Unit Level Research Articles

Evaluating Spatial Interpolation Maps of the Age Structure of the Population of Thi Qar Governorate Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Technologies

The research aims to harness spatial interpolation techniques to produce maps with a high level of perceptual accuracy in representing the population data of the study area. This is achieved after exploring the statistical and spatial nature of the databases used, analyzing them, and determining their distribution using a variety of spatial data exploration tools available within the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) environment. These tools contribute to evaluating the characteristics, distribution, and analysis of data, including testing data distribution, identifying its direction, and uncovering its spatial correlations. This highlights the importance of the study and understanding the distribution pattern of the population data in the study area, thereby facilitating the preparation of future that serve spatial organization by building spatial models for the numerical distribution of the data for age groups: young, middle-aged, and elderly, at the level of administrative units of the study area by relying on the inductive approach and the quantitative analysis approach. This is done using Geostatistical Analysis methods within the concept of spatial interpolation in GIS. The research also seeks to predict the population maps for Thi Qar Governorate by comparing spatial interpolation methods, namely Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Simple Kriging (SK). The study concluded, after verifying the accuracy of the results using the Cross-Validation curve, that the Simple Kriging (SK) method is the most accurate model in spatial prediction of population data for representing the data of the young age group in the study area, as it had the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 10.012. It was followed by the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method for representing the data of the elderly age group with an RMSE of 350.48. This indicates that the use of statistical criteria improves the accuracy of spatial interpolation and that the spatial prediction of the population data for the study area using the Simple Kriging (SK) method was more accurate than the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method based on statistical indicators.

Agile Backward Design: A Framework for planning higher education curriculum

AbstractIn the last two decades there has been an increase in research and discussion regarding curriculum in Higher Education (HE). The literature in this field tends to focus on curriculum change at either the whole institution or individual program or unit level. Formal writing on HE curriculum also does not offer a framework that openly draws upon context, learner needs, pedagogical approaches, and industry requirements to formulate a collaborative model of curricular development. To fill these gaps in HE curriculum discussion and literature the aim of this study was to develop a cross-disciplinary model applicable to both unit (academic module that makes up a program) and program (degree) levels of curriculum development by enabling academics to generate and structure engaging learning opportunities for students. The research team developed this model by drawing on elements of Agile mindset and Backward Design. We call it Agile Backward Design (ABD). This paper reports on this new approach to curricular design. A critical reflective inquiry approach was used to discuss the development of the model. To report the transformation that was made at the program and unit level a case study was employed. In ABD, the researchers have constructed a dynamic and responsive framework that has been foundational in the design and development of innovative curriculum and pedagogy at the unit and program level of undergraduate degrees in the IT discipline area.

What Enables Implementation of Pain Management Interventions in Intensive Care Units and Why: A Realist Evaluation to Refine Program Theory.

To uncover perspectives and refine 12 initial program theories concerning the implementation of pain management interventions in intensive care units. Contexts enabling implementation are delineated, and causal mechanisms within these contexts are described. A realist evaluation approach was employed. Fourteen purposively selected Australian nurses of variant roles were virtually and individually interviewed between July and September 2023. Participants were presented with initial program theory, and their perspectives were collated. Data were analysed using an integrated approach of context (C), mechanism (M), outcome (O) categorisation coding, CMO configurations connecting and pattern matching. Pain management interventions work if perceived to be beneficial, precise, comprehensive and fit for purpose. Nurses should be willing to change attitudes and update knowledge. Unit leaders should nurture the development of nurses' professional identity, access to learning, autonomy and self-determination. Organisations should change the infrastructure, provide resources, mitigate barriers, develop shared mental models, update evidence and institute quality assurance. Adherence to interventions is affected by the outcomes of implementation and intrinsic merits of interventions. In these contexts, confidence is boosted; feelings of empowerment, self-efficacy, reflective motivation, trust, awareness and autonomy are developed; and capacity is built. Furthermore, frustration from the variability of practices is reduced, accountability and ownership are augmented, yielding positive implementation outcomes. Findings have implications on nurses, team leaders and organisations concerned with implementation. The findings provided a fortified understanding of conditions favouring successful implementation of pain management interventions. Actions should be undertaken at an individual, unit and organisation level to ensure successful implementation. RAMESES II Reporting Standards for Realist Evaluations informed presentation of study. Intensive care nurses contributed insights to refine the program theory.

