Production Unit Research Articles

СТОХАСТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ОПТИМАЛЬНИХ ЗВ’ЯЗКІВ МІЖ ТІНЬОВОЮ ТА ЛЕГАЛЬНОЮ ЕКОНОМІКАМИ

The article is devoted to the stochastic modelling of optimal links between the shadow and legal economies using Wiener and Poisson processes. The study focuses on identifying the best management strategies that will help reduce the size of the shadow economy. The paper first considers a deterministic economic and mathematical model of the relationship between the shadow and legal economies, which is presented in the form of differential equations with initial conditions. These differential equations describe the rate of change of real sector workers' savings, the dynamics of owners' savings, the rate of change of the price of aggregate output, etc. The assumptions about the dynamics of cash savings and the price of aggregate output are supplemented by initial conditions. Restrictions on the consumer shares of savings used for consumption of legal and shadow products for employees and entrepreneurs are formed. To build an optimal process, the author formalizes an objective function (objective criterion) that maximizes the average total (integral) savings of employees and entrepreneurs over a certain period of time and uses stochastic sufficient conditions for optimality, where the controls are the shares of savings used to purchase aggregate products of the legal and shadow economies of employees and business owners, and the phase trajectories are the monetary savings of employees and business owners of legal and shadow economies, the price of a unit of aggregate products, and the price of a unit of aggregate products. Thus, the main idea of the process of solving the optimal management problem takes into account both the management process itself (strategies, management methods) and the paths along which the system moves from the initial state to the final result (phase trajectories). The structure of the optimal process of the proposed stochastic model is described. It is established that the optimal controls are deterministic values and do not depend on the coefficients of the Wiener processes in the proposed stochastic dynamic model. It is also worth noting that the specific formulation of this problem of optimal control of the interaction between the shadow and legal economies depends on the context of the study and may vary depending on the tasks and assumptions set.

Cold Storage Order Picking Performance: Effects of Load Unit Utilization and Product Volume

Increasing labor costs in retail have intensified the focus on order-fulfillment performance, particularly in warehouse operations. In this context, manual picker-to-parts systems, especially in cold storage environments processing deep-frozen products below -20°C, are of significant interest. Our study explores order picking in such cold storage environments, where products are packed into insulated, roll containers serving as load units. While existing research has explored the effects of product characteristics such as weight, volume, and different load units like pallets from a theoretical perspective, the specific interplay between load unit utilization levels and product volume remains underexplored in practical settings. To address this gap, we conducted a field study focusing on a cold storage of a prominent German brick-and-mortar grocery retailer and analyzed a comprehensive longitudinal dataset comprising 227,274 storage location visits by 29 order pickers in January 2023. Employing a mixed-effects model, we examined the impact of these factors on order picking time (OPT). Our findings revealed a subtle relationship: a 1% increase in load unit utilization level correlates with a 1% increase in OPT, signifying that higher utilization levels negatively impact pickers’ performance. Notably, our analysis also indicated that product volume moderates this effect. Specifically, lower product volumes can mitigate the adverse effects of high load unit utilization, whereas higher product volumes amplify these effects. This research offers valuable insights for warehouse managers, particularly in cold storage settings on finding the balance between OPT and load unit utilization.

Elasticity of Labor Absorption in Industry and Service Sectors in East Kalimantan Province

The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the number of workers absorbed in the industrial and service sectors. Elasticity of employment opportunities in the industrial and service sectors. Comparing the magnitude of the influence of employment opportunities in the industrial and service sectors in East Kalimantan. The variables used in this study consist of variables of labor influence and GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) on the production unit, in this case the industrial sector and the service sector which later can compare the elasticity of employment opportunities in the industrial and service sectors. In this study, the type of data used is secondary data from 2013-2022. The analytical tool used is a two-step structure model and analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for service solution) software version 26. From the analysis, it is obtained that the elasticity of employment in the industrial sector is positively inelastic. The elasticity of labor absorption in the service sector is positively inelastic. The elasticity of service sector labor absorption is greater than the elasticity of industrial sector labor absorption in East Kalimantan in 2013-2022. Thus, the development of the industrial sector and the service sector has good prospects and is expected to attract investors so that it can open new jobs that can increase the number of employment in East Kalimantan.

