Unitary Concept Research Articles

Hydrogen bonding: Homing in on a tricky chemical concept

The history of the hydrogen bond provides a good example of the of an important chemical concept. It illustrates the interplay between empirical and theoretical approaches to the problem of delimiting what has proved to be quite an elusive notion, with chemists whittling away at the particular sorts of case with a view to obtaining a precise, unitary concept. Even though there is a return to a more theoretically inspired notion in more recent research, empirical characterisations remain a feature of the report of a Task Group recently set up by the IUPAC to reconsider the definition of the hydrogen bond, and this situation—by no means unusual for chemical concepts and principles—is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. These developments are reviewed in this paper, which includes an extended discussion of the enormous significance hydrogen bonding has for the philosopher’s standard example of a “natural kind”, water. There is little to suggest a reduction to what philosophers of physics are pleased to call fundamental principles, and the details raise further questions about what essentialists could possibly have in mind when talking about the microscopic essence of water.

How to Attract Voter Attention? The Emergence of the Political Agenda and the Issue Management Model

The large theoretical and empirical body of research on different rational choice concepts has provided a wide array of material for both critics and adherents of this approach. However, the ability rational choice theories offer to incorporate assumptions developed in different research areas in unitary logical concepts has been seldom highlighted. In order to demonstrate this ability, I have developed a model of the emergence of the political agenda, called the Issue Management Model, which tries to extend the Economic Theory of Democracy to the requirements of the modern media democracy and to connect its main assumptions with some concepts of shaping the political agenda from political psychology and media communication. The article pursues three objectives: first, it demonstrates the ability of the rational choice theories to link their key assumptions to empirical results of studies in different academic disciplines. Second, it discusses the extent to which the Economic Theory of Democracy can be aligned with the requirements of modern democracy. Last, it attempts to bring together several concepts of the emergence of the political agenda. The intention of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of the formation of political agenda or, strictly speaking, of the construction of party strategies aimed at surviving in office.

The Challenge of Complexity and Creativity Factor in Architectural Design

Architectural design process is subject to ambiguities surrounding not only definition of the procedures and the flow of the process, but also the nature of the information to be analyzed. This state of affairs is generally thought to require creative thinking for solving both different aspects of the problem, and integration of the parts of the solution. Creativity is mainly explained on the basis of novelty, utility and surprise. But it is not considered to be a unitary concept. The underlying structure of the design process has been introduced by the present study in relation to the levels of the decision making concerning the process. In addition a multidimensional view of architectural design has been provided as part of creative design-solving process, based on a multi-sensory perception of architecture, human needs, designer's theoretical orientation for creativity, and incremental steps of creative problem-solving activity. The major realms of inquiry as part of the incremental steps of problem solving have been identified with reference to the study areas in professional degree programs in architecture. The model of architectural design process introduced is expected to help the problem solver interlink different parts of the solution established through creative design problem solving procedures.

Types of Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is given for many purposes and different intentions, yet most studies treat aid flows as a unitary concept. This paper uses factor analysis to separate aid flows into different types. The main types can be interpreted as aid for economic purposes, social purposes, and reconstruction; a residual category captures remaining purposes. Estimating the growth effects of separable types of aid suggests that most aid has no effects while reconstruction aid has direct positive effects. Although this type only applies in special circumstances, it has become more prevalent in more recent years.

An analysis of community involvement in primary schools in Malawi

Through a secondary analysis of standardised test data, the paper reviews community involvement in Malawian primary schools and examines the extent to which it explains variation in pupil test scores. In so doing, the study deconstructs the concept of community involvement, demonstrating that it is not a unitary concept but rather made up of multiple effects which can be categorised into different modes: “learner support”, “financing” and “networking”. The framework developed may help with future research and the results caution policymakers in Malawi on the current reality of community participation and how this relates to existing policy ambitions.

