Land Units Research Articles

The Share of Data in Maritime Communications is Increasing

Communication is of great importance for the safe and delay-free navigation of ships. Especially life/property safety, navigational warnings, weather forecast reports, storm warnings, navigation maps, etc. Timely transmission of information to ships is only possible with effective maritime communications. In addition, communication is of great importance in making appropriate navigation plans based on the information received from the ships. In recent years, the share of data communication in individual and corporate communications has been increasing. In order to benefit from the great conveniences and opportunities provided by data communication in maritime communication systems, very radical decisions have recently been taken within IMO. These regulations made at the international level paved the way for data communication in close-range maritime communication systems. In line with these regulations, broadband data communication between the ship and the land will begin to be made via VHF devices in the next few years. Another development that will improve broadband data communication in maritime communication systems has been in Near Orbit Satellite systems. The technical features of these systems, the number of which has been increasing in recent years, are extremely suitable for data communication between ship and land. Among these, the Starlink system completes its network in space faster than other satellite systems. It is inevitable that the Starlink system, whose global satellite structure will be completed to a large extent by the end of 2025, will be used to a large extent in data communication between ships and land and between ships with each other. With the use of broadband data feature in the near future, it will be possible for ships to navigate much more safely, efficiently and with a reduced risk of accidents. For this purpose, maritime enterprises, ship personnel and land units must be informed about these developments and their communication infrastructure must be established by taking these systems into consideration.

Enhancing soil quality for sustainable agricultural practices in Subak rice fields

Understanding the soil quality of Subak rice fields in Bali is crucial for maintaining agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to explore aspects of soil quality, identify limiting factors, and offer guidance on sustainable land management. Utilizing survey methods, laboratory analysis, and soil quality determination, soil samples were selectively collected from each land unit (LU). LU selection was based on overlays of Subak zonation, soil type, slopes, rainfall, and elevation using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Key soil quality indicators were assessed, including bulk density, texture, porosity, moisture content, pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and nutrients (N, P, K). Overall, soil quality in the study area is classified as good in all LUs, but with significant variations in Soil Quality Index (SQI) values, suggesting the need for tailored management recommendations. Limiting factors include soil texture, organic carbon content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and biomass C. Recommended soil management practices include single plow tillage and the application of manure, urea, and SP-36 fertilizer on paddy fields. This approach aims to enhance land productivity sustainably while upholding environmental conservation and the principles of Subak, which have historically maintained a balanced and sustainable agricultural ecosystem.

Integrated systems for the production of food, energy and materials as a sustainable strategy for decarbonization and land use: The case of sugarcane in Brazil

The projected escalating use of renewables to meet the Paris Agreement goals has raised concerns about land-use pressures, particularly from biomass-based systems. This study introduces the concept of Integrated Food, Energy, and Materials Systems (IFEMS) as a strategy to optimize land-use efficiency for decarbonization. To evaluate the land-use efficiency of IFEMS and other renewable resource-based systems, a novel parameter termed decarbonization density (DD) is proposed, which aggregates all services that reduce GHG emissions and remove carbon from atmosphere per unit of land. A case study on an archetypical integral sugarcane utilization system in Brazil is analyzed, indicating that the simultaneous production of food, energy, and materials can synergistically aid decarbonization efforts. The estimated DD for the baseline scenario is 20 tCO2e/ha, while in the innovative scenario (SC-innov), it rises to 145 tCO2e/ha. Most of this increase stems from including the production of fermented meat as a substitute of beef, which accounts for three quarters of DD's value in SC-innov, indicating a high potential of this technology for contributing to decarbonization. These findings suggest that IFEMS may represent a land-use strategy at least as efficient as other renewable energy systems, with the potential to grow as biomass conversion technology advances into more complex systems. However, these advances also pose the challenge of integrating diverse product streams for different markets, which will likely require the coordination of multiple stakeholders within an industrial ecosystem rather than a single-actor model.

Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Land Use Efficiency in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration

Optimizing urban land use is of significant practical importance for promoting economic development, enhancing the standard of living for individuals residing in metropolitan areas, enhancing urban infrastructure and public services, driving urban transformation and upgrading, and attaining synchronized progress of the economy, society, and environment. This paper uses the super-efficiency SBM model to measure the urban land use efficiency (ULUE) of 13 cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration from 2005 to 2020 and explores the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of ULUE in this urban agglomeration using analysis of spatial data and application of geographic detector methods. The results show that (1) from 2005 to 2020, the ULUE of the BTH urban agglomeration had an initial rise followed by a decline; however, the overall efficiency score is above 1, suggesting an overall effective state; (2) a distribution pattern with Beijing as its core was established, exhibiting greater ULUE in the northern region and poorer efficiency in the southern region, with significant correlation characteristics in efficiency values between adjacent cities; and (3) capital input, labor input, social welfare, and ecological environment are all influencing factors that promote the improvement in ULUE in the BTH region, and the interaction of any two factors explains the ULUE in this region better than a single factor. The empirical research results can provide useful references for improving the input–output ratio of land units and further spatial planning and policy formulation in the BTH region.

Climate change induced heat and drought stress hamper climate change mitigation in German cereal production

ContextAgricultural production and climate change strongly influence each other and there are significant efforts to minimize negative impacts in both directions. In particular, breeding progress has succeeded in reducing the carbon footprint (CFP) of cereals over time. However, there is widespread certainty that climate change-related weather extremes have led to stagnation of cereal yields in many global production regions. Research questionWe assume that climate change-related yield stagnation is also evident in variety trials in Germany, which has to date only been shown for on-farm yields. Furthermore, we expect that the stagnation in yields also leads to a stagnation in the downward trend of CFP, and that heat and drought stress in particular increase the CFP of cereals. In addition, we hypothesize that the site-specific soil quality largely determines stress induced increases in CFP. MethodsWe conduct a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) with German variety trial data from 1993 to 2021 and determine the greenhouse gas emissions per unit of land (GHGL), as well as the CFP of winter wheat, winter rye, and winter barley. Further, we evaluate the time trends of yield, GHGL, and CFP using linear and quadratic plateau models. In addition, we calculate spatio-dynamic weather indices (WIs) for moderate, severe and extreme heat and drought stress. Using mixed models, we estimate the explanatory power and effect size of heat and drought WIs on the CFP. Finally, we present the spatial differences of heat and drought on the CFP at different soil qualities. ResultsWe show yield plateaus in all crops and stagnating GHGL trends, resulting in a stagnation of the downward trend of CFP, especially for rye and barley. We highlight that heat and drought increase the CFP of all crops. However, the impact of heat and drought on the CFP varies greatly with soil quality across all crops. ConclusionsWe conclude that climate change-induced weather extremes are major challenges not only for cereal production and food security but also for climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector, highlighting the importance of high-yield locations, alongside variety selection and resource-efficient management, for climate change mitigation. SignificanceThis study is the first that proves significant yield stagnation in German variety trials. Moreover, this study is the first to analyze the impact of heat and drought stress on cereal CFP, with novel results that proof that climate adaptation will become a crucial aspect of climate change mitigation in field crops.

Soil Fertility Status of the Two Eruptions of Mount Tangkuban Parahu and Mount Tampomas in Tanjungsari District Sumedang Regency

Soil fertility is one of the important factors to optimize plant growth and productivity. This study aims to analyze the status of soil fertility through soil physical analysis (texture) soil chemistry (pH H2O and KCl, C-organic, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, P2O5, and K2O) in several land units of Tanjungsari District, Sumedang Regency. The method used to determine sample points is purposive sampling method by considering several land units, namely soil type map, soil parent material map, topography map (slope), land use map, and rainfall data. Soil fertility status is determined by the matching table method between the results of soil chemical analysis with soil fertility status index that refers to the Soil Research Center (PPT) 1995. The results of the matching table data analysis showed that the research area almost entirely included low fertility status criteria except for the pine forest land unit on a moderately steep slope including medium fertility status criteria. The factors of base saturation, k-potential (K2O), and C-organic are the limiting factors of soil fertility status in the Tanjungsari District of Sumedang Regency, including the low to medium category.

EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea Mays L) DI KECAMATAN MALUA KABUPATEN ENREKANG

This study aims to determine the actual and potential land suitability of maize crops and its limiting factors in Malua District. The method used in this research is survey method and descriptive data analysis and determination of land suitability class based on FAO method. The results showed that the actual land suitability of maize crops in Malua District, Enrekang Regency, land units 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and 12 are marginally suitable (S3) with nutrient availability factor (P2O5). While the potential land suitability is quite suitable (S2) with the limiting actor of rooting media (soil texture).

MENENTUKAN NILAI ERODIBILITAS TANAH (K) PADA JENIS TANAH DI SUB DAS JENELATA

The purpose of this study is to determine the value of soil erosion for each type of cultivation in several land units (K) in Jenelata Subdistrict, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The Jenelata watershed is part of the Jeneberang watershed, located at 05º15'40'' - 05º25'50'' S and 119º34'45'' - 119º49'48'' E, with an area of approximately 23,733 hectares. The Jenelata watershed lies between 25 and 1375 meters above sea level. Most of the residents in the Jenelata watershed earn their livelihoods from farming and gardening. The types of land use in the Jenelata watershed include rice fields, mixed gardens, production forests, and grasslands. In the Jenelata watershed, the dominant trees are mahogany, white teak, and bamboo, while the dominant food crops/plantations are rice, corn, cassava, and cocoa. The results of the study show that cultivation activities have a significant impact on soil erosion, and the values of soil erosion were obtained from field data

EVALUASI KESESUIAN LAHAN TANAMAN BAWANG PUTIH (Allium stivum L.) DI KECAMATAN MONCONGLOE KABUPATEN MAROS

The study aims to determine the actual and potential land suitability and limiting factors of garlic in Moncongloe District, Maros Regency. The research was conducted from August to October 2021 in Moncongloe District, Maros Regency, and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muslim Indonesia Makassar. The method used in the research was survey method and descriptive data analysis and determination of land suitability class based on FAO method modified by the Ministry of Agriculture. The results showed that the actual land suitability of garlic is not suitable (Nwa.eh) for land units 6, 7, 8, and 9, as well as not suitable (Nwa) for land units 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22. While the potential land suitability is quite suitable (S2tc.wa) for all land units in Moncongloe District, Maros Regency. The inhibiting factors are average temperature (tc) and water availability (rainfall).

Evaluating land suitability for kemiri (Aleurites moluccana) as a multi-purpose tree species in community agroforestry land within Langkat District, North Sumatra

Evaluating land suitability for Aleurites moluccana in community agroforestry land within Langkat District, North Sumatra, is crucial for promoting sustainable development, enhancing livelihoods, and preserving ecosystems while honoring local traditions and cultures. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate and map the land suitability for A. moluccana within Langkat District, located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. To gather the necessary data, this study employed a survey method, involving the collection of soil samples from ten distinct land units within the field. The assessment of land suitability was carried out using the matching method. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was utilized to create maps illustrating the distribution of land suitability, while a Global Positioning System (GPS) was employed to accurately record the coordinates of the collected soil samples. The findings revealed that within Gunung Ambat, Simpang Kuta Buluh, Rumah Galuh, and Telagah Village, the actual land suitability classes for A. moluccana were classified as moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). The prevailing limiting factors in this region were temperature (tc) and the characteristics of the root zone medium (rc). Consequently, this influenced the potential land suitability classes for A. moluccana, resulting in classifications ranging from highly suitable (S1) to moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). By implementing land suitability evaluation for A. moluccana in community agroforestry land, promoting sustainable land use, enhancing livelihoods, and conserving natural resources.

The viability of photovoltaics on agricultural land: Can PV solve the food vs fuel debate?

