Unitary Braid Research Articles

Braiding quantum gates from partition algebras

Unitary braiding operators can be used as robust entangling quantum gates. We introduce a solution-generating technique to solve the (d,m,l)-generalized Yang-Baxter equation, for m/2≤l≤m, which allows to systematically construct such braiding operators. This is achieved by using partition algebras, a generalization of the Temperley-Lieb algebra encountered in statistical mechanics. We obtain families of unitary and non-unitary braiding operators that generate the full braid group. Explicit examples are given for a 2-, 3-, and 4-qubit system, including the classification of the entangled states generated by these operators based on Stochastic Local Operations and Classical Communication.

Realizing the Braided Temperley\u2013Lieb\u2013Jones C*-Tensor Categories as Hilbert C*-Modules

We associate to each Temperley–Lieb–Jones C*-tensor category {mathcal {T}}{mathcal {L}}{mathcal {J}}(delta ) with parameter delta in the discrete range {2cos (pi /(k+2)):,k=1,2,ldots }cup {2} a certain C*-algebra {mathcal {B}} of compact operators. We use the unitary braiding on {mathcal {T}}{mathcal {L}}{mathcal {J}}(delta ) to equip the category mathrm {Mod}_{{mathcal {B}}} of (right) Hilbert {mathcal {B}}-modules with the structure of a braided C*-tensor category. We show that {mathcal {T}}{mathcal {L}}{mathcal {J}}(delta ) is equivalent, as a braided C*-tensor category, to the full subcategory mathrm {Mod}_{{mathcal {B}}}^f of mathrm {Mod}_{{mathcal {B}}} whose objects are those modules which admit a finite orthonormal basis. Finally, we indicate how these considerations generalize to arbitrary finitely generated rigid braided C*-tensor categories.

K-theory of AF-algebras from braided C*-tensor categories

Renault, Wassermann, Handelman and Rossmann (early 1980s) and Evans and Gould (1994) explicitly described the [Formula: see text]-theory of certain unital AF-algebras [Formula: see text] as (quotients of) polynomial rings. In this paper, we show that in each case the multiplication in the polynomial ring (quotient) is induced by a ∗-homomorphism [Formula: see text] arising from a unitary braiding on a C*-tensor category and essentially defined by Erlijman and Wenzl (2007). We also present some new explicit calculations based on the work of Gepner, Fuchs and others. Specifically, we perform computations for the rank two compact Lie groups SU(3), Sp(4) and G2 that are analogous to the Evans–Gould computation for the rank one compact Lie group SU(2). The Verlinde rings are the fusion rings of Wess–Zumino–Witten models in conformal field theory or, equivalently, of certain related C*-tensor categories. Freed, Hopkins and Teleman (early 2000s) realized these rings via twisted equivariant [Formula: see text]-theory. Inspired by this, our long-term goal is to realize these rings in a simpler [Formula: see text]-theoretical manner, avoiding the technicalities of loop group analysis. As a step in this direction, we note that the Verlinde rings can be recovered as above in certain special cases.

Majorana Fermions and representations of the braid group

In this paper we study unitary braid group representations associated with Majorana Fermions. Majorana Fermions are represented by Majorana operators, elements of a Clifford algebra. The paper recalls and proves a general result about braid group representations associated with Clifford algebras, and compares this result with the Ivanov braiding associated with Majorana operators. The paper generalizes observations of Kauffman and Lomonaco and of Mo-Lin Ge to show that certain strings of Majorana operators give rise to extraspecial 2-groups and to braiding representations of the Ivanov type.

Braiding, Majorana fermions, Fibonacci particles and topological quantum computing

This paper is an introduction to relationships between topology, quantum computing, and the properties of Fermions. In particular, we study the remarkable unitary braid group representations associated with Majorana fermions.

Braiding and Majorana fermions

In this paper, we study unitary braid group representations associated with Majorana fermions. Majorana fermions are represented by Majorana operators, elements of a Clifford algebra. The paper proves a general result about braid group representations associated with Clifford algebras and compares this result with the Ivanov braiding associated with Majorana operators and with other braiding representations associated with Majorana fermions such as the Fibonacci model for universal topological quantum computing.

Multi-qudit states generated by unitary braid quantum gates based on Temperley-Lieb algebra

Using a braid group representation based on the Temperley-Lieb algebra, we construct braid quantum gates that could generate entangled n-partite D-level qudit states. D different sets of Dn × Dn unitary representation of the braid group generators are presented. With these generators the desired braid quantum gates are obtained. We show that the generalized GHZ states, which are maximally entangled states, can be obtained directly from these braid quantum gates without resorting to further local unitary transformations. We also point out an interesting observation, namely for a general multi-qudit state there exists a unitary braid quantum gate based on the Temperley-Lieb algebra that connects it from one of its component basis states, if the coefficient of the component state is such that the square of its norm is no less than 1/4.