Linear and non-linear associations of symptom dimensions and cognitive function in first-onset psychosis

BackgroundAssociations between symptom dimensions and cognition have been mainly studied in non-affective psychosis. The present study investigated whether previously reported associations between cognition and four symptom dimensions (reality distortion, negative symptoms, disorganisation and depression) in non-affective psychosis generalise to a wider spectrum of psychoses. It also extended the research focus to mania, a less studied symptom dimension. MethodsLinear and non-linear (quadratic, curvilinear or inverted-U-shaped) associations between cognition and the above five symptom dimensions were examined in a population-based cohort of 166 patients with first-onset psychosis using regression analyses. ResultsNegative symptoms showed statistically significant linear associations with IQ and processing speed, and a significant curvilinear association with verbal memory/learning. Significant quadratic associations emerged between mania and processing speed and mania and executive function. The contributions of mania and negative symptoms to processing speed were independent of each other. The findings did not differ between affective and non-affective psychoses, and survived correction for multiple testing. ConclusionsMania and negative symptoms are associated with distinct patterns of cerebral dysfunction in first-onset psychosis. A novel finding is that mania relates to cognitive performance by a complex response function (inverted-U-shaped relationship). The associations of negative symptoms with cognition include both linear and quadratic elements, suggesting that this dimension is not a unitary concept. These findings cut across affective and non-affective psychoses, suggesting that different diagnostic entities within the psychosis spectrum lie on a neurobiological continuum.

Varieties of attention in hypnosis and meditation

In their commentary, Oakley and Halligan (2011) echo their recent thoughts regarding the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and suggestion (Oakley & Halligan, 2009, 2010). Here we address some of the issues they raise concerning the quest for neuropsychological markers of hypnotic states, the use of hypnotic vs. posthypnotic suggestions, and the potential for other forms of atypical attention such as meditative practices to elucidate hypnosis and de-automatization. Oakley and Halligan twice allude to the paucity of data indicating a special neuropsychological ‘‘state’’ of hypnosis sometimes known as ‘‘trance’’ (2011). The authors note, however, that recent investigations show some promise of identifying a neural marker of hypnosis. Whereas some evidence, including our own research, supports the idea that hypnotic phenomena typically follow suggestions even in the absence of a formal induction procedure (Mazzoni et al., 2009; McGeown et al., 2012; Raz, Kirsch, Pollard, & Nitkin-Kaner, 2006), other research findings may serve to support a distinctive physiological marker unique to hypnosis or to hypnotic suggestions (e.g., Cojan et al., 2009; Demertzi et al., 2011; Pyka et al., 2011; Raz, Fan, & Posner, 2005; Terhune, Cardena, & Lindgren, 2010; Vanhaudenhuyse et al., 2009). Scholars, however, hardly agree even about the behavioral and phenomenological characteristics that typify ostensible hypnotic planes. For example, distinct sub-types of highly hypnotically suggestible individuals seem to diverge in their experience and behavior throughout hypnosis, challenging the view of hypnosis as a unitary concept (Terhune, Cardena, & Lindgren, 2011). In addition, the literature provides mixed accounts of how psychological factors such as context, sense of control, relaxation, and expectation relate to hypnosis (Kihlstrom, 2008). An adequate psychological model, therefore, would be instrumental to understanding hypnosis from a physiological perspective. In research settings, as in clinical practice, specific suggestions often accompany hypnosis. Few reports, however, have investigated brain and behavioral correlates of ‘‘neutral’’ hypnosis sans post-induction suggestions (Cardena, 2005; Cardena, Jonsson, Terhune, & Marcusson-Clavertz, 2012; Kihlstrom & Edmonston, 1971; McGeown, Mazzoni, Venneri, & Kirsch, 2009). These few published accounts, moreover, rarely control for the effects of implicit suggestions—for relaxation, drowsiness, and focused attention—that are ubiquitous in classic hypnotic inductions. In addition, it appears that the influence of neutral hypnosis is different from that of hypnosis with explicit suggestions. For example, in response to incongruent Stroop stimuli, highly hypnotically suggestible individuals demonstrated increased conflict-related brain activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) following neutral induction (Egner, Jamieson, & Gruzelier, 2005); conversely, when offered an explicit suggestion to perceive the stimuli as meaningless symbols, participants showed decreased fMRI signal in the ACC (Raz et al., 2005). Further research, therefore, would need to carefully tease apart such hypnotic variations. Whether or not hypnosis involves distinct neurocognitive indices, posthypnotic suggestion (PHS) provides a useful experimental alternative to hypnotic suggestion. PHS refers to a condition during common wakefulness following termination of the hypnotic experience, wherein a subject is compliant with a suggestion made during the hypnotic episode. Thus, PHS keeps cognitive performance untarnished by potential confounding factors associated with the ritual of hypnosis. Oakley