Managing Stress From a Systemic Perspective: Occupational Stress Models

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines stress as a “state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation.” Burnout results from chronic occupational stress that has not been well managed, and is the result of both systemic and personal factors. Systemic structures and planning to optimize work environments are the focus of occupational stress models. To effectively manage stress and avoid the detrimental effects of neglecting both its acute and chronic consequences (such as decreased productivity, low morale, interpersonal conflicts, absenteeism, and other negative outcomes), it is essential to examine various occupational stress models to determine root causes and identify issues at the work unit level. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2024;54(10):e287–e291.]

The impact of volume and neonatal level of care on outcomes of moderate and late preterm infants.

Evaluate the relationship of neonatal unit level of care (LOC) and volume with mortality or morbidity in moderate-late preterm (MLP) (32-36 weeks' gestation) infants. Retrospective cohort study of 650,865 inborn MLP infants in 4976 hospitals-years using 2003-2015 linked administrative data from 4 states. Exposure was combined neonatal LOC and MLP annual volume. The primary outcome was death or morbidity (respiratory distress syndrome, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, infection, pneumothorax, extreme length of stay) with components as secondary outcomes. Poisson regression models adjusted for patient characteristics with a random effect for unit were used. In adjusted models, high-volume level 2 units had a lower risk of the primary outcome compared to low-volume level 3 units (aIRR 0.90 [95% CI 0.83-0.98] vs. aIRR 1.13 [95% CI 1.03-1.24], p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: MLP infants had improved outcomes in high-volume level 2 units compared to low-volume level 3 units in adjusted analysis.

Survival status and its predictors among adult victims of road traffic accident admitted to public hospitals of Bahir Bar City, Amhara regional state, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2023: multi center retrospective follow-up study

IntroductionRoad traffic accident is the most common cause of death in adults worldwide. Road traffic accident-related deaths increased from time to time in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia; however, there is limited evidence about Survival status and its predictors among adult victims of road traffic accidents admitted to Hospitals in Ethiopia specifically in the study area. Thus, this study aimed to assess Survival status and its predictors among adult victims of road traffic accident admitted to Hospitals.MethodsAn institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted from July 01/2019 to June 30/2022. A total of 402 samples were chosen using simple random sampling. Data was collected by a prepared checklist from the victims’ chart and entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 software and then exported to STATA version 14.1 for analysis. Kaplan-Meier failure function and log-rank test were computed. The assumption was checked by Schoenfeld residual test. All variables in bivariable analysis, p-value < 0.25 were entered into multivariable cox-regression model. Adjusted Hazard Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval was reported to declare the strength of association and statistical significance p-value of < 0.05. Model fitness was checked by using Cox-Snell residual. Data was presented by text, table, and graph.ResultThe median survival time was 504 h. From all, 63(15.6%) deaths, 57% of deaths occurred between 24 and 168 h of follow-up with an overall incidence of 15.34deaths per10, 000 victims-hours observation. According to the Kaplan-Meier failure curve together with the log-rank test, the incidence density rate of death among victims who had a complication during admission was71.86per10,000victims-hour observation (95%, CI:53.66–96.25), which is different from those who did not have complication 5.17per10,000person-hour observation (95%, CI:3.26–8.21). The incidence density rate of death among victims who had low level of arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2 < 95%) during admission was 82.87per10, 000 victims-hour observation (95%, CI: 63.15-108.75), which is different from those who had arterial oxygen saturation ≥ 95% 3.16per10, 000victims -hour observation (95%, CI: 1.75–5.71) Develop complication (AHR = 3.1,95% CI:1.44–6.70), systolic blood pressure measurement value ≤ 89 mmHg (AHR = 2.4,95% CI:1.10–5.19), not admitted intensive care unit (AHR = 0.46,95% CI:0.022–0.97), Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8 (AHR = 2.9,95% CI:1.07–7.75), Glasgow Coma Scale score 9–12(AHR = 3.8,95% CI:1.61–8.97) and, level of arterial oxygen saturation ≤ 95% (AHR = 6.5,95% CI:2.38–17.64) were predictors of outcome variable.Conclusion and recommendationsThe median survival time was short. Complication, low systolic blood pressure measurement value, low Glasgow Coma Scale score, not admit to intensive care unit and low level of arterial oxygen saturation were significant predictors of the outcome variable. So that healthcare providers better give special attention and care to those victims admitted to Hospitals. A further prospective study is recommended.