On the geometry of some unitary Riemann surface braid group representations and Laughlin-type wave functions

In this note we construct the simplest unitary Riemann surface braid group representations geometrically by means of stable holomorphic vector bundles over complex tori and the prime form on Riemann surfaces. Generalised Laughlin wave functions are then introduced. The genus one case is discussed in some detail also with the help of noncommutative geometric tools, and an application of Fourier–Mukai–Nahm techniques is also given, explaining the emergence of an intriguing Riemann surface braid group duality.

Braiding statistics and congruent invariance of twist defects in bosonic bilayer fractional quantum Hall states

We describe the braiding statistics of topological twist defects in fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states. In particular, we study Abelian bosonic $(mmn)$ FQH states with bilayer symmetries. Twist defects are staircases that lift orbiting quasiparticles from one layer to another. These point defects exhibit semiclassical non-Abelian characteristics. We develop a procedure to evaluate consistent basis transformations ($F$ symbols) of the defect fusion theory. Unlike quantum anyonic excitations of a topological phase, the exchange and braiding statistics of twist defects is not characterized by modular transformations, but instead a subcollection known as congruent transformations. We also characterize the projective nature of unitary braiding operations and relate it to the global ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ bilayer symmetry.

Majorana anyons, non-Abelian statistics and quantum computation in Chern–Simons–Higgs theory

We naturally obtain the NOT and CNOT logic gates, which are key pieces of quantum computing algorithms, in the framework of the non-Abelian Chern–Simons–Higgs theory in two spatial dimensions. For that, we consider the anyonic quantum vortex topological excitations and show that Majorana anyons, namely, self-adjoint combinations of these vortices and anti-vortices, have in general non-Abelian statistics. The associated unitary monodromy braiding matrices become the required logic gates in the special case when the vortex spin is s = 1/4, which corresponds to the case of Ising non-Abelian anyons, found in different quantum computing systems. We explicitly construct the vortex field operators, show that they carry both magnetic flux and charge and obtain their Euclidean correlation functions by using the method of quantization of topological excitations, which is based on the order-disorder duality. These correlators are in general multivalued, the number of sheets being determined by the vortex spin. This, by its turn, is proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field and therefore can be tuned by both the free parameters of the Higgs potential and the temperature.

A new set of generators and a physical interpretation for the $$SU (3)$$ finite subgroup $$D(9,1,1;2,1,1)$$

After 100 years of effort, the classification of all the finite subgroups of SU(3) is yet incomplete. The most recently updated list can be found in P.O. Ludl, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 44 255204 (2011), where the structure of the series (C) and (D) of SU(3)-subgroups is studied. We provide a minimal set of generators for one of these groups which has order 162. These generators appear up to phase as the image of an irreducible unitary braid group representation issued from the Jones-Kauffman version of SU(2) Chern-Simons theory at level 4. In light of these new generators, we study the structure of the group in detail and recover the fact that it is isomorphic to the semidirect product Z_9 \times Z_3 \rtimes S_3 with respect to conjugation.

GENERALIZED YANG–BAXTER EQUATIONS AND BRAIDING QUANTUM GATES

Solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation — an important equation in mathematics and physics — and their afforded braid group representations have applications in fields such as knot theory, statistical mechanics, and, most recently, quantum information science. In particular, unitary representations of the braid group are desired because they generate braiding quantum gates. These are actively studied in the ongoing research into topological quantum computing. A generalized Yang–Baxter equation was proposed a few years ago by Eric Rowell et al. By finding solutions to the generalized Yang–Baxter equation, we obtain new unitary braid group representations. Our representations give rise to braiding quantum gates and thus have the potential to aid in the construction of useful quantum computers.

Localization of Unitary Braid Group Representations

Governed by locality, we explore a connection between unitary braid group representations associated to a unitary R-matrix and to a simple object in a unitary braided fusion category. Unitary R-matrices, namely unitary solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation, afford explicitly local unitary representations of braid groups. Inspired by topological quantum computation, we study whether or not it is possible to reassemble the irreducible summands appearing in the unitary braid group representations from a unitary braided fusion category with possibly different positive multiplicities to get representations that are uniformly equivalent to the ones from a unitary R-matrix. Such an equivalence will be called a localization of the unitary braid group representations. We show that the q = e πi/6 specialization of the unitary Jones representation of the braid groups can be localized by a unitary 9 × 9 R-matrix. Actually this Jones representation is the first one in a family of theories (SO(N), 2) for an odd prime N > 1, which are conjectured to be localizable. We formulate several general conjectures and discuss possible connections to physics and computer science.

Exotic bialgebras from 9 × 9 unitary braid matrices

The exotic bialgebras that arise from a 9 × 9 unitary braid matrix are constructed. The dual bialgebra of one of these exotic bialgebras is presented.

