Production Unit Research Articles

Barriers to WHO prequalification of similar biotherapeutic insulin.

To identify the barriers preventing manufacturers of similar biotherapeutic human insulin from submitting their products to the World Health Organization (WHO) for prequalification. We used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from companies producing similar biotherapeutic human insulin. We included questions about the insulin products manufactured, knowledge of WHO prequalification requirements, export of the products and compliance with good manufacturing practices. Companies had the possibility to provide additional relevant information. We sent the questionnaire to 20 manufacturers in total. We evaluated responses and organized the data into themes. We had a response rate of 55% (11/20 companies). Five broad themes emerged: (i)manufacturers and products; (ii)expressions of interest awareness and participation; (iii)need for technical assistance and training; (iv)market and supply chain challenges; and (v)approval for good manufacturing practices. The most important reasons for manufacturers' lack of response to WHO's expression-of-interest invitation were absence of a mechanism to guarantee return on investment, and perceived complexity of prequalification requirements for insulin-similar biotherapeutic products. To encourage greater participation in the WHO prequalification programme, international procurement agencies associated with the programme should consider establishing a platform to enter into advance purchasing agreements with manufacturers. In addition, WHO's Local Production and Assistance Unit should provide companies with ongoing technical assistance on the development of their human insulin products and improvement of their production facilities to comply with the WHO requirements for good manufacturing practices.

FUNGSI KELOMPOK TANI DAN PENGGUNAAN SARANA PRODUKSI DALAM KEGIATAN USAHATANI JAGUNG DI DESA AMBESEA KECAMATAN LAEYA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

Farming in Ambesea Village still relies heavily on traditional methods passed down from generation to generation, from land cultivation to harvest. Corn farming in this village has not been carried out optimally due to farmers' limited knowledge, which has resulted in low corn production results. This research aims to evaluate the function of farmer groups and the use of production facilities in corn farming in Ambesea Village, Laeya District, South Konawe Regency. A total of 12 informants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed qualitatively through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that farmer groups function as learning classes, with meetings that show member activities; as a vehicle for cooperation, with active cooperation between members; and as a production unit that provides agricultural production facilities. The use of production facilities in corn farming shows that farmers utilize all available facilities in their activities.

Stochastic error propagation with independent probability distributions in LCA does not preserve mass balances and leads to unusable product compositions—a first quantification

Abstract Purpose To mitigate the effects of the triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss, a system-based approach to estimating environmental impacts—such as life cycle assessment (LCA)—is critical. International standards recommend using uncertainty analysis to improve the reliability of LCA, but there has been debate about how to do this for many years. In particular, in order to characterise uncertainty in the inputs and outputs of each unit process in an LCA, a prevalent approach is to represent each one by an independent probability distribution. Thus, any physical relationships between inputs and outputs are ignored, which causes two potential errors during Monte Carlo simulation (a popular method for propagating uncertainty through an LCA model). First, the sum of the inputs to a unit process may not equal the sum of the outputs (i.e. there may be a mass imbalance), and second, the proportions of each input and output may be unrealistic (e.g. too much cement in a concrete production unit process). However, while some literature has discussed the problem, it has not yet been quantified. Methods Therefore, this paper investigates the extent to which existing uncertainty characterisation approaches, where there is a lack of parameterisation or correlations in databases, lead to mass imbalances and unrealistic variations in unit process compositions when performing uncertainty analysis. The matrix-based structure of LCA and the standard uncertainty analysis procedure using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to propagate uncertainty are described. We apply the procedure to a concrete production process. Two uncertainty characterisation approaches are also explored to assess the effect of data quality scoring on mass imbalances and the mass contribution of each exchange (i.e. production compositions). Results and discussion For median data quality scores and using a typical (basic + additional uncertainty) uncertainty characterisation approach, the 1000-iteration MC simulation leads to mass imbalances ranging from − 49 to + 30% of the original mass and found that the mass imbalance exceeded existing prescribed plausibility limits on 62.7% of MC runs. On average across all exchanges, the exchange mass exceeded the 5% plausible variation limit on 77.7% of MC runs. This means that the final concrete product compositions are unlikely to be realistic or functionally equivalent to one another. We discuss the appropriateness of using universal variances for the underlying normal distribution for data quality scores (“additional uncertainty”) when input exchange quantities are of different scales. Additionally, we discuss potential solutions to the mass imbalance problem and their suitability for implementation at a database scale. Conclusions We have quantified, for the first time, the significant impact that uncertainty characterisation via independent probability distributions has on maintaining mass balances and plausible product compositions in unit processes. To overcome these challenges, databases would need to be parameterised and have the ability to sum quantities to perform mass balance checks during uncertainty analysis.