The Effect of IFMIS Symbolic Adoption on Post-Acceptance Use Behavior: Moderated Analysis

Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) is a a significant milestone in a country's budget reform agenda. The government of Indonesia has launched an IFMIS for work unit level called Sistem Aplikasi Keuangan Tingkat Instansi (SAKTI) in 2022. This research seeks to test the effect of TAM determinants on symbolic adoption and subsequent post-acceptance usage behaviour with individual absorptive capacity as moderator. This research is quantitative research, using PLS-SEM disjoint two-stage approach to assess symbolic adoption, a higher order construct consisting of four dimensions. 93 samples from ministry of public works and housing are analysed and found that both TAM determinants have a positive impact on symbolic adoption and symbolic adoption positively affect post-acceptance use behaviour. Individual absorptive capacity enhances the impact of symbolic adoption on explorative use, but does not moderate the effect on extended use. This research contributes to the field of symbolic adoption by demonstrating how individual absorptive capacity can shape the relationship between symbolic adoption and post-acceptance usage behaviour.

A two-stage subsynchronous oscillation assessment method for DFIG-based wind farm grid-connected system

In the power system, the wind farm based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) may lead to Subsynchronous Oscillation (SSO), which poses a challenge to the stability of the power grid. In order to accurately evaluate SSO, this paper proposes a new evaluation method. It is divided into two main stages: firstly, the interference level of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data is identified by using the classification model based on Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Double Deep Q Network (DDQN). Then, an SSO parameter estimation model based on Local Feature Fusion Transformer (LFF-Transformer) network is designed for data with different interference levels. Experimental results show that the errors of eRMSE-f and EMAPE-F are 0.001 and 0.003 respectively, and the errors of eRMSE-δ and EMAPE-δ are 0.009 and 0.015 respectively. In terms of training and testing time, this method is 90 s and 18 s respectively, which is significantly better than Multi-SVR and Multi-CNN. After application, the frequency deviation decreased from 0.05 to 0.02 Hz, the voltage deviation decreased from 3.5 to 1.5%, the power fluctuation decreased from 10 to 5 MW, the SSO frequency decreased from 1.5 Hz to less than 0.5 Hz, and the SSO damping ratio increased from 0.08 to 0.15. This shows that the proposed method effectively increases the stability of the power grid.

A novel intervention for acute stress reaction: exploring the feasibility of ReSTART among Norwegian soldiers

ABSTRACT Background: Soldiers in combat may experience acute stress reactions (ASRs) in response to trauma. This can disrupt function, increasing both immediate physical danger and the risk for post-trauma mental health sequelae. There are few reported strategies for managing ASRs; however, recent studies suggest a novel peer-based intervention as a promising approach. Objectives: This study assesses the feasibility of ReSTART training, a peer-based course designed to prepare soldiers to manage ASRs. ReSTART builds on programmes established by US and Israeli militaries. The current study evaluates the ReSTART programme in a Norwegian setting, across distinct groups of soldiers, professionals and conscripts. Methods: Participants included professional soldiers deploying to Mali and conscripts with 6 months of service, who completed the ReSTART training course and surveys administered pre- and post-training. These surveys assessed attitudes and programme acceptability. Analyses included 74 soldiers who provided complete survey responses. Results: ReSTART training received high ratings in terms of usefulness, relevance, and importance in managing ASRs. From pre- to post-training, respondents had significant increases in positive attitudes towards ASR management and confidence in handling ASRs personally, and at the unit level; decreases in stigma-related attitudes associated with ASRs; and increased perception of leadership emphasizing ASR management. Conclusions: ReSTART training shows potential as an effective tool when preparing soldiers to manage ASRs in high-risk environments, enhancing military units’ capacity to support each other and effectively respond to stress-induced functional disruptions. This study adds evidence supporting the utility of peer-based ASR management in operational settings and highlights the need for broader implementation and systematic evaluation.

