and its influence on Administrative Law: Analysis in the German, Spanish and French legal systems

There has been a long and interesting discussion between those who maintain that the state determines the law and those who defend that it is the right that does it, reaching the point of identifying them. On this occasion, this article makes an analysis of the way in which the State and its structural conformations affect administrative law based on the forms adopted in the German, French and Spanish legal systems. It is clear, at least for the Colombian legal system, that administrative law has a strong antecedent in France; for this reason, the State structure adopted in said country has had a clear influence on the normative regulations to which the administration’s activity is subject; to this extent, the decentralized unitary state form exerts a clear influence on this branch of public law. But the other forms of State, such as the federal and the autonomous, also exert notorious influence on the normative regulations of administrative law; even more so in the institutions that make it up as the cornerstone of these legal systems, because the substantial aspects in one way or another end up being identical. In effect, the notions of Administration, sovereignty, public power, public prerogatives, functions of the state, among others, are very similar, perhaps not identical, in the three forms of state and therefore, in the three legal systems, as well as the structures that make it up have marked differences, because one is a decentralized unitary state, the other is a federal state and the third is an autonomous state; but all of them in what corresponds to administrative action, they do so through a mechanism that in our concept is identical to all of them, such as the administrative act.

THE PARADIGM OF CONTEMPORARY UNITARISM IN UKRAINE: ISSUES OF FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

Aim. The article aims to investigate the essential and content characteristics of unitarism as a phenomenon of contemporary constitutional law. The synergistic connection between the doctrine of modern unitarism, the principles of unitarity of the state territory and the fundamental institutions of political-legal and state-administrative life of modern unitary states is shown. It proves that the unitary system is not only one of the important components of the process of accomplishing the tasks, goals and functions of most modern states, but also an immanent feature and strategic element of the mechanism of exercising their sovereign rights.
 Methods. The methodological basis encompasses philosophico-ideological, general scientific principles and approaches and special scientific methods of inquiry for constitutional and legal phenomena and processes. The philosophico-ideological basis of the study is the position of dialectics, on the basis of which the causes and factors of the evolution of unitarism are thoroughly investigated. In general, the research was conducted on the basis of a combination of ontological, epistemological and axiological analysis of contemporary unitarism.
 Results. The complexity, importance and relatively widespread use of unitarity as a form of government is causing a lively and ever-growing scientific interest in it throughout the world. The unique capability of unitarism to take into account the specific features of a particular condition allows it to manifest itself in each case in a new way. That is why it is important to analyze the mutual influence of unitary theory and practice, to explore and take into account the peculiarities of national unitarism.
 The problem of unitarism and the unitary form of the territorial structure of the state and the status of its constituents is one of the least studied in domestic constitutional law. Modern scholars studying constitutional law, as a rule, are limited to consideration of individual issues of the territory, in particular, the features of the territorial organization of state power and local self-government, problems of state sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability, etc. To a large extent, the problem has not been studied exhaustively in contemporary Ukraine which causes difficulties in understanding such interrelated but not identical phenomena as unitarism and unitarity, regionalism and regionalization, municipalism and municipalization, decentralization and deconcentration, etc. It should be noted that in modern literature related to problems of state territory, territorial organization of state power, and other issues of the status of territory, the complex, multidimensional nature of unitarism, as a constitutional category, is not always taken into account.
 Conclusions. Unitarism is proved to be a multidimensional socio-political and constitutional phenomenon: it is an idea, a theory, a scientific direction as well as a global social constitutional practice and a constitutional form of the existence and functioning of territorial communities, it is the historical condition of national statehood and Ukrainian regional civilization and the form of realization of the national identity and civic consciousness, etc.

Methodology for the formation of an effective model of state strategic planning and management

The purpose of the work is to substantiate the basic methodological provisions that ensure the development of an effective model of state strategic planning and management. The article analyzes the meaning and significance of the currently used concept of “strategic planning”. As a result, it was concluded that in countries with a centralized unitary form of government, it is more correct to use the term “state strategic planning and management” rather than state strategic planning. “ This is due to the fact that regulation of the activities of enterprises in the corporate sector is carried out by indirect methods. In relation to organizations that are funded from the budget, management is carried out by economic and organizational and legal methods of direct action.The article proposes and substantiates a fundamental model of state strategic planning and management. In addition to traditional elements, which include a mission, a system of goals, a set of means to achieve it, an organizational structure and management mechanisms, it includes an organizational culture. The latter is one of the main and effective strategic tools that ensure consistency in the work of management and the team to achieve established goals. However, in the real practical activities of state bodies, this important element is not included in the regulatory legal documents governing the procedure for the development and implementation of planning, program and project documents. The article provides a system of principles, the requirements of which must be observed when developing strategic documents and the methods corresponding to them. Also, based on the analysis of foreign experience, in particular of the OECD countries, limitations and typical mistakes in the use of strategic planning and management are given.