Ergonomic Assessment Using the Ergonomic Checklist Method in the Production Unit

PT XYZ is engaged in the garment manufacturing industry and has become a garment manufacturing company with exports to five continents with modern manufacturing facilities in Southeast Asia. In the current condition of PT XYZ, there are still vulnerable and risky areas with the potential for work accidents. This prone and risky condition can be seen in the work environment where there are still scattered items, a low level of security, insufficient lighting, insufficient air ventilation, inadequate hand tools for workers, or the way employees lift materials where employees still make bending and twisting movements that are harmful to employee’s health. Based on the book “Ergonomic Checkpoints: Practical and Easy-to-Implement Solutions for Improving Safety, Health, and Working Conditions” published by the International Labour Organization and the International Energy Agency, this study uses observation and interviews to collect data, using 132 ergonomic checklist questions and provides improvement recommendations. From the research 15 points still need to be done correctly, so they are prioritized for improvement. Recommended improvements include creating two-way lanes in the production unit to facilitate worker mobility and other recommendations.

A Unit Product Energy Mapping Framework for Operation Management in Manufacturing Industries

Sustainability has emerged as a primary concern across a wide range of industries, particularly in manufacturing due to its energy-intensive nature. To understand the environmental impact of manufacturing processes and make them less detrimental to the environment users monitor and track energy consumption data. Although this approach is valuable in assessing the overall impact, energy consumption mapping needs to be conducted per product to compare and assess different process strategies. Available research in literature, provides unit process energy consumption models in isolation from manufacturing operations, neglect of machine and operational variations, and limited consideration of detailed data acquisition for indirect energy consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive framework designed to address the existing gaps in the literature on energy consumption mapping within the manufacturing industry. The proposed framework provides a solution by offering a structured approach to data collection, analysis, and utilization within manufacturing processes, aiming to achieve two main outcomes: the calculation of embodied energy per unit product and the provision of systematically analysed data for operation management to enhance energy efficiency. Four key steps constitute the framework: data acquisition, simulation and modelling, impact assessment, and operation management. The data acquisition step involves the identification of manufacturing process flows, equipment specifics, and process parameters, emphasizing machine operation requirements and power readings. These elements are systematically logged into a database providing essential information for both embodied energy calculation and simulation purposes. Results obtained from simulations are subjected to analysis in the impact assessment step to assess embodied carbon and overall environmental impacts. The collective findings from the first three steps are then utilized for operation management.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО ЛАНДШАФТА РАЗНЫХ СТРАН МИРА В ЭПОХУ ПЕРЕХОДА К ЧИСТОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

Goals. The purpose of this work is to study the energy landscape in countries around the world through indicators of electricity generation from various sources, taking into account the economic efficiency of some energy processes. Relevance. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study changes in the energy system that affect the entire world economy. As the cost of renewable energy technologies falls and production capacity expands, the transition from fossil fuels to a cleaner, more sustainable energy system is accelerating and delivering significant socio-economic benefits, and performance analysis in this area remains important and relevant. Research methods. The main research methods are grouping and comparison of indicators. The sample countries were grouped by energy type based on the volume of electricity generated from various sources, and then the indicators of electricity consumption per capita and per unit of Gross Domestic Product were compared and analyzed. Main results. Countries are grouped by energy type in terms of sources of electricity generation, and countries are also compared in terms of electricity consumption per capita and one of the key indicators of the energy intensity of the economy - the ratio of electricity consumption to Gross Domestic Product per capita. Findings for groups of countries are presented in the context of selected indicators for comparison.

Evaluation of the Economic Impact of Streptococcus suis-Associated Disease.

The economic impact of Streptococcus suis-associated disease at farm level is well known by the producers, but the cost in a region or a country is more difficult to evaluate due to the lack of a centralized data system, the different incidences, and the control measures applied by each producer. In this chapter, we describe a method based on the information gathered through interviews with veterinary practitioners. A comprehensive questionnaire created specifically for the disease can help to conduct the interviews. The questions include information about the proportions of farms, batches and animals clinically affected, mortality, metaphylactic and therapeutic treatments, use of vaccines, and proportion of cases that are diagnosed at the laboratory. As the questionnaire is quite complex, the best option to obtain the data is send the questionnaire to the selected veterinarians to allow them to collect some data and make an interview with them some days later. The information allows to estimate the costs due to mortality, antimicrobial treatments, the use of autogenous vaccines, and analyses performed. Initially they are calculated per animal in each affected production phase, and later it can be extrapolated to estimate the annual cost per affected production unit and per country. The model does not consider indirect costs such as the cost as a zoonosis, the revenues forgone, or an increase of labor.