Natural conditions of Varandey coastal tundra. Anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes

The author aims to characterize natural conditions in the coastal area of the Barents Sea, from the settlement of Varandey to the Perevoznoye field. The research covered an area of 20 km2, 40 km long. An integrated climatic characteristic of the studied area is given, including the direction and speed of natural processes forming its shape, cryogenic processes, flora and fauna conditions, soil cover formation. The geomorphological, geological, and hydrological features of the area are outlined. The heterogeneity of the water–salt regime of the coastal area, typical of the northern seas of the Arctic, including the Barents Sea, is noted. In the laidas, the prevalence of accumulation of easily soluble salts over their removal is established, which allows the soils to be distinguished in terms of their salinity. Here, halophytic species are identified. The vegetation cover of the studied area is characterized according to the habitat of flora representatives. The research identified 100 species of vascular plants, 51 species of lichens, and 65 species of mosses. A soil survey found 27 soil varieties, which form the structure of the soil cover; their morphological and physicochemical characterization are given. The data obtained during field studies and remote sensing data were used to determine the structure of landscapes to the level of terrain types and units, as well as to propose their description. Their ecological and geochemical typification is carried out. The fauna composition was assessed based on state registration data and open sources; field observations with reference to biotopes were used. The dynamics of fauna population on the Barents Sea coast was assessed retrospectively. Field survey and remote sensing data made it possible to identify areas with anthropogenic disturbance of tundra landscapes. A typification of the identified anthropogenic disturbances of the natural environment and their areas within the survey area is proposed. The data obtained can be used as signs when assessing the state of natural environments in the coastal part of the northern seas of the Arctic, similar in terms of natural and climatic conditions.

Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefullness and Perceived of Interest E Rapport Growth and Development of Child

Background: Children are an important asset for a nation, so the education and care provided must be able to improve the quality of children in the future. Child Protection Law no. 23 of 2002 explains that every child has the right to receive growth and development monitoring without exception. Early detection of deviations in growth and development needs to be done, one of which is by using digital-based growth and development e-Reports. Objective: The e-report product produced can increase efficiency and effectiveness, helping teachers, homeroom teachers, cadres or health workers in managing the SDIDTK program so that valid, practical and effective digital-based e-Report applications can be obtained. Research methods: The research design for the development of digital-based growth and development e-reports was carried out referring to the development of the 4D model which includes define, design, develop and disseminate. Results: There is an influence of perceived usefulness on interest in using the child health e- report application Conclusion: e-Report can be used to check children's health and growth and development at the PAUD unit level to increase the scope of monitoring children's health and SDIDTK Keywords: e-reports, growth and development

Gender Wage Differentials Among Highly Educated in Urban India

This study aims to answer two questions. First, whether highly educated women face a wage penalty compared to their men counterparts in urban India? Second, if there exists a gender wage penalty, then what has happened to its size over time? We use the unit level employment–unemployment data of the National Sample Survey (NSS) for two rounds: 2004–05 and 2011–12 and employ the Neuman and Oaxaca (2004) method to estimate the average wage gap accounting for selection bias. We find that the highly educated men in urban India earn about 30% more than their women counterparts, and there is a marginal decline in the gender wage gap between 2004–05 and 2011–12. The gender wage gap scenario is worse in the ‘post-graduate and above’ sample than in the ‘graduate’ sample. In the ‘graduate’ sample, the wage gap declined between 2004–05 and 2011–12, whereas the gap increased in the ‘post-graduate and above’ sample. Though the gender wage gap among the highly educated as a whole has declined in urban India, the magnitude of the gap is still sizable.