DOMESTIC POLITICAL PARTIES ON THE STATE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE PRE-OCTOBER PERIOD

The purpose of the research. The choice of this topic is due to the fact that the issues of the state structure of Russia are constantly the subject of close attention of scientists. This is mainly due to the fact that there is a huge practical experience here, when virtually every period of Russian history represented something bright and new. These issues are the subject of close attention not only of domestic, but also of foreign scientists (Emons T., Thatcher I., etc.). The article is devoted to the analysis of the positions of all-Russian, national political parties in our country in the second half of the 90s of the XIX century. - October 1917. on the state structure of Russia. This period was filled with a number of important events that had a fundamental impact on them. For example, the economic renewal of the country in the capitalist direction, with an acute struggle against the remnants of serfdom; the Russian-Japanese War; the First World War; two bourgeois-democratic, one socialist revolutions; the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, a bourgeois republic, a Soviet republic; the emergence of various political parties. Results. The conclusion is presented that the overwhelming majority of all-Russian parties, the majority of national parties were supporters of a single, unitary state. Few people supported the federation, and even then very limited, carefully. Based on this, the position of almost all parties in relation to autonomy was also built. It was actually supported only in Finland, but with the emphasis on maintaining strong ties with Russia. Views on self-government, for or against, were actually equally divided. The evidence here, in particular, is that the program documents of seven of the 16 largest all-Russian parties do not actually contain any provisions on self-government. It is also important to conclude that the positions of the parties on the state structure have changed. Especially noted is the RSDLP, which after the October Revolution of 1917 became the leading, ruling party in our country, and chose for it a federal form of government. As you know, until February 1917 it advocated the right of nations to self-determination, a unitary form of Government, and broad self-government. Since February 1917, a clear course for the federation has been taken. First of all, three main scientific methods were used: dogmatic, historical, and comparative. The article is of interest to lawyers and historians-theorists and practitioners, and all those who are interested in Russian history.

Overhead for simulating a non-local channel with local channels by quasiprobability sampling

As the hardware technology for quantum computing advances, its possible applications are actively searched and developed. However, such applications still suffer from the noise on quantum devices, in particular when using two-qubit gates whose fidelity is relatively low. One way to overcome this difficulty is to substitute such non-local operations by local ones. Such substitution can be performed by decomposing a non-local channel into a linear combination of local channels and simulating the original channel with a quasiprobability-based method. In this work, we first define a quantity that we call channel robustness of non-locality, which quantifies the cost for the decomposition. While this quantity is challenging to calculate for a general non-local channel, we give an upper bound for a general two-qubit unitary channel by providing an explicit decomposition. The decomposition is obtained by generalizing our previous work whose application has been restricted to a certain form of two-qubit unitary. This work develops a framework for a resource reduction suitable for first-generation quantum devices.

Stylistic features of Vivaldi’s bassoon concerti

The architectural pattern of the Vivaldi concertos follows the plan of the overture in Italian style, with a fast-slow-fast structure, which the composer loosens, each of these sections becoming a part with its own development. Vivaldi is the composer who gave a unitary and coherent form to the instrumental concerto, later crystallized in Classicism: tripartite structure, agogic alternation, melodic inventiveness, rhythmic richness, balance between expressiveness and virtuosity. The formal structure, in itself, is dependent on the tonal factor and consists in the configuration of a unitary thematic block, moved in various tonalities related to the initial one.

