Unit Gain Research Articles

Evaluation of Soybean Hulls as Replacement of Energy Concentrates: Effects on Intake, Growth Performance and Selected Blood Metabolites of Male Sahiwal Calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing conventional energy sources (corn grain and wheat bran) with soyhulls on the growth performance of Sahiwal calves. Fifteen growing Sahiwal male calves weighing approximately 110 ± 2 kg were selected, blocked by body weight, and randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (5 calves/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of three concentrate diets: control (SH0, without soyhulls), SH18 (soyhulls replacing 30% of conventional energy sources), and SH36 (soyhulls replacing 60% of conventional energy sources). All diets were isonitrogenous with 13.5% crude protein (CP) and were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) comprising 60% concentrate, 32% silage, and 8% Rhodes grass hay on a dry matter basis. Body weight was recorded weekly. Three animals per treatment were selected for an apparent digestibility trial using acid-insoluble ash as a marker. Results indicated a numerical increase in dry matter intake (DMI) with higher soyhull levels. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, DM, and OM increased linearly (P≤0.05) with increasing soyhulls in the diets. Total weight gain was 129 kg for SH0, 128 kg for SH18, and 133 kg for SH36. The average daily gain (ADG) was slightly more in the SH36 group (1.19 kg) than the SH0 group (1.15 kg). Cost per unit gain, blood glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were similar (p > 0.05) among the treatments. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that soyhulls can be an effective alternative energy source to the corn grain and wheat bran, with similar growth performance and cost per unit gain with the additional benefits of greater dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility in male Sahiwal calves.

Spectral Properties of Dual Unit Gain Graphs

In this paper, we study dual quaternion, dual complex unit gain graphs, and their spectral properties in a unified frame of dual unit gain graphs. Unit dual quaternions represent rigid movements in the 3D space, and have wide applications in robotics and computer graphics. Dual complex numbers have found application in brain science recently. We establish the interlacing theorem for dual unit gain graphs, and show that the spectral radius of a dual unit gain graph is always not greater than the spectral radius of the underlying graph, and these two radii are equal if, and only if, the dual gain graph is balanced. By using dual cosine functions, we establish the closed form of the eigenvalues of adjacency and Laplacian matrices of dual complex and quaternion unit gain cycles. We then show the coefficient theorem holds for dual unit gain graphs. Similar results hold for the spectral radius of the Laplacian matrix of the dual unit gain graph too.

Bounds of nullity for complex unit gain graphs

A complex unit gain graph, or T-gain graph, is a triple Φ=(G,T,φ) comprised of a simple graph G as the underlying graph of Φ, the set of unit complex numbers T={z∈C:|z|=1}, and a gain function φ:E→→T with the property that φ(eij)=φ(eji)−1. A cactus graph is a connected graph in which any two cycles have at most one vertex in common.In this paper, we firstly show that there does not exist a complex unit gain graph with nullity n(G)−2m(G)+2c(G)−1, where n(G), m(G) and c(G) are the order, matching number, and cyclomatic number of G. Next, we provide a lower bound on the nullity for connected complex unit gain graphs and an upper bound on the nullity for complex unit gain bipartite graphs. Finally, we characterize all non-singular complex unit gain bipartite cactus graphs, which generalizes a result in Wong et al. (2022) [30].

Low excess noise HgCdTe e-SWIR avalanche photodiode operating at high gain and temperature

The Hg1−xCdxTe material can exhibit a pure electron avalanche when the composition of the Cd is below 0.6. This hole-to-electron impact ionization ratio close to zero results in noiseless gain. In this paper, we present the results on the gain and noise characteristics of the extended short wavelength infrared (e-SWIR) HgCdTe electron-initialed avalanche photodiodes (e-APDs). The e-APD has a Cd composition of 0.4 and a cutoff wavelength of 3.1μm. At 80 K with a bias voltage of −18.5 V, the device achieves a remarkable gain of 1080, with an excess noise factor below 1.6. Furthermore, the device maintains a gain of 550 and an excess noise below 1.6 at 220 K. Notably, this work reports for the first time the low noise performance of the device at high temperatures and high gain. Moreover, we investigate the responsivity and detectivity of the device when operating at the unit gain point.

Eigenvalues of complex unit gain graphs and gain regularity

Abstract A complex unit gain graph (or T {\mathbb{T}} -gain graph) Γ = ( G , γ ) \Gamma =\left(G,\gamma ) is a gain graph with gains in T {\mathbb{T}} , the multiplicative group of complex units. The T {\mathbb{T}} -outgain in Γ \Gamma of a vertex v ∈ G v\in G is the sum of the gains of all the arcs originating in v v . A T {\mathbb{T}} -gain graph is said to be an a a - T {\mathbb{T}} -regular graph if the T {\mathbb{T}} -outgain of each of its vertices is equal to a a . In this article, it is proved that a a - T {\mathbb{T}} -regular graphs exist for every a ∈ R a\in {\mathbb{R}} . This, in particular, means that every real number can be a T {\mathbb{T}} -gain graph eigenvalue. Moreover, denoted by Ω ( a ) \Omega \left(a) the class of connected T {\mathbb{T}} -gain graphs whose largest eigenvalue is the real number a a , it is shown that Ω ( a ) \Omega \left(a) is nonempty if and only if a a belongs to { 0 } ∪ [ 1 , + ∞ ) \left\{0\right\}\cup \left[1,+\infty ) . In order to achieve these results, non-complete extended p p -sums and suitably defined joins of T {\mathbb{T}} -gain graphs are considered.