Multiphysics for industrial gas exploration – The Fonts-Bouillants case study

Helium is key in numerous industrial sectors. Production in western Europe is still absent despite criticality of helium as a resource. 45- 8 Energy, implementing multiple geophysical methods in its Fonts- Bouillants exploration license, located in France, intended to couple geophysics with geological and geochemical information to characterize more accurately the subsurface before drilling. The area has been underexplored until license awarding in 2021 and therefore brand-new data acquisition was the only path to uncertainties reduction. A finely tuned acquisition campaign of electric resistivity tomography, reflection seismic, electromagnetic methods, followed by a thorough transverse interpretation phase, enabled 45-8 Energy to step up with a successful shallow drilling campaign. Geophysics was key to implement boreholes which turned out to be discoveries and key to unlock funds to build the first helium production unit in western Europe. Adventure shall continue with upcoming deeper drilling campaign, revealing full potential of the exploration permit by mid- 2024.

Capacity Configuration in Integrated Energy Production Unit Considering Ladder-type Carbon Trading Under CCER Quota

Capacity Configuration in Integrated Energy Production Unit Considering Ladder-type Carbon Trading Under CCER Quota

Technical evaluation of the efficiency of two feeding systems used in whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) culture during fattening

The present study evaluated the efficiency of two feeding techniques (broadcast feeding and mechanical feeding) during the fattening of whiteleg shrimp Litopennaeus vannamei in a semi-intensive system. Six growing ponds pertaining to the Practica Veracruzana aquaculture production unit were used to test each technique. Two stocking densities (32 and 35 organisms per square meter) were used for each treatment in each pond, which measured one hectare in area. The production parameters used as a reference during the present study were weekly shrimp growth, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The same type of feed was used for both treatments throughout the experiment, with only the feeding technique changed. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (?:0.05) was used to analyze the growth and FCR results, while a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the survival results obtained. Both analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between the treatments in terms of weekly growth (P= 0.89), FCR (P=0.11), or the percentage of survival (P= 0.88). On the other hand, the financial analysis conducted found that broadcast feeding generates greater financial benefits throughout the lifetime of the culture, with cost-benefit analysis showing that, for every peso spent, the broadcast feeding technique obtained 0.22 pesos more in profit than the mechanical feeding technique.

Simulation of the activation process for an activated carbon production plant

Charcoal activation is the process by which the pores of the charcoal open. As a result, its absorption capacity is greatly increased. Opening of pores in coal occurs upon contact with a coolant having a high temperature of 800-900 °C. The temperature regimes of the activation process are described by differential heat transfer equations. Mass transfer during activation is described by differential mass transfer equations for coal and the resulting activation gases. Modeling the activation process and designing equipment for coal activation is a complex process that requires many factors to be taken into account. For an energy- and resource-saving continuously operating plant for the production of activated carbon, a zone of coal activation by superheated steam obtained in the process of cooling coal and flue gases has been developed. Water to create steam is separated as a result of mass transfer processes occurring in the activated carbon production unit. An engineering method for calculating a shaft-type activation chamber used for dispersed particles has been developed. A mathematical model of the activation process is presented, which determines the duration of the coal activation process. Quantitative characteristics of superheated steam are calculated from the initial productivity of coal. Relationships are given for calculating the geometric dimensions of the activation chamber in an activated carbon production unit.

Research Model Analysis of Muscle Power and Measuring Methods

Momentum is one of the most common sources of power for collecting. This article is important in the development of human power as it is a motivational investigation into the wood chipping process. An effective computational framework was established for the following variables: the power required to accelerate the spinning wheel, arterial pressure rise, and time needed for achieving spinning wheel speed. Five people with different physical characteristics pedaled. The energy production unit and output necessary for every individual are to be evaluated. The method of cycling and engaging the power transmitter can be considered a different subject of inquiry in this study. A separate experimental strategy was devised to measure human energy, and many factors were identified for further investigation for the first time, an effort was made to calculate the amount of human power necessary to operate any machine. The originality of the present study is regarded as of the utmost significance since it is transferable to any mathematical framework developed.