Бюджетний механізм: методологічні підходи та практика бюджетної децентралізації

Theoretical approaches to the formation of the budget mechanism as a form of practical implementation of budget policy are made more profound; budget decentralization as a budget regulating and stimulating mechanism in the current situation in Ukraine is studiedl and perspective directions of introducing various budget mechanism are outlined. The mechanistic concept was applied to budgetary relations, thus becoming the basis for highlighting the main features of the budgetary mechanism, determining the main provisions of forming the budgetary mechanism. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between budget policy, which is manifested through the dialectical unity of budget strategy and tactics, and the budget mechanism. The budgetary mechanism is defined as a system of measures aimed at influencing the mobilization of optimal funds, their efficient distribution and rational use in order to ensure macroeconomic balance, sustainable development and preservation of state sovereignty, as defined by state policy. It is suggested to integrate the constituent elements of the budgetary mechanism into the appropriate subsystems within its framework, through which the main functions of the budgetary mechanism aimed at achieving the goal are manifested. In order to study a subsystem of the budgetary mechanism, namely the regulatory mechanism, the peculiarities of the manifestation of budgetary decentralization in Ukraine are analyzed. It is proved that the introduction of the subsidiarity principle while constructing the decentralized model of inter-budgetary relations in the unitary Ukraine is currently the best option for it to find a balance between the advantages of budgetary federalism and the unitary form of budgetary relations. Systemic problems of budget decentralization have been identified, namely: decentralization occurs by bringing in new persons to act on the national level; it does not affect the mechanisms of autonomy in decision-making on taxation and the formation of additional sources of local budget revenues; statutory tax benefits for the local tax mobilization significantly reduce the financial resources of local budgets; local budgets remain significantly dependant from the state; in the regulation of local budget revenues, preference is given to transfer instruments, and the share of budget-generating taxes is reduced. Given the theoretical construct of the public sector theory, which gives grounds to the formation of local budget revenues, and the results of the research on budget regulation in Ukraine, budget decentralization processes are only proven to be pretentious, and the need to improve the division of budget authority is identified, while emphasis is made on financial self-sufficiency.

Comparative characteristics of unitarism and federalism: conceptual aspects of theory and practice

The aim of the article is a comparative legal study of the essential and substantial characteristics of unitarism and federalism asphenomena of modern constitutional law. The synergetic relationship between the doctrines of modern unitarism or federalism, theprinciples of unitarism or federalism of the state territory and the fundamental institutions of the political, legal and state-administrativelife of modern unitary and federal states is shown. It is proved that the state system is not only one of the important components of theprocess of achieving the tasks, goals and functions of modern states, but also an immanent sign and a strategic element of themechanism for the realization of their sovereign rights.Given the unitarity of the Ukrainian state, special emphasis is placed on the importance of the principles of unitarism in thefunctioning of the constitutional system of Ukraine. The complexity, importance and relatively widespread use of unitarity as a form ofgovernment is causing a lively and ever-growing scientific interest in it throughout the world. The unique ability of unitarism to takeinto account the specific features of a particular condition allows it to manifest itself in each case in a new way. That is why it is importantto analyze the mutual influence of unitary theory and practice, to explore and take into account the peculiarities of national unitarism.The problem of unitarism and the unitary form of the territorial structure of the state and the status of its constituents is one ofthe least studied in domestic constitutional law. Modern representatives of the science of constitutional law, as a rule, are limited to considerationof individual issues of the territory, in particular, the features of the territorial organization of state power and local selfgovernment,problems of state sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability, etc. To a large extent, a lack of study of the problemin contemporary Ukraine causes difficulties in understanding such interrelated but not identical phenomena as unitarism and unitarity,regionalism and regionalization, municipalism and municipalization, decentralization and deconcentration, etc. It should be noted thatin modern literature on issues of state territory, territorial organization of state power, and other issues of the status of territory, thecomp lex, multidimensional nature of unitarism as a constitutional category is not always taken into account.It is proved that unitarism and federalism are multidimensional socio-political and constitutional phenomena: these are ideas, andindependent theories and scientific directions, and global social and constitutional practices, and constitutional forms of existence andfunctioning of territorial collectives and regions, and the historical state of statehood, and forms of realization of national identity andcitizenship, etc.

Mind the Gap

Mind the Gap

Quantum clocks and the temporal localisability of events in the presence of gravitating quantum systems

The standard formulation of quantum theory relies on a fixed space-time metric determining the localisation and causal order of events. In general relativity, the metric is influenced by matter, and is expected to become indefinite when matter behaves quantum mechanically. Here, we develop a framework to operationally define events and their localisation with respect to a quantum clock reference frame, also in the presence of gravitating quantum systems. We find that, when clocks interact gravitationally, the time localisability of events becomes relative, depending on the reference frame. This relativity is a signature of an indefinite metric, where events can occur in an indefinite causal order. Even if the metric is indefinite, for any event we can find a reference frame where local quantum operations take their standard unitary dilation form. This form is preserved when changing clock reference frames, yielding physics covariant with respect to quantum reference frame transformations.