Inhibition Control by Continuous Extractive Fermentation Enhances De Novo 2-Phenylethanol Production by Yeast.

Current microbial cell factory methods for producing chemicals from renewable resources primarily rely on (fed-)batch production systems, leading to the accumulation of the desired product. Industrially relevant chemicals like 2-phenylethanol (2PE), a flavor and fragrance compound, can exhibit toxicity at low concentrations, inhibit the host activity, and negatively impact titer, rate, and yield. Batch liquid-liquid (L-L) In Situ Product Removal (ISPR) was employed to mitigate inhibition effects, but was not found sufficient for industrial-scale application. Here, we demonstrated that continuous selective L-L ISPR provides the solution for maintaining the productivity of de novo produced 2PE at an industrial pilot scale. A unique bioreactor concept called "Fermentation Accelerated by Separation Technology" (FAST) utilizes hydrostatic pressure differences to separate aqueous- and extractant streams within one unit operation, where both production and product extraction take place - allowing for the control of the concentration of the inhibiting compound. Controlled aqueous 2PE levels (0.43 ± 0.02 g kg-1) and extended production times (>100 h) were obtained and co-inhibiting by-product formation was reduced, resulting in a twofold increase of the final product output of batch L-L ISPR approaches. This study establishes that continuous selective L-L ISPR, enabled by FAST, can be applied for more economically viable production of inhibiting products.

The influence of climatic factors on the effect of growth regulators in agrocenoses of spring barley

Relevance. In recent years, under the conditions of climate change, there has been a tendency to reduce the acreage of spring barley, reduce the quantity and quality of grain. From the point of view of ensuring the stability of gross grain harvests and ecology, it is necessary to manage the agrocenosis.Methods. The experiments were conducted in 2021–2024 agricultural years in the conditions of the Azov sea zone of the Rostov region. Objects of research: Leon spring barley variety and growth regulators “Artafit” (0.3 l/ha), “Biodux” (3 ml/ha), “Obereg” (60 ml/ha), “Trainer” (3 l/ha), “Fulvohumate” (0.4 l/ha).Results. The climatic conditions in 2024 were extreme in terms of low rainfall and high amounts of spring temperatures. The year 2023 was the most favorable from this point of view. The yield level correlates with the level of moisture in the spring period, the highest indicators were observed in 2023, and the lowest in 2024. In the current market conditions and annual price increases, unit production costs are increasing. Thus, in 2024, the cultivation of spring barley turned out to be unprofitable. Moreover, the use of biological products did not allow us to gain a plus. In 2022 and 2023, the use of the drug “Trainer” turned out to be unprofitable due to the high cost of the drug. “Biodux” and “Obereg” showed the highest profitability.

Coordinated Planning for Multiarea Wind-Solar-Energy Storage Systems That Considers Multiple Uncertainties

As the scale of renewable energy sources (RESs) expands, it is essential to optimize the configuration of wind, solar, and storage resources across different areas. Nevertheless, the unavoidable uncertainties associated with both energy supply and demand present significant challenges for planners. This study aims to address the challenge of coordinated planning for multiarea wind-solar-energy storage systems considering multiple uncertainties. First, uncertainties related to future peak demand, thermal generation output boundaries, demand variability, and stochastic unit production are analyzed and modeled on the basis of robust optimization and stochastic programming techniques. Then, a hierarchical coordinated planning model that incorporates both system-wide (SW) and local area (LA) planning models is proposed. The SW planning model is designed to manage the optimal capacity configuration of RESs and energy storage systems (ESSs) within each LA, as well as the operational boundary of LAs. The LA planning models aim to further optimize the capacities of RESs and ESSs and minimize the economic cost within each LA on the basis of local resource characteristics. To achieve the optimal solution, the analytical target cascading (ATC) algorithm is integrated with the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm. The simulation results validate the effectiveness and reasonableness of the proposed coordinated planning model, which not only outperforms independent planning approaches but also effectively manages the uncertainties.