To Transfer or Not? Analysis of the Original Equipment Manufacturer's Strategic Outsourcing Strategy in the Presence of the Supplier's Innovation Effort

Recently, a new trend has arisen in which many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) outsourced to traditional low-cost manufacturing bases (e.g., China) have started to transfer production to new emerging regions with even lower costs (e.g., Southeast Asia). However, it is still unclear whether and when OEMs should transfer to the new environment, especially when taking the traditional supplier's initial innovation effort into consideration. To address this question, we consider a sourcing game where one OEM sources from a traditional low-cost supplier that can be either competitive (CS) or noncompetitive (NS) initially. Moreover, both of these types of suppliers have the ability to innovate by themselves. Driven by the increasing cost pressure, the OEM may transfer to a new supplier (LS) that has an even lower cost but suffers yield uncertainty. The equilibrium results show that the OEM is less likely to transfer when its brand value is large enough. Interestingly, we find that the competition between the CS and OEM does not always prompt the OEM to transfer. When the brand advantage is large enough and the traditional supplier's unit production cost for the OEM is moderate, the OEM should not transfer under the CS scenario but should transfer under the NS scenario. Finally, we find that when the OEM's brand advantage increases, the effectiveness of innovation in preventing the OEM from transferring decreases under the CS scenario, while it increases under the NS scenario.

Methodology for selecting objects for reverse engineering at oil and gas industry enterprises

The basic methods of reengineering and the possibility of their application at the enterprises of both oil and gas industry and enterprises of defense-industrial complex under the conditions of ensuring technological independence are presented. The methodology of justification of selection of objects for reverse engineering at the presented enterprises has been developed, including the following criteria: participation of the reverse engineering object in the production of special products, reduction of unit production costs when implementing the reverse engineering object, the share of revenue from products containing the object in the total revenue of the enterprise, the level of import-independence provided by the reverse engineering object. For each criterion, verbal-numerical scales are developed, a complex coefficient is proposed, the values of which are used in making managerial decisions justifying the choice of objects for reverse engineering.

Combating Deceptive Counterfeits With Blockchain Technology Under Asymmetric Information

Blockchain technology has recently been regarded as a promising anti-counterfeiting strategy. This article explores whether the retailer concerned with goodwill should adopt blockchain to combat counterfeits and disclose demand on the blockchain when both demand information and the supplier's product quality information are asymmetric. We also extend the model by considering the supplier's willingness to join the blockchain, endogenous authenticity proportion, and multiple suppliers. The main results show that when goodwill loss is high, the retailer always prefers blockchain; when this loss is medium, the retailer prefers blockchain only if both the unit production cost and proportion of authentic products are low. In some cases, the retailer has an incentive to disclose demand on the blockchain to motivate the supplier to join the blockchain, thereby achieving a win–win situation. The optimal government subsidy that both incentivizes the retailer to adopt blockchain and improves the supplier's preference for blockchain is also explored.

Glycine homeostasis requires reverse SHMT flux

The folate-dependent enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) reversibly converts serine into glycine and a tetrahydrofolate-bound one-carbon unit. Such one-carbon unit production plays a critical role in development, the immune system, and cancer. Using rodent models, here we show that the whole-body SHMT flux acts to net consume rather than produce glycine. Pharmacological inhibition of whole-body SHMT1/2 and genetic knockout of liver SHMT2 elevated circulating glycine levels up to eight-fold. Stable-isotope tracing revealed that the liver converts glycine to serine, which is then converted by serine dehydratase into pyruvate and burned in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In response to diets deficient in serine and glycine, de novo biosynthetic flux was unaltered, but SHMT2- and serine-dehydratase-mediated catabolic flux was lower. Thus, glucose-derived serine synthesis is largely insensitive to systemic demand. Instead, circulating serine and glycine homeostasis is maintained through variable consumption, with liver SHMT2 a major glycine-consuming enzyme.