Catatonia: A Brief Update

Catatonia has undergone many changes since it was first described by Kahlbaum in 1874 (“madness of rigidity”). Nowadays, we can distinguish many different ethiologies for this syndrome: Organic catatonia (the most common); affective (the next one); schizophrenic; and drug-induced. In recent reviews, there was no psychiatric disorder in 76% of cases of catatonia. The unitary pathophysiological conception of catatonia (“catatonic syndrome”) is supported by current research, including neurological causes, endocrine-metabolic, immunological, therapeutic and abuse drugs, psychiatric diseases, and others. Differential diagnosis is based on a complete somatic and psychopathological evaluation, and we must also play a biochemical and neuroimaging complementary tests´ battery. When an organic disorder is considered to be the ethiology, therapy should be targeted against this medical condition. If this is not feasible and/or catatonia persist or interferes with medical treatment, the elective therapeutic management should be benzodiazepines and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). Memantine, aripiprazol, and other drugs have been also used with weak results. Keywords: Catatonia. Organic-Psychiatry. Benzodiazepines. Electroconvulsive-Therapy (ECT), Endocrine-Metabolic, Neurological, Immune system, Therapeutic, Pathophysiology, Dopamine

The placebo in the context of scientific theories

Placebo is not a unitary concept. It can have different meanings, depending on the scientific discipline in which it is used. The placebo exists in psychology, medicine, and other sciences, and in each case it is assumed that the results obtained by the placebo are unexplainable. But the results that can’t be explained by a scientific discipline could be explained by another. For example, a sugar pill used in the treatment of pain could be a pharmacological placebo, but it isn’t a psychological placebo, because there is an explanation of its effects based in psychological principles. In this work, a conceptual analysis of placebo in the context of scientific theories is presented.

EU Citizenship as a Mental Construct: Reconstruction of Postnational Model of Citizenship

The purpose of this paper is to revise essentialist conceptions of the European Union citizenship and European identity, and make a case for a ‘politics of affinity’. This politics is founded on flexible notion of Union citizenship that accommodates multiple identities. The ‘politics of affinity’ avoids homogenizing assumptions and unitary conceptions of European, national, regional and other identities. It promotes diversity, otherness and fluid character of the postmodern European citizenship. It also advocates a more fluid idea of boundaries. The politics of affinity grounds European politics and citizenship discourse on affinity (not identity). The following lines will reflect on the institutional mechanisms, reforms and policies needed for the implementation of the politics of affinity. This paper will focus on the Treaty of Lisbon, the 2004/38 Citizenship Directive, the 2003 Directive on Long-term Residence Third Country Nationals and some ECJ's rulings in the new millennium.

The factor structure of ADHD in a general population of primary school children

To examine whether a bifactor model with a general ADHD factor and domain specific factors of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity was supported in a large general population sample of children. We also explored the utility of forming subscales based on the domain-specific factors. Child mental health questionnaires were completed by both teachers and parents of all children in grades 2-4 in Bergen, Norway. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the ADHD items of a modified version of the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire-IV (SNAP-IV) for 6,237 children. The bifactor model showed very good model fit with a strong general ADHD factor and specific factors for impulsivity and inattention. The subfactors, especially hyperactivity, generated from the SNAP-IV ADHD items conveyed little unique variance in the model. The findings in this general population sample with a strong general ADHD factor in the bifactor model supports the view on ADHD as a unitary concept with specific domain factors for inattention and impulsivity, but not for hyperactivity. The bifactor model questions the utility of constructing ADHD subscales by the use of a simple sum score when using the SNAP-IV.