Black powder and mineral deposits in the LPG production and processing line: Analytical study and formation mechanisms

The accumulation of mineral deposits such as black powder causes severe impacts throughout the gas production and transport process. The phenomenon takes place from gas wells to LNG/LPG treatment plants and terminals. The complexity lies in understanding the mechanisms by which these materials are formed in random quantities, as well as their varied nature. The aim of this study is to monitor black powder and other mineral deposits formation in a chain of gas production and processing situated in the south of Algeria and unravel their root causes. To that extent, an analytical study was carried out on four samples of both mineral deposits and black powder taken from an LPG processing and production unit. The adopted analytical approach included an exploration of the textural and structural properties. It also involves a composition characterizations related to the content of metallic elements, moisture, organic and mineral matter. The particle distribution is also determined. The analytical study was conducted using gravimetric determination, XRD, XRF, SEM/EDX and Raman spectroscopy. Particle distribution was given by Laser granulometry technique. The results of the DRX/FRX and EDX characterization primarily revealed that the samples contain a variety of mineral components such as iron oxides; magnetite Fe3O4 and hematite Fe2O3, iron oxy-hydroxide FeO(OH), iron sulphide FeS2, calcite CaCO3, SiO2 and halite NaCl. The presence distribution of these components depends on the location of the sample in gas line. Granulometry study shows that black powder contamination can be spread over a wide spectrum of particle sizes ranging from 1.51 µm to 678.50 µm. This study has allowed to elucidate the nature and distribution of particles deposited at different positions in the LPG production chain and to propose probable mechanisms for their formation.

Environmental impacts of drug products: The effect of the selection of production sites in the supply chain

The environmental impact of drug products is largely determined by activities beyond the direct control of pharmaceutical companies, such as outsourced production of pharmaceutical building blocks. Therefore, this study evaluates the environmental impacts of a prostate cancer drug packaged in one blister (declared unit), thereby analysing the whole value chain to gain insight into 1) the main contributors to the impact of drug product production and 2) the effect of the geographical location of production of solvents and pharmaceuticals. The carbon and resource footprints of the entire life cycle of the drug product are determined, using the IPCC GWP 100 and the Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment methods, respectively. Unlike many other studies, the impacts of building blocks, called intermediate pharmaceutical ingredients (IPIs), are modelled based on primary data, literature and similar processes. The carbon footprint per declared unit equals 34 kg CO2-eq, of which IPIs and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production account for 96 %. The resource footprint is 647 MJex/declared unit, with IPI and API production accounting for 93 %. The main impact contributors of these processes are solvents and electricity consumption. Four alternative scenarios for IPI and API production are developed to evaluate the geographical influence of different production locations of solvents and pharmaceuticals between Europe and China. European production of solvents and pharmaceuticals appears to have the lowest carbon and resource footprint. In contrast, Chinese production of solvents and pharmaceuticals increases the carbon footprint by 49 %, while the resource footprint increases by only 4 %, although the natural resource consumption shifts from abiotic renewable resources and nuclear energy to fossil fuels. The high contribution of IPI production and the influence of geography of the supply chain highlight the need for accurate data from external suppliers to fairly estimate the environmental footprint of drug products.

PENDAMPINGAN KOMUNITAS POKDARWIS PILANG DALAM PENGELOLAAN ANIMAL WASTE MENJADI KOMPOS ORGANIK UNTUK MENDUKUNG SUSTAINABILITY URBAN FARMING

Animal waste management is an environmental challenge that can be turned into an economic opportunity through the right approach. This service program aims to assist the Pokdarwis Pilang community of Probolinggo City in managing animal waste into organic compost to support the sustainability of urban farming. The Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach is used to empower the community by utilizing existing local assets, such as animal waste, community skills, and infrastructure support. The service process includes five stages: Discovery, Dream, Design, Define, and Destiny. The Discovery stage focused on identifying local assets, where animal waste was found to be a valuable asset that was previously not managed properly. Through the Dream stage, the community formulated a shared vision to create a sustainable waste treatment system. The Design stage implemented technical training and procurement of composting infrastructure. At the Define stage, the community began to manage the waste treatment independently, followed by an evaluation of the results and social impact at the Destiny stage. The results showed an increase in the technical skills of Pokdarwis members, the establishment of a compost production unit, and changes in community behavior in waste management. In addition, the formation of partnerships with local markets helped improve the economic welfare of the community. The ABCD approach has proven effective in creating sustainable social change through community empowerment. Recommendations from this program are to expand the application of the ABCD approach to other communities and strengthen collaboration with stakeholders to support the sustainability of waste management and urban farming.