국내 의류봉제 산업의 글로벌소싱 의향 고려요인 연구

Purpose - This study seeks to investigate the determinants of global sourcing intention in clothing sewing industry, in particular with its focus on women’s Knitwear production.
 Design/methodology/approach - This study collected a unique set of qualitative data through 31 in-depth interviews with fashion brands, promotion agencies, and sewing factories between July 2023 and October 2023. In addition, it analyzed the dataset using the MAXQDA to complement the research findings.
 Findings - We have two findings. First, the interviewees commonly mentioned the following factors as reasons for considering global sourcing: the human factors(aging of skilled technicians and labor shortages), the financial factors(gap in production unit prices at home and abroad), the relational factors(lack of novelty), and the physical factors(loss of production infrastructure and network), while the human factors(skilled workforce), the production factors(delivery date and product quality), and the relational factors(timely communication and mutual trust) as reasons for continuing domestic sourcing. Additional code analysis of interview also supports this finding. On the other hand, there was also a subtle difference between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and processing plants), and buyers consider the exact delivery date critical so that they could see trend-sensitive women’s Knitwear on time, and suppliers took production costs, labor costs, and labor shortages, which are financial factors, more seriously.
 Research implications or Originality - This study provides a richer and more balanced view of existing literature, which has generally tended to introduce global sourcing across the clothing industry despite the existence of various diversity within the industry. In addition, through qualitative research, we introduce that the sewing industry is carried out according to complex factors, and by revealing and categorizing the determinants of global sourcing, we supplement the existing research on the clothing sewing industry centered on survey. On a practical note, this study introduces that there is a difference in view of domestic sourcing and global sourcing between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and sewing factories), suggesting practical implications for revitalizing networks and deriving win-win cooperation network models among members in the future.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ ТА ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ ВИРОБНИЧИХ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АВТОМОБІЛЬНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ В ІНТЕРАКТИВНОМУ НАВЧАЛЬНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ WORKLAB-AUTO

Abstract. The general structure, principles of operation and application of the author's interactive learning envi-ronment Worklab-Auto for the organization of technological processes of diagnosis, maintenance and repair of cars and the design of pro-duction units of automobile transport enterprises are described. The software complex includes a fairly extensive data-base, server and client parts with a WEB interface and access via the INTERNET network. System modules provide inter-active implementation and simulation of production situations, which significantly improves the quality and realism of design. The environment contains modules for the analysis of the enterprise's production activity, which analyze the state of the production and technical base and the organization of work in production units, providing tech-nological equipment and tools. Calculation modules provide for the determination of the annual volume of work, the number of workers and the number of posts, as well as the distribution of work by types and place of execution. The pro-duction units of the enterprise are formed in the organizational modules. Technological equipment is selected from the database for each production unit. The organization of workplaces involves in an interactive mode fixing for each work-place works that are similar in execution technology, as well as the necessary technological equipment and tools. The types of diagnostic maintenance or repair posts are selected from the database which are equipped with an inspection ditch, a lift or stationary post equipment, respectively. The graphic window of the room plan makes it possible to display and move the selected equipment, service posts, workplaces, gates, doors, windows on a large scale. The development and optimization of route technology involves the visual division of a given technological process into separate operations. Keywords: design, automobile transport enterprise, technological process, education, interactive and distance learning.

Unit Cost Perawatan Gigi di Klinik Fanisa Kota Pariaman dengan Metode Activity Based Costing

Objective: To find out unit cost of dental health service in Pariaman City Fanisa Clinic using the Activity Based Costing method in era of national health insurance. Method : This research was a quantitative descriptive study that used was Activity Based Costing (ABC) used mathematical calculations. Results : The results of this study indicated there was 8 dental health service in Fanisa Clinic in Pariaman City in 2018 and the unit cost for each service was consultation Rp.55.945, permanent tooth extraction Rp.127.825, extraction of deciduous teeth Rp.79.311, composit resin patching Rp.156.384, GIC patching Rp.145.843, scalling Rp.131.358, premedication Rp.61.291 and pulp capping Rp.107.729. Conclusion: The highest unit cost for dental health services at the Fanisa Clinic in Pariaman City was composite resin patching service and the lowest was consulting services. The average unit cost of dental health services at the Fanisa Clinic in Pariaman City was Rp.108.211. The biggest cost in the production unit was the cost of employee salary.

Decision Analysis to Avoid Unplanned Shutdown and Catastrophic Failure Due to Sour Crude Oil Processing in Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)

The Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) plays a pivotal role as the primary production unit in crude oil processing. Changes in the operational patterns of crude oil processing have unveiled potential issues that demand the refinery's capability to process Sour Crude. This type of crude oil contains relatively high impurity levels, with a Total Acid Number (TAN) of 0.3 Mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 1.5 wt%. This has the potential to impact the remaining life and damage modes of equipment and pipes in the Preheater System due to an increase in corrosion rates. This study aims to identify the root causes and propose alternative solutions to address the possibility of damage, particularly leaks, in the Preheater system of the CDU. The focus is on preventing unplanned shutdowns and reducing the risk of catastrophic issues that may arise from the damage to the CDU's preheater system. These steps are crucial to ensuring the continuity of feed supply for secondary processes and valuable product stocks, essential for the operations of Refinery unit. The research employs Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods to evaluate several alternative solutions. The analysis results are expected to provide guidance in selecting the most effective and efficient solution, minimizing the risk of preheater system damage, and maintaining the optimal performance of the CDU.