Current coordinated distribution and voltage optimization control for multi-VSGs system considering nonlinear and negative sequence loads

In a microgrid system where multiple virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) are interconnected through high impedance cables, the total output negative sequence and harmonic current of multiple VSGs cannot be coordinated based on the capacity of each power conversion system (PCS). In addition, there is significant distortion in the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC). Because the impedance amplitude and impedance angle of the cable change with the harmonic frequency, the resistive virtual impedance reshaping method and fixed impedance angle virtual impedance reshaping method used in the current research cannot solve the harmonic current distribution problem. To solve the above problems, a multi-frequency points VSG impedance reshaping control strategy is proposed in this paper, which can adjust the resistive and inductive output impedance of each harmonic frequency independently. The strategy is based on the harmonic separation algorithm of LPF with Feedforward Compensation (FCLPF) and the voltage controller of Vector Proportional Integral (VPI) in fundamental dq rotation coordinate system, which effectively improve the flexibility and accuracy of harmonic impedance reshaping. Among them, FCLPF harmonic separation algorithm has the characteristics of target frequency bandpass and non-target frequency notch, and can eliminate the coupling interference of each harmonic virtual impedance when accumulating virtual impedance voltage references at various frequency points. The closed-loop transfer function of the multi-parallel VPI voltage controller has the characteristics of unit gain and zero phase shift at each harmonic frequency point, which means the static response error of virtual impedance voltage command can be almost completely eliminated. Under the proposed control strategy, the fundamental positive power can be allocated according to the droop coefficient, the fundamental negative current and harmonic current can be allocated according to the sum of the reshaped virtual impedance and the actual line impedance. Reshaping virtual impedance at each harmonic frequency to negative value can also compensate the harmonic voltage drop on the high impedance cable and improve the voltage quality at the PCC.

On connected [formula omitted]-gain graphs with rank equal to girth

Let Φ=(Γ,φ) be a T-gain graph or a complex unit gain graph and A(Φ) be its adjacency matrix. The rank of (Γ,φ) is denoted by r(Γ,φ) which is the rank of its adjacency matrix. If the underlying graph Γ of Φ has at least one cycle, then the girth of Φ is denoted by gr(Γ) or simply by gr, which is the length of the shortest cycle in Γ. In this paper, we prove r(Γ,φ)≥gr−2 for a T-gain graph (Γ,φ). Moreover, we characterize T-gain graphs satisfy r(Γ,φ)=gr−2 and r(Γ,φ)=gr.

A 65 nm CMOS rail-to-rail auto-zero operational amplifier based on charge pump internal power supply

A high-gain, low-offset, and low-power auto-zero operational amplifier with rail-to-rail input/output is proposed. Based on a time-interleaved charge pump high-voltage on-chip internal power supply, the PMOS differential pair input configuration will achieve a rail-to-rail input range with constant transconductance. Time-interleaved auto-zero continuously eliminates the input offset voltage of the operational amplifier in the time domain. An nA-level bias circuit to realize low power. The operational amplifier circuit is based on a 65 nm CMOS process. Under 1.2V power supply voltage and temperature 27 °C, the input offset voltage of the operational amplifier is 3.16 μV and the input offset current is less than 20 pA. The temperature drift coefficient of offset voltage is 0.005 μV/°C between −40 °C and 90 °C. The variation rate of input transconductance is only 5.6 % among the rail-to-rail input range. The equivalent DC gain is 106.4 dB, the unit gain bandwidth is 0.54 MHz, the phase margin is 76.5°, and the power consumption is about 0.19 mW. The layout area is 0.83 × 0.75 mm2.

Ecology Lessons 2.0 – A Wireless Approach

This case study examines students’ perception, motivation, and learning gain of a teaching unit featuring wireless sensors as tools to collect scientific data in the classroom. Students analyze data using the corresponding cellphone app, communicate findings to the class, and learn about a changing environment. Wireless sensors are produced for technology-based science lessons and are therefore suitable for our teaching unit to implement into the secondary school curriculum in the context of ecology. We aimed for very simple experimental setups in order to put the focus on handling the modern technical equipment, to make analyzing and learning from the collected data a priority, and to reduce expenses for teachers on busy schooldays. We validated the approach in German school settings with 67 students aged between 16 and 19 years. We found that our practical approach not only leads to high learning gains combined with learning enjoyment, a feeling of competence, and little perceived pressure but also improves students’ understanding of scientific data.