Boundaries of the Psychosis Phenotype

Since Emil Kraepelin classified psychosis into 3 major categories (organic, affective, and schizophrenic) in the late 19th century, the unitary concept of psychosis was abandoned. This categorical conceptualization of psychosis was more or less accepted by clinicians through the 20th century with some refinements. During my residency training, teachers would highlight qualitative differences in reality distortions across disorders; for instance, unusual visual perceptual distortions associated with substance abuse or the affective tone of delusional thinking in psychosis associated with bipolar illness. Such observations were used to support the categorical view of psychosis and stress phenomenological and biological differences in psychosis across various major psychotic disorders. In the past several years, extensive epidemiological and clinical research has yielded information that challenges the categorical models of psychosis. Epidemiological studies of self-reported psychotic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions show that about a quarter of the general population endorse such symptoms. Multivariate taxometric analyses of these epidemiological survey data suggest a dimensional rather than taxonomic structure for these psychotic experiences.1 Within this dimensional model of psychosis, symptoms vary in severity with most persistent and severe psychosis needing treatment (see Jim van Os and Richard Linscott in the current issue2). There is no discontinuity of psychosis across major psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, although the frequency of symptoms and severity may vary. Less severe symptoms may indicate vulnerability to develop schizophrenia or bipolar disorder or even the prodromal phase particularly in individuals with a family history of these disorders. The dimensional model further posits that the underlying biological underpinnings are uniform. This thesis is supported by neurocognitive and neurophysiological findings in individuals with schizotypal personality disorders, with magical thinking, perceptual distortions, and rare hallucinations indicating the lower end of the psychosis dimension. Furthermore, the dimensional model would suggest that psychotic symptoms occurring in different psychiatric disorders such schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share the same neurobiology and etiological factors. The hypothesis of an extensive overlap in the phenomenology and etiopathophysiology of psychosis occurring across different disorders is a fundamental challenge to the Kraepelinian conceptualization of major psychotic disorders. Several lines of evidence support this hypothesis: phenomenological similarities in psychosis across disorders are frequently observed in clinical practice. Slight qualitative differences in reality distortions can easily be due to the modulating effects of the other features of the disorder. For instance, depressed or elated mood may modulate the expression of psychotic symptoms in affective illness. Studies have extensively compared brain function and structure in order to define the underlying neurobiology of psychosis in different conditions. Findings suggest a large overlap in cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders.3 Similarly, sensory gating, sensory-motor gating, eye tracking, and other information processing impairments known to mark schizophrenia liability are frequently observed in other psychotic disorders.4 Brain imaging studies show some overlap but there are significant differences brain structure between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.5 Most of these findings come from studies in patient cohorts that support the notion of shared neurobiology, but very few studies compare neurobiology among nonill relatives of psychotic disorders. Similar neurobiological findings in relatives of probands with different psychotic disorders would implicate shared etiological, likely genetic, factors. The Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) was organized specifically to address this issue. The consortium has recruited about a thousand families of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis probands and administered a comprehensive battery that includes cognitive, neurophysiological, and brain imaging measures. Findings from this project will clarify the extent of overlap in the etiopathophysiology of psychosis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Previous genetic studies have identified several linkage “hot-spots” (such as 18p11, 22q11, 13q32, 10p14, and 1q32) and candidate genes (such as DISC1, NRG1, Dysbindin, NOS1, GRM4, and G30/G72) that are implicated both in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.6 Together, these data suggest psychotic symptoms that occur in different conditions are in most part similar in phenomenology, neurobiology, and etiology. However, studies have also found significant differences in brain function and structure between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder cohorts. These findings may be driven by unique aspects of each of these disorders. For instance, neurobiology associated with the affective component of the bipolar disorder, or the primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia, may explain the differences found in neurobiology between the 2 disorders. Studies similar to the B-SNIP project that also include families of probands with nonpsychotic bipolar and schizoid disorders are needed to clarify to what extent the neurobiology of psychosis is uniform across disorders.