Evaluation of Effects of Cotton Growing on the Environment and the Population in the Koutiala Circle

Since 1960, cotton cultivation has experienced considerable expansion in the Koutiala district of Mali. This expansion has not been without consequences on people’s health and natural resources in terms of soil, water and natural vegetation. Based on the analysis of satellite images and a socio-economic survey of production unit chiefs, this study highlights the degradation of soils, biological diversity, population health, and pollution of groundwater and surface water. To reduce these effects, the adoption of good agroecological practices, the organic cotton farming, the reduction of the use of chemicals, and the sustainable management of water and soil are becoming a necessity to ensure sustainable management of environmental resources and the preservation of the livelihoods of local producers.

Techno-economic and environmental analysis of hybrid energy system for industrial sector of Pakistan

The industrial sector of Pakistan is currently facing severe load-shedding, which ultimately affects its unit production. The greater dependency on conventional energy resources (Thermal, Nuclear, etc.) results in higher production costs and environmental pollution. A sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly solution can help the industrial growth of Pakistan. This article proposes an optimal hybrid energy system (HES) for the industrial sector of Pakistan to overcome the mentioned challenges. The proposed HES is developed in HOMER Pro. Three different energy cases (Case I: Existing energy system including a utility grid and diesel generator, Case II: On-grid Biogas system, and Case III: On-grid PV system with batteries) are considered for the Gourmet food Industry in the Sundar Industrial estate, Pakistan. The Load profile of the selected site was calculated through on-site visits and data provided by the designated utility grid feeder. The analysis shows that Case III is more effective than other cases, indicating reduced Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), and Operating Cost (OC) to $ 19.2 million, $0.034/kWh, and $ 573,371/year respectively. Moreover, the On-grid PV system with batteries (Case III) provides an environmentally friendly solution by reducing 63.82% \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:C{O}_{2}$$\\end{document} by and 62.22% \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:{NO}_{x}$$\\end{document}. Comparing the sensitivity analysis for various grid sell-back prices ($0/kWh, $0.043/kWh, $0.061/kWh, and $0.09/kWh), Case III is more cost-effective than Case II. The revenue generation in Case III is $128,499.41/yr, considering the supply of excess electricity into nearby small industrial loads at $0.065/kWh, this indicates that installing optimal HES in industries will not only help in overall cost reduction but also support in mitigating environmental pollution and load shedding.

Multivariate analysis in chickpea genotypes under timely sown condition

Abstract Yield, a multifaceted trait influenced by genetic and environmental factors, requires a comprehensive assessment beyond emphasizing only on yield alone. Thus, understanding the intricate relationship between yield and its associated traits across diverse chickpea genotypes is essential. The current investigation was undertaken at the Breeder seed production unit, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, during the 2021-22 cropping season. Significant variations were found by analysis of variance (ANOVA) among the 40 genotypes under study, indicating substantial variability. Post hoc DMRT analysis further confirmed notable genetic diversity across all traits. Regression and Principal component analysis highlighted the significance of optimizing biological yield per plant, effective pods, total number of pods, and secondary branches to enhance grain yield. Strategic selection prioritizing these traits can facilitate the development of high-yielding chickpea varieties with enhanced agronomic characteristics. This analysis identified five principal components explaining 80.74% of genotypic variability. Ultimately, the genotypes ICCV 211210, RVG-204, and ICCV 211206 emerged as promising based on PC scores. Keywords: Chickpea, DMRT, Regression, PCA, Yield

Development of a geothermal-driven multi-output scheme for electricity, cooling, and hydrogen production: Techno-economic assessment and genetic algorithm-based optimization

This study aims to develop an environmentally friendly multi-energy system for sustainable production of electricity, cooling and hydrogen. The study introduces a pioneering geothermal-based system, integrating an ejector refrigeration cycle, a dual-loop organic Rankine cycle, and a hydrogen production unit with proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. The study provides a thorough analysis of the system's energy and exergy performance, as well as its economic feasibility. Through sensitivity and parametric analyses, the research identifies key parameters that significantly influence system performance. The system's innovative design promises minimal environmental impact while delivering multifaceted performance: generating 1.38 MW of electricity, supplying 436 kW of cooling load, and producing 5.39 kg/h of hydrogen. In the exergy analysis, Evaporator1 is identified as the primary contributor to exergy loss, representing 34 % of the total exergy destruction. This is followed by the electrolysis unit, the condenser, and the ejector refrigeration cycle, which contribute 18 %, 14 %, and 12 %, respectively. The system achieves optimal efficiency at an organic Rankine cycle turbine1 inlet temperature of 387 K, yielding a power generation of 885.4 kW and an exergy efficiency of 26.7 %. Beyond this temperature, any further increase leads to a decline in power output due to operational disturbances. A multi-criteria optimization using genetic algorithm is applied, resulting in an optimized system with a cost rate of 18.13 $/h and an exergy efficiency of 38.96 %.