Conceptual Problems of Modern Unitarianism

The aim of the article is to study the essential and substantial characteristics of unitarism as a phenomenon of modern constitutional law. The synergistic connection between the doctrine of modern unitarism, the principles of unitarity of the state territory and the fundamental institutions of political-legal and state-administrative life of modern unitary states is shown. It proves that the unitary system is not only one of the important components of the process of achieving the tasks, goals and functions of most modern states, but also an immanent feature and strategic element of the mechanism of exercising their sovereign rights.
 The complexity, importance and relatively widespread use of unitarity as a form of government is causing a lively and ever-growing scientific interest in it throughout the world. The unique ability of Unitarianism to take into account the specific features of a particular condition allows it to manifest itself in each case in a new way. That is why it is important to analyze the mutual influence of unitary theory and practice, to explore and take into account the peculiarities of national unitarism.
 The problem of unitarism and the unitary form of the territorial structure of the state and the status of its constituents is one of the least studied in domestic constitutional law. Modern representatives of the science of constitutional law, as a rule, are limited to consideration of individual issues of the territory, in particular, the features of the territorial organization of state power and local self-government, problems of state sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability, etc. To a large extent, a lack of study of the problem in contemporary Ukraine causes difficulties in understanding such interrelated but not identical phenomena as unitarism and unitarity, regionalism and regionalization, municipalism and municipalization, decentralization and deconcentration, etc. It should be noted that in modern literature on issues of state territory, territorial organization of state power, and other issues of the status of territory, the complex, multidimensional nature of unitarianism as a constitutional category is not always taken into account.
 Unitarianism is proved to be a multidimensional socio-political and constitutional phenomenon: it is an idea, a theory, a scientific direction, and a global social and constitutional practice, and a constitutional form of the existence and functioning of territorial communities, and the historical state of national statehood and Ukrainian regional civilization. and the form of realization of national identity and citizenship, etc.

Comparative Analysis between Federation and Federalism

This paper discusses the comparative analysis between federalism and federation. Federalism is a theoretical framework while federation is a legal term manifesting itself in pragmatic form. The former is normative while the latter is descriptive in nature. Federalism is the means while federation is the end as there can be federalism without federation but there can be no federation without federalism. Federalism refers to an ideological perspective which acts as prescriptive guide while federation connotes constitutionally well-established institution. It has been discussed in formal centralized or effective centralized form, unitary or decentralized form, symmetrical or asymmetrical form, and fully or partially centralized form. Centripetal and Centrifugal forces provide the basic framework for federalism. Various forms of federations have been discussed in parlance of three different models of federalism.

African American Consciousness

This paper proposes that African American consciousness is extant as a unitary form of knowledge and is predicted primarily upon denied will in its greater or lesser gradation within the unequal society. Thus, this paper is an approach to African American consciousness seen as a particular type of consciousness, an approach that examines the dynamic link between will and consciousness and which seeks to reanimate a procedure of recentering African American subject particularly with reference to cultural processes, including the literary texts of African American writers - e.g., DuBois, Douglass, Hurston, Wright, Angelou, Walker, and Morrison. A consciousness that has been historically conditioned by oppression and discrimination; an African American consciousness latticed with struggle and endurance and which is presented here for the first time.

Federal and Unitary Forms of Government in a Plural Society

It is common belief that a unitary form of government is applicable for a less diversified society whereas Federalism is applicable for a more diversified society. The question of what form of government is most suitable for a plural society can only be answered by comparing strengths and weaknesses of both unitary and federal forms of governments. This paper tries to compare and contrast the two forms of government to find an answer to this question.

African experience of institutionalization of territorial autonomies: constitutional and legal status of Zanzibar as part of Tanzania

The article concludes that the state-territorial model of Tanzania has a complex structure and is characterized by various qualitative features that are characteristic (in various combinations and volumes) of the Federal and unitary forms of state-territorial structure. In the system unity of normative and actual indicators, the model of the state-territorial structure of Tanzania has a hybrid asymmetric configuration that synthesizes elements of a Federation and a unitary state with an unbalanced legal position of the two constituent regions (Zanzibar and Tanganyika). It is emphasized that Tanzania as a whole is characterized by the predominance of features of the unitary model.