Legal Aspects of Bank Bail-ins

The aim of bail-in is that governments should have an alternative option to taxpayer-funded rescues of systemic banks. It operates through a mechanism whereby an insufficiently solvent can be returned to balance sheet stability by writing down not only the claims of its subordinated creditors but also some of its senior creditors; converting their claims to equity. To be effective, the mechanism should be hybrid, in that the terms of the relevant instruments should provide for the bail-in to operate through private contract, but the power to trigger the bail-in and to determine the extent of write-down and the resulting compensation should be vested in the relevant public authority. The primary objective of bail-in is to enable the relevant institution to avoid a and disorderly liquidation by enabling to continue in business as a going concern until can be restructured or run down. This avoids the systemic damage which results from a sudden stop insolvency, reduces contagion within the financial system and potentially preserves critical functions. It is particularly attractive in respect of institutions or groups whose business are too complex or too international to be capable of being disintegrated into a bank/bad bank model in the relatively short space of time required if the good is to continue in business without government support. The primary weakness of a bail-in as a restructuring tool is that although renders the firm creditworthy, provides no new cash. Thus in order to survive the firm must not only be creditworthy, but credibly creditworthy to at least its central bank, and preferably to the market as a whole. It is therefore likely that bail-in will require statutory backing in order to convince counterparties to continue dealing with post-reconstruction. Much of the discussion about resolution is predicated on the basis of the simplifying assumption that a is a single entity. In economic terms this is broadly correct, but in legal terms is clearly not. Most banks, and all systemically important banks, are groups of legal entities. In legal terms groups do not exist – is only the companies which comprise the group which can enter into contracts, incur liabilities or fail. This is not, however the way that economists (or people generally) see the world. Businesses are generally thought of as single undertakings –Ford or BP are unitary concepts. Thus for a lawyer makes perfect sense to talk of a group being partially insolvent, in that some of its components are insolvent whilst others are not. For non-lawyers, however, the concept is almost meaningless – is like speaking of a human being as being partly dead. However, in the same way that is possible in emergencies to preserve the life of a living organism by removing dead parts, is possible in emergencies to save parts of groups by allowing other parts to become insolvent. To press the analogy slightly further, the question of whether this is possible or not rather depends on the functions of the parts being amputated. There are some parts of a group whose removal can be accomplished without damaging the business of the group as a whole; but there are others whose removal entails the immediate and automatic extinction of the entire organism. It is by no means always crystal clear which is which. There is therefore no automatic answer to the question what are we trying to resolve – the group or the bank? - the only meaningful answer is it depends. Consequently is necessary to think about resolution tools not only in the context of individual undertakings, but also in the context of how those tools could be applied to subsidiaries within a group, to parent companies of banks, and potentially to non-bank subsidiaries of banks. This is a difficult piece of analysis. To complicate matters further, groups are by no means uniform, and different managements have different strategies as to how the economic activity of the should be reflected in the legal structure of the group. I conclude by suggesting a basic taxonomy of groups which may permit these issues to be addressed.

A systematic review of the relationship between self-efficacy and burnout in teachers

Self-efficacy beliefs can determine how environmental opportunities and obstacles are perceived and affect choice of activities as well as the amount of effort which is given to an activity (Bandura, 1997). Perceived self-efficacy is reported to be an important stress resource factor in mitigating teacher burnout (Schwarzer & Hallum, 2008).This paper reviews 11 published studies which look at the relationship between self-efficacy and burnout in teachers. Reviews of the literature to date have tended to look at burnout as a unitary concept whereas this paper seeks to review it as a multi-dimensional concept. A number of findings were made including all studies reviewed having a negative relationship between teacher self-efficacy and burnout and all studies having a negative relationship with teacher self-efficacy and the burnout dimension of depersonalisation. Recommendations for further research include exploring the relationship between self-efficacy and depersonalisation and the potential positive effects that an organisation can have on teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs.