Production and commercialization of flowers in the municipality of Texcoco, Estado de México

OObjective: To characterize the production and commercialization of flowers in the municipality of Texcoco, Estado de México.Design/methodology/approach: A total of n=78 floriculturists from 11 different localities were interviewed and asked about general characteristics of the production unit, and for each person their level of innovation was also identified with the aim of constructing a typology of floriculturists.Results: Four groups of floriculturists were found, which were differentiated (P<10) by their level of infrastructure, innovation, number of family members that work in the production unit and number of clients which they have, in addition to gender.Limitations on study/implications: The type of sample used does not allow generalizing the results found. In addition, due to the diversity of flowers that are produced in the zone, it is difficult to homogenize the innovations and level of innovation, so an approach is presented.Findings/conclusions: The production and commercialization of flowers in the municipality of Texcoco is carried out by traditional floriculturists. The groups identified mainly have infrastructure directed toward production, so the highest levels of innovation are found in technology, with the opportunity area of commercial and organizational innovations.

Economic and technical optimization of a tri-generation setup integrating a partial evaporation Rankine cycle with an ejector-based refrigeration system using different solar collectors

Three collector types, namely parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC), linear Fresnel collector (LFC), and dish collector, are employed to drive a tri-generation configuration composed of a partial evaporation Rankine cycle (PERC), a hot water production unit (HWPU), and a cascade ejector-based compression refrigeration system (ECRS) for electricity, cooling, and heating production. The ECRS is integrated with the topping PERC through an absorption refrigeration system (ARS). Moreover, the collector is indirectly connected to the system by a storage tank to increase the operating hours of the system. The performance of the system is evaluated by thermodynamic and economic analysis. The three-objective optimization result is a testament to the fact that utilizing PTSC brings about the best performance of the system. The system exergy efficiency (ηex) in the case of PTSC is 8.1 % and 24.9 % higher than in the case of LFC and dish collector, respectively. The economic performance of the system in the case of PTSC is superior to that of the dish collector. Furthermore, the PTSC case results in a relatively similar economic performance to the LFC case. The system produces power, cooling, and heating at rates of 200.8 kW, 564.9 kW, and 795.7 kW in the optimum case of utilizing PTSC, respectively. Moreover, ηex, total cost rate (C˙tot), and specific cost of tri-generation (ctri) are obtained as 11.48 %, 204.7 $h−1, and 44.91 $GJ−1, correspondingly. The results indicate that ηex of the proposed layout in the case of PTSC is superior to a comparable tri-generation configuration introduced in the field by 2.78 % points.

Retailer-Manufacturer Partnerships in E-Commerce: Dual Product Strategy and Market Share Dynamics

A new practice among online retail platforms, e.g., Amazon and Wayfair, is to offer their own private label product and a substitutable exclusive manufacturer product. We employ a game theoretic approach to examine conditions under which a retailer and a manufacturer find it optimal to enter into such a partnership. Our analysis reveals that a retailer finds it profitable to partner with a manufacturer with one of two profiles. The first is a manufacturer with low unit production and holding costs and large capacity, and the retailer gives the manufacturer most of the market share. In this case, the retailer uses a low private product price and marketing effort to pressure the manufacturer to set a low exclusive product price, which increases the manufacturer's revenue and the retailer's fees. The second is a manufacturer with a large consumer base, high unit production and holding costs, and small capacity. For this profile, the retailer takes most of the market share by offering a low private product price, and the manufacturer is unable to counteract the retailer's low private product price and marketing effort. The partnership results in a lower price when the marketing effort is costly and the retailer relies on private product price, intensifying price competition. Under some conditions, the retailer's profit may decrease in his share of the manufacturer's revenue. Also, the retailer may increase the marketing effort and decrease the private product price, not to take market share, but to pressure the manufacturer to decrease price.