Unit-Based Ethics Rounds: Creating an Ethical Work Culture for Nurses in the Hospital

Nurses who work in a hospital setting with seriously ill patients often face ethical dilemmas with no clear solutions but instead difficult choices and uncertainty. Unit-based ethics rounds in the hospital can be tailored to unit specific needs. However, there is a gap in the literature describing how to implement such unit-based rounds. This article describes the experience of nurses who implemented unit-based ethics rounds on one unit using the Integrated Ethics Model as a framework and the feasibility of continuing ethics education into the practice setting. Eight sessions described targeted two of the three Integrated Model’s focus areas: systems and processes, and environment and culture. Seven of the sessions targeted all three foci, and also included decisions and actions. The design of this project maximized exposure to education about ethics in nursing, reflected the unit pace and culture, and has normalized and engaged nurses in ethical thinking and actions. The Integrated Ethics Model provides a feasible framework that can focus unit-based ethics rounds and expand nursing ethics education into practice at the unit level.

A Review of Force Health Protection Aspects of Lyme Disease in the U.S. Military.

Lyme disease (LD) is an underrated threat to the military that negatively impacts mission readiness. Lyme disease has traditionally been thought to only be a risk in an operational context, where training or deployments are frequently conducted in heavily wooded environments. However, this view diminishes risks posed by many off-duty outdoor recreational activities. Furthermore, although the Army introduced a permethrin factory-treated Army Combat Uniform in 2012, permethrin retention and subsequent protection have been shown to decrease significantly after 3 months of wear. Thus, although LD is a known health risk that threatens unit readiness, beyond using treated uniforms there has been little progress at the unit level to address this threat. Focusing on a narrative review of LD and its impact on U.S. military force health protection, sources included DoD websites and policies, government press releases and information papers from sources like the CDC and FDA, and scholarly peer-reviewed journals with full-text access from the online databases EBSCOhost, MEDLINE, SCOUT, and Google Scholar. Searches included the following key words: LD and military, Army, etiology, epidemiology, incidence, treatments, post-treatment LD, and chronic LD. Articles were selected for review based on the relevance of their abstracts and titles. Although the incidence of LD appears to be increasing among service members, it is difficult to attribute this increase to military-related duties. Also, despite ongoing LD research specifically conducted and funded by the DoD, there are limited data on the mitigating effects of force education and permethrin-treated uniforms on the LD threat. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that LD negatively impacts military readiness and monetary costs diverted from other priorities. Lyme disease poses a genuine threat to the health and careers of service members and is an often-overlooked disruptor to military operations. Simple, feasible prevention strategies that are tailored to high-risk geographic regions can be emphasized by military units to reduce the incidence of on-duty and off-duty cases. Additionally, there remains a critical need for new preventative and diagnostic measures for LD.

Neonatologist staffing is related to the inter-hospital variation of risk-adjusted mortality of very low birth weight infants in Korea

This study investigated whether hospital factors, including patient volume, unit level, and neonatologist staffing, were associated with variations in standardized mortality ratios (SMR) adjusted for patient factors in very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs). A total of 15,766 VLBWIs born in 63 hospitals between 2013 and 2020 were analyzed using data from the Korean Neonatal Network cohort. SMRs were evaluated after adjusting for patient factors. High and low SMR groups were defined as hospitals outside the 95% confidence limits on the SMR funnel plot. The mortality rate of VLBWIs was 12.7%. The average case-mix SMR was 1.1; calculated by adjusting for six significant patient factors: antenatal steroid, gestational age, birth weight, sex, 5-min Apgar score, and congenital anomalies. Hospital factors of the low SMR group (N = 10) had higher unit levels, more annual volumes of VLBWIs, more number of neonatologists, and fewer neonatal intensive care beds per neonatologist than the high SMR group (N = 13). Multi-level risk adjustment revealed that only the number of neonatologists showed a significant fixed-effect on mortality besides fixed patient risk effect and a random hospital effect. Adjusting for the number of neonatologists decreased the variance partition coefficient and random-effects variance between hospitals by 11.36%. The number of neonatologists was independently associated with center-to-center differences in VLBWI mortality in Korea after adjustment for patient risks and hospital factors.