Extraspecial two-Groups, generalized Yang-Baxter equations and braiding quantum gates

In this paper we describe connections among extraspecial 2-groups, unitary representations of the braid group and multi-qubit braiding quantum gates. We first construct new representations of extraspecial 2-groups. Extending the latter by the symmetric group, we construct new unitary braid representations, which are solutions to generalized Yang-Baxter equations and use them to realize new braiding quantum gates. These gates generate the GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) states, for an arbitrary (particularly an \emph{odd}) number of qubits, from the product basis. We also discuss the Yang-Baxterization of the new braid group representations, which describes unitary evolution of the GHZ states. Our study suggests that through their connection with braiding gates, extraspecial 2-groups and the GHZ states may play an important role in quantum error correction and topological quantum computing.

Extraspecial two-groups, generalized yang-baxter equations and braiding quantum gates

In this paper we describe connections among extraspecial 2-groups, unitary representa-tions of the braid group and multi-qubit braiding quantum gates. We first construct newrepresentations of extraspecial 2-groups. Extending the latter by the symmetric group,we construct new unitary braid representations, which are solutions to generalized Yang-Baxter equations and use them to realize new braiding quantum gates. These gates gen-erate the GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) states, for an arbitrary (particularly anodd) number of qubits, from the product basis. We also discuss the Yang-Baxterizationof the new braid group representations, which describes unitary evolution of the GHZstates. Our study suggests that through their connection with braiding gates, extraspe-cial 2-groups and the GHZ states may play an important role in quantum error correctionand topological quantum computing.

On the Jones Index Values for Conformal Subnets

We consider the smallest values taken by the Jones index for an inclusion of local conformal nets of von Neumann algebras on S^1 and show that these values are quite more restricted than for an arbitrary inclusion of factors. Below 4, the only non-integer admissible value is 4\cos^2 \pi/10, which is known to be attained by a certain coset model. Then no index value is possible in the interval between 4 and 3 +\sqrt{3}. The proof of this result based on \alpha-induction arguments. In the case of values below 4 we also give a second proof of the result. In the course of the latter proof we classify all possible unitary braiding symmetries on the A D E tensor categories, namely the ones associated with the even vertices of the A_n, D_{2n}, E_6, E_8 Dynkin diagrams.

Braid matrices and quantum gates for Ising anyons topological quantum computation

We study various aspects of the topological quantum computation scheme based on the non-Abelian anyons corresponding to fractional quantum hall effect states at filling fraction 5/2 using the Temperley-Lieb recoupling theory. Unitary braiding matrices are obtained by a normalization of the degenerate ground states of a system of anyons, which is equivalent to a modification of the definition of the 3-vertices in the Temperley-Lieb recoupling theory as proposed by Kauffman and Lomonaco. With the braid matrices available, we discuss the problems of encoding of qubit states and construction of quantum gates from the elementary braiding operation matrices for the Ising anyons model. In the encoding scheme where 2 qubits are represented by 8 Ising anyons, we give an alternative proof of the no-entanglement theorem given by Bravyi and compare it to the case of Fibonacci anyons model. In the encoding scheme where 2 qubits are represented by 6 Ising anyons, we construct a set of quantum gates which is equivalent to the construction of Georgiev.

Unitary braid matrices: bridge between topological and quantum entanglements

Braiding operators corresponding to the third Reidemeister move in the theory of knots and links are realized in terms of parametrized unitary matrices for all dimensions. Two distinct classes are considered. Their (nonlocal) unitary actions on separable pure product states of three identical subsystems (i.e., the spin projections of three particles) are explicitly evaluated for all dimensions. This, for our classes, is shown to generate entangled superposition of four terms in the base space. The 3-body and 2-body en-tanglements (in three 2-body subsystems), the 3 tangles, and 2 tangles are explicitly evaluated for each class. For our matrices, these are parametrized. Varying parameters they can be made to sweep over the domain (0; 1). Thus, braiding operators correspond-ing to over- and undercrossings of three braids and, on closing ends, to topologically entangled Borromean rings are shown, in another context, to generate quantum entan-glements. For higher dimensions, starting with di erent initial triplets one can entangle by turns, each state with all the rest. A speci c coupling of three angular momenta is brie y discussed to throw more light on three body entanglements.

Unitary braid matrices: bridge between topological and quantum entanglements

Braiding operators corresponding to the third Reidemeister move in the theory of knots and links are realized in terms of parametrized unitary matrices for all dimensions. Two distinct classes are considered. Their (nonlocal) unitary actions on separable pure product states of three identical subsystems (i.e., the spin projections of three particles) are explicitly evaluated for all dimensions. This, for our classes, is shown to generate entangled superposition of four terms in the base space. The 3-body and 2-body en-tanglements (in three 2-body subsystems), the 3 tangles, and 2 tangles are explicitly evaluated for each class. For our matrices, these are parametrized. Varying parameters they can be made to sweep over the domain (0; 1). Thus, braiding operators correspond-ing to over- and undercrossings of three braids and, on closing ends, to topologically entangled Borromean rings are shown, in another context, to generate quantum entan-glements. For higher dimensions, starting with di erent initial triplets one can entangle by turns, each state with all the rest. A speci c coupling of three angular momenta is brie y discussed to throw more light on three body entanglements.