Considerations on the Future Plans of Territorial Arrangement of Georgia

While adopting the Constitution in 1995, it was impossible to determine the territorial arrangement and its regulation was postponed for future. The main aim of an article is illustration of my suggestions concerning the future model of territorial arrangement of Georgia. Taking into consideration the territorial, ethnical and political problems and the analysis of Clauses 3 - 4 of the Constitution of Georgia should be excluded the typical unitary form from the perspective versions of territorial arrangement of the country and while choosing the future model of territorial arrangement, I consider as irrevocable in any case implementation of the asymmetrical principles of federalism and regionalism (In Concrete Asymmetrical Federalism). Federalism in Georgia will greatly enhance the decision making process oriented on the local needs. The citizens will be actively engaged in the political life and the local problems will become familiar to them than the issue to be resolved on the Central level. At the same time, Federal system will protect the social groups living in Georgia and their individual uniqueness. It will support the integration of these groups in united federal system through the balance of powers which will be gained by vertical distribution of the powers in parallel with the horizontal division. Federal state will reduce the possibility of abuse of powers. Federalism will raise the level of political culture and first of all, the culture of political dialogue. The political centers established in the country will not be the united political force and Party political competition will become much more intensive. Different political orientation forces will conduct of the constructive dialogue and respect to each other’s positions and opinions. The suggested research is acute and is greatly important concerning Georgia. Federalism and Regionalism as the experienced forms for solving of territorial problems are the important method for restoration of broken territorial integrity.

Крос-темпоральний аналіз активізації ідей федералізації України

The stages and reasons for the intensification of the ideas of federalization of Ukraine at the present stage of development of the state, starting from the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukraine’s independence, are analyzed. The ideas of politicians of that time were analyzed and it was proved that one of the leaders of the ideas of federalization was V. Chornovil, who believed that federalization was necessary for the state because unitarity would only change Moscow’s pressure on Kyiv’s central government pressure on regions. It is noted that the idea was not carried out due to separatist tendencies that covered the regions of Ukraine, especially the south-eastern region. It was emphasized that the unitary form of territorial organization was chosen to strengthen the state, but the leading politicians of the time (V. Chornovil, L. Kuchma) constantly emphasized the need for federalization of Ukraine, but after some time. The popularity of the ideas of federalization during the orange revolution is explained and the opinion is substantiated that this idea was mostly broadcast by political elites who cared about their business positions. This was the first serious crisis situation when the question of changing the territorial structure of the state arose. The evolution of this idea after the orange revolution is traced and its gradual popularization among politicians and political experts is emphasized. The position of such politicians as V. Lytvyn, P. Symonenko, E. Kushnaryov, V. Kolesnichenko, who most actively analyzed this topic, was analyzed. The situation in 2014 is considered, when the idea of federalization was most acute and had mostly an external channel of activation. The position of Russia and the United States during the active phase of the military-political crisis in Ukraine is considered. It is established that the transition to change the state-territorial structure of the state during crisis situations can lead to a deepening of divisions within society and collapse of the state.

Edición de las coplas de Ibrahim de Bolfad, andaluz ciego de nacimiento, vecino de Argel

Se edita por primera vez de forma unitaria y en texto completo las 114 coplas de Ibrahim de Bolfad, morisco vecino de Argel, diseminadas a lo largo del manuscrito 9653 conservado en la Biblioteca Nacional de España. La fecha de su composición es aproximadamente el primer tercio del siglo xvii, en la ciudad de Argel. El poema de Bolfad se edita respetando completamente la ortografía del original. Nuestra intervención se ciñe únicamente a la actualización de la acentuación gráfica, el encabezado de la composición, la numeración y la puntuación.

Znaczenie modelu westminsterskiego w kształtowaniu się pozycji ustrojowej parlamentu w Papui-Nowej Gwinei

The article presents the issues of the political position of the parliament in one of the largest states of the South Pacific subregion – Papua New Guinea. Shaping its legal and political system, the state profoundly derived from the British practice. This process was initiated in the first decade of the 20th century as a result of Australian rule, which had lasted by that time the state gained its independence in 1975. As a consequence, all the basic features of Westminster democracy were adopted, with the unitary form of government and the unicameral parliament. The analysis allowed to indicate that the character of Papuan democracy has evolved over the years, and therefore some elements of the Westminster model have become inadequate and not very effective. These changes concerned mainly superior state structures, including the parliament. It is a body increasingly controlled by the executive nowadays, that lost its original representative character. In this article, the author has adopted the following research methods: an analysis of legal sources and a critical analysis as well as a descriptive method. The text was divided into three main parts, the introduction and the conclusion.