E-waste Management Using Blockchain Technology

Introduction; Bridging the digital divide requires the provision of affordable, fair and quality ICT. With nearly two-thirds of the world’s population still offline, there is a need to provide affordable web access for everyone. For developing countries, increasing the popularity of information and communication technology has become the most important factor in reducing poverty. The danger of electrical and electronic waste disposal contains hazardous substances, but most of the electrical and electronic equipment is still disposed of in an unhealthy environment in the field development area, affecting the level of contamination in Water, Air and Soil ultimately affecting people’s health. Eliminating E-waste responsibility and protecting the environment is a challenge for countries. Smart cities can solve environmental problems through proper waste management for improving human health, protecting water resources, and reducing pollution. Objective; In this paper, we explore how blockchain technology can help smart cities to manage E-waste by providing consistency, immutability, transparency, and accountability control in a distributed, reliable, and secure manner. We discussed the advantages of blockchain technology in various aspects of E-waste management, such as instant tracking and monitoring, E-waste disposal and E-waste management regulation compliance, proper disposal management, E-waste management, and material handling, etc. All examples of disposal services, but in our study we have found that there is no fool proof system to check the disposal of E-waste whether it has been disposed off Fully or Partially. We mainly focused on the tracking of E-waste management system for 100% safe and eco-friendly disposal from the originating point of E-waste to end disposal point of total disposal. Methods; For this, we have used machine-learning model to find the existing percentage of disposal of E-waste at the end-point which reveals that it is never 100%. And partial disposal of E-waste means we have still partial E-waste around us in different forms, which will be a threat for the society to be indulged in hazardous after effects of randomly dumping E-waste.Results; After this we have modelled a Disposal Tracking System(DTS) using blockchain technology to create an E-waste data storage as Decentralized Shareable Ledger (DSL) which records the quantity and state of E-waste data from its originating point to a different level of disposal unit and finally reflect the balance of E-waste data as NIL at the end of last disposal point.Conclusion; This system will helpful for safe and ecofriendly E-waste management and it provides complete transparency and traceability of E-waste during the life cycle of complete disposal. After implementation of this system any district or Block or Village authority can ensure to its citizens for E-waste hazards free environment and safety of natural resources

Comparative Evaluation of Biofilm Formation on Temporization Crown Materials Used in the Rehabilitation of Primary Dentition With Different Polishing Materials: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Advancements in dental materials have enhanced aesthetic treatments for managing dental caries and injuries in primary dentition. Bis-acryl composite-based temporization materials are now preferred for restoring primary crowns due to their superior properties. However, prolonged exposure to dietary and hygienic factors can lead to discoloration and roughness, making efficient polishing essential to prevent plaque buildup. Objective This study aims to evaluate Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation on temporization material polished with different polishing systems. Methods This study tested bis-acryl methacrylate temporization material. Thirty disk-shaped specimens were prepared and divided into three groups according to the polishing system used (n = 10 per group): Shofu Super Snap mini kit (Shofu, San Marcos, CA), aluminum oxide polishing paste, and propol polishing paste. Each group's specimens were polished according to the manufacturer's instructions. Surface roughness (SR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphological analysis, and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation were assessed for each group. Results The results showed significant differences in roughness average (Ra) values among the polishing materials, with the Shofu Super Snap mini kit having the highest roughness (Ra = 2.04), followed by propol polishing paste (Ra = 1.30)and aluminum oxide paste (Ra = 0.75). Additionally, polishing methods significantly affected mean colony-forming unit (CFU) levels, with the first group having the highest mean CFU value (0.24), with SEM images showing substantial biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Conclusion Bacterial biofilm formation on the aluminum oxide paste group's surface differed from that on the propol polishing paste and aluminum oxide disc groups. The polishing techniques that we tested significantly influenced surface properties and biofilm formation. These findings suggest that selecting an appropriate polishing system can reduce the risk of gingival inflammation associated with temporization materials.