Policies aiding biofuels have supported farm income and rural communities but have also put pressure on food security with questionable benefits related to carbon emissions. Photovoltaics (PV) are poised to become central to the overall energy decarbonization strategy, but because of land requirements they are likely to be developed on farmland, reigniting concerns related to food security. In this work, we study strategies for co-producing food and energy from corn croplands. We find that while traditional PV displaces crops, they can harvest orders of magnitude more energy per unit of land than biofuels. Additionally, systems with elevated PV panels (called PV Aglectric, Agrivoltaics, or Agrophotovoltaics) that allow for crop production underneath them can increase energy production and reduce carbon emissions with minimal impact on crop production. This technology can ease the trade-off between farm income, energy production, crop production, and energy decarbonization. Adoption of PV Aglectric systems may be hindered by high capital costs, but this barrier could be overcome with policy support, especially when crop prices are highly volatile.

More Heavy Precipitation in World Urban Regions Captured Through a Two‐Way Subgrid Land‐Atmosphere Coupling Framework in the NCAR CESM2

AbstractCurrent global climate models (GCMs), limited to grid‐scale land‐atmosphere coupling, cannot represent subgrid urban‐rural precipitation contrasts. This study develops an innovative two‐way subgrid land‐atmosphere coupling framework in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) to explicitly resolve land‐atmosphere interaction over subgrid individual land units. Results show that urban heat island (UHI) leads to the urban rainfall effect (URE), which in turn alleviates overestimated UHI over China in CESM2. The URE manifests as a shift toward more heavy precipitation and less light precipitation in world urban areas than in surrounding rural counterparts. This feature is consistent with available observations. In heavy precipitation situations, the UHI promotes atmospheric instability and enhances atmospheric water vapor holding capacity, resulting in more heavy precipitation in urban areas. Conversely, in light precipitation situations, the UHI and decreased evaporation from urban impermeable surfaces diminish atmospheric relative humidity, suppressing light precipitation.

Capital deepening and land average grain yield convergence: Evidence from China

The shift of agricultural labor force to non-agricultural sectors has paralleled China's economic development, leading to a substantial rise in labor costs relative to capital. Consequently, the agricultural production has witnessed a shift towards capital-intensive practices. The capital deepening coincides with the significant increase in China's grain output while the main cause of capital deepening in China's grain production is poorly understood. This study examines the effect of increasing in various capital investments on the grain yield growth and growth convergence in China's main production areas, based on the data collected from the data set of the Compilation of Cost-Benefit Data of Agricultural Products (CCBDAP). Results show that the increases of chemical fertilizer, pesticide and machinery input have played key roles in the increase of grain yield. For early indica rice, japonica rice, wheat and maize, the average land output bears a β convergence. These findings suggest that more capital investments are supposed to accelerate the growth of grain yield per unit of land, take the opportunity of practicing the cross-provincial balance system of occupation and compensation of cultivated land. Moreover, strategic adjustments to the spatial distribution of grain cultivation are recommended to maximize the utilization of limited arable land resources while upholding national food security objectives.

Identification of the Effectiveness of Land Cover in Some Areas in Borisallo Village for Conservation Measures

Indonesia has excellent land potential for the development of the agricultural sector with various levels of topography that are different for each region. Every slope of the land varies, there are nutrients that are a source of food for plant growth. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of land cover in Borisallo Village, Parangloe District, Gowa Regency. This research will be carried out from October 2023 to April 2024. Analysis of the physical properties of the soil will be carried out at the Soil Physics and Conservation Laboratory, and analysis of the chemical properties of the soil will be carried out at the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. In the preparation stage, literature study and data collection were carried out, then primary data and secondary data were collected. After that, the data is processed into a land unit map. Then soil samples are taken according to the points determined based on the land unit map. After taking soil samples, laboratory analysis is then carried out to analyze soil permeability, organic C, bulk density and porosity. Even though there is land cover, several areas in Borisallo village still require conservation measures to prevent landslides and erosion, especially on land that has a slope. This can be seen from the permeability value which is included in the slow category.