A multi-objective optimization framework for regional land-use allocation: Fully utilizing terrestrial vegetation to mitigate carbon emissions

Human-induced changes in land use and land cover (LULC) considerably impact the global carbon cycle. Rational LULC optimization with full utilization of terrestrial vegetation facilitates reconciling carbon reduction and socio-economic development. To this end, this study develops a multi-objective framework for low-carbon LULC spatial optimization that incorporates carbon suitability, historical suitability, and socio-economic needs. The framework is applied to Hubei Province, China. The key findings include: (1) Considering spatial variations in vegetation carbon sinks could lead to remarkable carbon reductions of 2.75 × 106 t C by 2030 and 7.68 × 106 t C by 2060. It would also lower carbon emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) and enhance carbon sequestration per unit of vegetation by 2030, signifying enhanced carbon reduction efficiency. (2) Integrating carbon sequestration potential and historical suitability can considerably minimize emissions while sustaining socio-economic growth. Our method, compared with strategies based solely on historical development laws, can reduce carbon emissions by approximately 1.3–1.6 × 106 t C·a−1. (3) We also propose targeted low-carbon development suggestions for different LULCs. This study provides optimal spatial LULC allocations and strategic advice for regional LULC planning aimed at low-carbon development, demonstrating the feasibility of reconciling the tension between carbon reduction and socio-economic growth at the regional scale.

Design, multi-aspect investigation and economic advantages of an innovative CCHP system using geothermal energy, CO2 recovery using a cryogenic process, and methanation process with zero CO2 footprint

The significance of devoting attention to environmental pollution control strategies is widely recognized as an effective means of mitigating the harmful environmental effects caused by fossil fuels in industrial and power plant sectors. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and recovery technologies have opened up the possibility of utilizing this pollutant gas. Hence, the current study suggests a methodology for the CO2 hydrogenation of the flue gas leaving a power plant. This approach facilitates methane generation via a methanation reactor, subsequently is utilized as fuel for a power plant. For this purpose, a cryogenic method using liquefied natural gas cold energy facilitates CO2 recovery. Moreover, the whole system utilizes geothermal energy to launch a power plant for power generation and supply the power demands of a hydrogen production unit, relying on a water electrolysis process. The hydrogen generated is employed for CO2 hydrogenation, while the oxygen produced is utilized for the combustion reaction. Heating provider units and an absorption chiller are also included in the design. The system is modeled utilizing Aspen HYSYS software. This study incorporates a sensitivity analysis alongside energy, exergy, environmental, and economic assessments. The energy and exergy efficiencies, as determined by the thermodynamic analysis, are 30.87% and 48.61%, respectively. Additionally, according to the economic study, the levelized energy cost amounts to 16.65 $/MWh, demonstrating a substantial reduction of 87.6% compared to the power generation mode. One notable merit of the suggested system lies in its zero CO2 footprint framework, showing a noteworthy supremacy when compared with previous studies.

Research on improving the automatic stability of trimming unit

Abstract Due to the influence of temperature and other factors in the forming of forgings, the shape of the forging fringe is often challenging to control and predict, which restricts the operation of forging automation. In this paper, the forging position is detected by the vision means, which is conductive to identify whether the production process is normal or not to avoid the loss caused by the interruption of the production unit. Meanwhile, for the forging temperature changes on visual recognition, the relationship curve between forging temperature and exposure time is determined by statistical method, so that the temperature of the forging regulate the visual camera exposure time to improve the accuracy of visual recognition.

Development of a Novel Process Towards an l-Malate Biorefinery Using Methanol as Feedstock

Malate is primarily obtained from fossil resources. However, growing environmental concerns are rerouting chemical manufacturing to biomanufacturing. Despite significant ‘discovery research’ efforts for sustainable malate production, a successful industrial implementation remains elusive. A novel methanol-based l-malate biomanufacturing process using the methylotrophic bacterium Bacillus methanolicus is designed and the relationship between R&D and techno-economic feasibility is assessed. Two scenarios are modeled and compared using SuperPro Designer®. First, with limited R&D success a 65g/L titer is achievable. Then with further strain improvement and process development titer is increased to 100g/L. Four independent design parameters; biomass formation, CO2 evolution, methanol loss and selling price are selected to analyze techno-economic metrics of interest (yield per batch, yield on methanol, unit production cost, and net present value). Sensitivity analysis reveals the dependence of techno-economic feasibility to R&D success, while uncertainty analysis quantifies how uncertainty in process development propagates into uncertainty in process performance.