Penyuluhan Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini (PIAUD) di TK Darul Fahmi Kecamatan Bandar Masilam Kab. Simalungun

This article was composed in view of the consequences of exploration which plans to make sense of expert educators and look for data about PAUD instructors' endeavors in creating instructor impressive skill and educational program improvement in light of the 2013 educational plan based kindergarten utilizing a subjective methodology. The conversation bunch was then dissected by decrease, order and confirmation. This examination looks to see if an expert educator can foster a kindergarten unit level educational program in light of the 2013 educational plan and assume a significant part in movements of every sort. From this exploration the creator can reason that the advancement of impressive skill of PIAUD educators can't be isolated from the mediation of bosses other than the job of the school head. With the improvement of expert PIAUD educators, the capacity of instructors to foster the 2013 Educational plan Based Kindergarten Level Educational program will likewise increment.

Predictions of Carbon Stock in the Southern Moscow Region Forests Under Different Forest Use Scenarios

The results of forest simulation modelling of the dynamics of carbon pools and fluxes in forest ecosystems under different forest management scenarios were considered on the example of the Dankovsky forest enterprise (south of the Moscow region, subzone of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests). The impact of such changes in forest management practices, as the reserve regime, the reduction in the proportion of forest lands as a result of residential development, and zoning of the territory with an emphasis on increasing the recreational use of forests on the carbon balance was analysed. In computational experiments, a set of Russian models was used: the dynamic model of a forest stand FORRUS-S, the model of soil organic matter dynamics Romul_Hum, the model of the hydrothermal regime of soils SCLISS. Calculations were performed for a time period of 100 years at the forestry unit level, and were also aggregated at the level of the entire forestry district. The diversity of types of forest growth conditions (FGC), together with the species diversity and the initial different ages of stands, determined significant variations of the calculated indicators of forest stands’ production, the quantity and quality of plant litter entering the soil. For all cases, model estimates of changes in carbon reserves occurred in the forest stands within the initial 40–60 years with a subsequent decrease in the calculated values. Under the conservation scenario, an increase in the organic substances reserves in forest litter and soil was observed: for FGCs C2 and C3, an increase over 100 years was approximately 5–10 kg m–2, for the remaining FGCs — at the level of 2–3 kg m–2 in terms of carbon. Under the economic use scenarios, a relative “levelling” of forest enterprise area towards the lower end of the spectrum was shown in terms of soil carbon reserves. The maximum ecosystem carbon stock was calculated for FGC C2 and C3, the minimum — for A5 and C4. Depending on the scenario, over 100 years, the total net sequestration of carbon by the forests of the Dankovsky forest enterprise (with a total area of forested land of 6836 ha) was estimated within the range of 0.15–0.57 Tg.

Condition-based switching, loading, and age-based maintenance policies for standby systems

Standby techniques are widely incorporated in structural design to enhance the inherent reliability of systems. To further leverage the system performance during operation, decision-makers can adopt operational policies to manage system degradation. Specifically, at the system level, unit switching that dynamically determines the online unit contributes to avoiding unexpected shutdowns. At the unit level, adjusting load levels to manage the trade-off between condition degradation and revenue accumulation is crucial for maximizing profit. Additionally, adopting age-based maintenance as a tactical decision, which effectively facilitates the integration of maintenance resources, can be implemented to restore a degraded system. For instance, maintenance is typically scheduled at fixed moments for multi-generator power systems located in remote areas. In between maintenance moments, the proactive switching of generators can ensure uninterrupted output, and the adjustment of load levels for online generators helps to maximize output. Motivated by such engineering practices, this paper investigates condition-based switching, loading, and age-based maintenance policies for standby systems to maximize the expected profit rate in the long-run horizon. The problem is formulated as a Markov decision process. The structural properties of the control-limit switching and monotone loading policies are analyzed for easy policy implementation and efficient problem solutions. For comparative purposes, several heuristic policies are proposed and evaluated. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate theoretical results and illustrate the superiority of the proposed risk control policy.