Productivity and Profitability of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) Based Intercropping System for Sorjan Bed System

Cauliflower, scientifically known as Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L., is a highly adaptable vegetable that offers significant nutritional advantages and is cultivated to a varying extent in the Barishal region. An experiment was conducted in Banaripara Upazila, Barishal district, to inspect the selection of a suitable intercrop for cauliflower, with the goal of maximizing the usage of Sorjan bed space and increasing economic benefits for farmers. The study covered two consecutive years, specifically 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The study included a combination of intercropping treatments, namely Cauliflower as sole crop (T1), Cauliflower + Red amaranth (T2), Cauliflower + coriander leaf (T3), Cauliflower + lettuce (T4), Cauliflower + radish leaf (T5) and Cauliflower + spinach (T6). A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to carry out the study, with treatment effects observed in 3×2.4 m2 of land units. The cauliflower seeds were sown on a nursery bed at October 30th, 2021, and October 29th, 2022. Twenty days older seedlings were undertaken a hardening process for a duration of 2 days. To ensure proper growth, the cauliflower crop received nutrients including N, P, K, S, Zn, B and cow dung at rates of 120, 60, 100, 24, 3.6, 2.1 kg and 3 tons per hectare, respectively. Spanning two consecutive years, the combination of cauliflower and coriander leaf provided the highest land equivalent ratio, with values of 1.68 and 1.62, respectively. Besides, in view of BCR, cauliflower intercropped with spinach resulted the highest BCR values of 1.61 in the first year and 1.50 in the second year. Cauliflower + spinach intercropping system resulted in net returns of 217,410 and 183,950 BDT, respectively. Therefore, it can be suggested that farmers can cultivate their land with a combination of cauliflower and spinach in the interest of maximizing profitability in Sorjan bed cultivation. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(2):166-177, 2024

Nutrient status and soil fertility index as a basis for sustainable rice field management in Madiun Regency, Indonesia

<p>Agricultural development, specifically for crops, contributes significantly to national development. However, problems with water and low soil fertility are obstacles to this development. This study evaluated the nutritional status and soil fertility index as the basis for determining the direction of rice field management in Madiun Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The research method was conducted by surveying the soil characteristics followed by laboratory analysis. Soil samples were collected using stratified proportional sampling from 19 land units with 31 samples. The soil fertility index was determined using a principal component analysis test and calculated by dividing the weights by the minimum soil fertility index indicators. The study results show that the nutritional status of total N in the study area is low to high (0.13%–0.59%) and total P is very low to very high (12.18–73.66 ppm), whereas the status of exchangeable K is very low to very high (0.01–0.67 cmol.kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>), Cation Exchange Capacity is low to high (12.8–36.0 cmol.kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>), and organic carbon is low to very high (1.98%–6.54%). The soil fertility index ranges from medium to extremely high. The influential indicators are total P, total N, exchangeable K, and organic carbon. It is recommended that the rice field management system implement a “sustainable agricultural intensification” system that combines the two systems “intensification” and “sustainable agroecosystem.” This system still uses proportional inorganic and organic fertilizers (manure, compost, and agricultural waste).</p>

Podejście oparte na GIS analizie do relacji między jednostkami gruntów a użytkowaniem gruntów w centralnym regionie Portugalii

Land units refer to coherent spatial areas characterized by a degree of homogeneity concerning certain properties like geology, soils, and climate. The Land use mosaic corresponds to a circumstantial layer representing the landscape’s present state, depicting the present resource allocation factors. Nevertheless, the stable potential layer is related to the stable characteristics of each site and allows the identification of use constraints or potentials. In this study, we use a methodology based on the land unit concept to define a stable potential layer at a regional level. Therefore, land units were delimited for the Central region of Portugal, resulting from the combination of geomorphology, soil parent material, and bioclimatic influence. For each land unit representative sample areas were characterized in terms of their land use mosaic characteristics. For that purpose, selected landscape metrics were used to quantify the land use mosaic geometrical attributes: Shannon’s Diversity Index, Edge Density, Mean Patch Size, and Number of Patches. The existing land use types were also quantified. Finally, a cluster analysis was performed to define groups of samples representing the land units with similar land-use mosaic types. The landscape metrics that best explain the influence of the permanent structure of the territory on the circumstantial structure of use are Shannon's Diversity Index, Edge Density, and Number of Patches. The highest diversity land cover patterns are located in formations with a lithology rich to very rich in silica under Mesomediterranean dry to subhumid climate. The validation of the previously defined land units confirmed the reliability of the proposed methodology, with most of the land units strongly influencing the land use mosaic. The delimitation and characterization of homogeneous land units are useful for the definition of soil suitability and for the choice of the most appropriate uses and activities by the stakeholders.