Designing Modern Life

The aim is to contribute for the discussion that relates modern heritage and interior space, common daily life and musealization of Modern Interior Spaces, gathered underneath a global strategy, to better understand and preserve these delicate monuments. In fact, the interior space with all devices and furniture pieces is frequently not appreciated as an essential matter in safeguard interventions. Ranging from restoration process research and know-how, new modern materials and techniques are discussed facing up to new conservation process and innovative rehabilitation solutions, as well. One knows that Modern spatiality must require furniture conceived under a unitary design concept, which implies today to identify every detail with the aim of a reconstruction process, where research on documentation is one of the success keys.

P-117 - Panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and depressive comorbidity

The aims of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of depression among two samples of patients followed for panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and to identify the correlated factors with depression in both disorders Methods Sixty five patients diagnosed panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, having a follow up in the psychiatric department of University hospital of Sfax in Tunisia, were included in the study. Patients were evaluated by a questionnaire assessing socio-demographic, clinical and therapeutic parameters, and the Beck Depression Inventory Results Depression was associated with panic disorder in 68.6% of cases and in 56.7% with generalized anxiety disorder. In the sample of patients having a panic disorder, depression was correlated with unemployment (p = 0.048), a low educational level (p = 0.021), an addictive behavior (p = 0.015) and an impaired quality of life (p = 0.012) For patients having a generalized anxiety disorder, depression was correlated with alcoholism (p = 0.04) and an impaired quality of life (p = 0.017) Conclusion These data confirm the existence of a relationship between depression, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. These clinical findings lead to the unitary concept of anxiety and depression.

Attention to Attention

Organizational theory and research has increased attention to the determinants and consequences of attention in organizations. Attention is not, however, a unitary concept but is used differently in various metatheories: the behavioral theory of the firm, managerial cognition, issue selling, attention-based view, and ecology. At the level of the brain, neuroscientists have identified three varieties of attention: selective attention, executive attention, and vigilance. Attention is shaped by both top-down (i.e., schema-driven) and bottom-up (i.e., stimulus-driven) processes. Inspired by neuroscience research, I classify and compare three varieties of attention studied in organization science: attentional perspective (top-down), attentional engagement (combining top-down and bottom-up executive attention and vigilance), and attentional selection (the outcome of attentional processes). Based on research findings, I develop five propositions on how the varieties of attention in organization provide a theoretical alternative to theories of structural determinism or strategic choice, with a particular focus on the role of attention in explaining organizational adaptation and change.

Individual Civil Servants' Conceptions Of Accountability

This article presents a preliminary study of how civil servants in the United Kingdom understand accountability characterized by its emphasis on individual performance and accountability. Using the interpretive approach known as phenomenography, we interviewed ten civil servants who as Senior Responsible Owners (SROs) were accountable for the delivery of IT enabled business change programmes. Our analysis revealed five attributes of accountability, each conceived at three levels in a hierarchy of increasing richness and complexity. These results challenge the notion that accountability is a unitary concept and that there is conflict between traditional and newer forms of accountability.

A Plural Account of the Transnational Law Merchant

The Law Merchant is depicted today as a transnational system based on merchant practice operating outside the fabric of national law. It is conceived as cosmopolitan in nature, universal in application, expertly delivered, and independent of other regulatory systems.This article critiques these qualities attributed to the historical as well as present-day Law Merchant. It disputes that it has evolved ‘spontaneously’ out of merchant practice; that it is uniform in nature; and that it transcends national law. It argues instead that the Law Merchant is often fragmentary in nature and subject to disparate national and transnational influences. It challenges, in particular, unitary conceptions of ‘autonomy’ ascribed to the Law Merchant, presenting a pluralistic conception of Law Merchant ‘autonomy’ instead. It illustrates these arguments in relation to the so-called Cyberspace Law Merchant and to transnational commercial arbitration.

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.