Enhancing crop productivity in photovoltaic greenhouses using extended PAR-based photosynthesis

With the global population expected to reach 11 billion by the end of this century, the imperative of enhancing crop productivity per unit of land while conserving resources is paramount. This paper presents a novel approach to achieving these goals through Extended PAR-based photosynthesis (EPBP) methodology, specifically tailored for standalone Photovoltaic Greenhouses (PVGHs). By leveraging LED technology and extending photosynthesis during dusk and dawn periods, this methodology aims to enhance crop yield without substantial additional infrastructure investment. A comprehensive real-field experiment, conducted over a complete tomato crop cycle of 96 days, demonstrates a significant increase in crop yield, with a 51.29 % improvement compared to conventional PVGH without additional photosynthesis. Through meticulous analysis of key performance indicators such as leaf area index, specific leaf area, and dry matter weight, this study substantiates the efficacy of EPBP in optimizing crop growth within PVGHs. Further, the ROI of 14.11 % and 12.54 % have been observed for tomato crop grown with and without EPBP under the PVGH environment. It not only reduces crop growth period but also enhances both quality and yield quantity without additional operational expenses. The scope of the presented work is limited to the quantitative measurement; however, its impact on the quality of the crop yield could be further explored.

Level of Land Adjustment Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) in District Sigumpar District Toba

Utilization of land for other uses in Sigumpar District needs to be supported by information regarding land suitability. Therefore, an evaluation of the characteristics of the level of land suitability in the area was carried out, to analyze improvement efforts aimed at increasing productivity, as well as to create a map of actual land suitability and potential land suitability for durian plants in the district. The method used is the survey method. Land units are based on soil maps, slope maps, altitude maps, land cover maps, consisting of 6 land units and 18 points. The analysis method is the comparing (matching) method. The results of the research show that the level of land suitability for durian plants (Durio zibethinus Murr.) The actual land conditions suitable for durian cultivation in Sigumpar District are 1,856.22 ha. (2) Potential land conditions suitable for durian cultivation in Sigumpar District are 1,726.22 ha. Where limiting factors that cannot be remedied are temperature and soil texture, while limiting factors such as nutrient retention, nutrient availability, water availability and erosion hazards can be remedied in the form of: (1). Liming and fertilization adjusted to the results of soil tests on the land. Making drainage channels, planting parallel to contours, and making terraces. Keywords: land suitability evaluation, durian plant, utilizzation of other area, subdistrict of Sigumpar

Analisis Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Bidang Pertanian pada Komoditas Tanaman Jagung (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Lubuk Alung, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman)

Land is an important part of human life because it is where all human activities and lives take place. Many factors, including living things, hydrology, soil and climate, affect land. This study aims to evaluate the suitability and production of corn crops in Lubuk Alung Sub-district, Padang Pariaman Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach by using the scoring method to analyze the suitability of land for corn crops in Lubuk Alung Sub-district, Padang Pariaman Regency. The results of the research are known without using land units as a reference for the assessment of the distribution of land suitability classes for corn crops in the highly suitable class (S1) 1,110.34 ha, suitable class (S2) 11,092.62 ha, marginally suitable class (S3) 2,593.24 ha, and unsuitable class (N) 433.63 ha. While using the land unit as a reference for assessing the distribution of land suitability classes for corn crops in the highly suitable class (S1) 827.01 ha, suitable class (S2) 5,047.73 ha, marginally suitable class (S3) 1,598.06 ha, and unsuitable class (N) 7,757.04 ha. From the estimation of production yield calculation, it is known that on land with a very suitable suitability class (S1) the production yield reaches 19,753.7 kg/ha, suitable class (S2) the production yield reaches 16,833.6 kg/ha, marginal suitable class (S3) the production yield reaches 14,892.5 kg/ha, and unsuitable class (N) the production yield reaches 14,146.3 kg/ha.