Innovative Design and Application Analysis of Integrated Operational Amplifiers

Operational amplifiers in integrated circuits come in many varieties and numbers and are an essential part of electronic systems. Its performance directly affects the accuracy and effectiveness of the whole system. As the market demand for operational amplifiers in different fields is growing day by day, according to different kinds of demand, people have designed a variety of operational amplifier structure. This paper describes the basic characteristics of operational amplifiers and analyzes three basic structures that are extremely relevant for modification circuits. The common-source, common-gate circuit structure op-amp has the advantages of high gain, high input common-mode range, high output swing, and high overall gain bandwidth, so it has been adopted as the most commonly used architecture today and in the future. The current improvements in operational amplifier design are mainly focused on two-stage operational amplifiers, and less on multi-stage operational amplifiers. The folded common source and common gate operational amplifier circuits are characterized by good frequency characteristics, comparatively low power consumption and high bandwidth per unit gain. The demands on the performance of operational amplifiers will become higher and more varied, and more excellent improved circuits are needed.

NEPS of complex unit gain graphs

A complex unit gain graph (or $\mathbb T$-gain graph) is a gain graph with gains in $\mathbb T$, the multiplicative group of complex units. Extending a classical construction for simple graphs due to Cvektovic, suitably defined noncomplete extended $p$-sums (NEPS, for short) of $\mathbb T$-gain graphs are considered in this paper. Structural properties of NEPS like balance and some spectral properties and invariants of their adjacency and Laplacian matrices are investigated, including the energy and the possible symmetry of the adjacency spectrum. It is also shown how NEPS are useful to obtain infinitely many integral graphs from the few at hands.Moreover, it is studied how NEPS of $\mathbb T$-gain graphs behave with respect to the property of being nut, i.e., having $0$ as simple adjacency eigenvalue and nowhere zero $0$-eigenvectors. Finally, a family of new products generalizing NEPS is introduced, and their few first spectral properties explored.

High-speed InAlAs digital alloy avalanche photodiode

Digital alloy (DA) InAlAs on the InP substrate exhibits a lower excess noise compared to a traditional In0.52Al0.48As random alloy as the multiplication layer in avalanche photodiodes (APDs). This work implements DA InAlAs as the multiplication layer in a 1550 nm separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication APD and characterizes the performances through various analyses. The device reaches a maximum gain of 221 before avalanche breakdown, with a maximum gain-bandwidth product of more than 140 GHz. At 90% breakdown voltage, the dark current density is 4.1 mA/cm2, and the responsivity is 0.48 A/W at unit gain. Excess noise factors were identified, yielding an effective k value of around 0.15, which is lower than that of random alloy In0.52Al0.48As APDs (k ∼0.2). These findings show that DA InAlAs has the potential to be a promising material for high-performance APDs.

Evaluation of n-type gate-all-around vertically-stacked nanosheet FETs from 473 K down to 173 K for analog applications

This work presents an experimental evaluation of n-type, gate-all-around (GAA), vertically stacked nanosheet field effect transistors (NSFETs) operating in a temperature (T) range from 473 K down to 173 K and focusing on their use for analog applications. Devices with gate lengths (Lgate) of 28 nm to 200 nm were analyzed. Besides exhibiting a slight short channel effect, the shorter transistors show a good performance in terms of analog application, presenting at 173 K an intrinsic voltage gain (AV) of 30 dB and unit gain frequency (fT) of 185 GHz. This is also seen in two figures of merit that characterize the transistor performance for analog circuit design: the transistor efficiency (gm/IDS) and the gain frequency product (AV*fT). The optimum region of operation was demonstrated to be at strong inversion by the trade-off between gm/IDS and fT, where in this region Lgate = 28 nm presents a gain frequency product of ∼ 5,5THz at T = 173 K. At lower temperature, as expected, it is confirmed that the carrier mobility and the subthreshold swing (SS) improve while the threshold voltage (VT) increases.

Integrated biosensing system of electrochemistry and electrophysiology for cortisol and skin conductance analysis on smartphone

High level of mental stress will lead to negative psychological and health consequences, such as insomnia, depression, and cardiovascular disease, which will increase the suicide rate and affect social stability. Mental stress has been proved to be related to biomarkers cortisol and skin conductance, and reflects the complementary advantages of stress monitoring. Based on electrochemistry and electrophysiology analysis technology, combined with microelectronic design and biosensors, this paper constructed an integrated physiological and biochemical sensing system, and an intelligent user interaction system. Firstly, a molecularly imprinted biosensor with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), prussian blue (PB), and polypyrrole (PPy), achieved highly sensitive detection of cortisol in the range of 1–10000 ng/mL and demonstrating good specificity. The cortisol detection unit used differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method by dual power amplifier chip AD8674, which was a precision operational amplifier with low noise, low input bias current, and unit gain stability. Then, the skin conductance detection unit was mainly composed of a pulse width modulation (PWM) drive circuit, which was designed to achieve a 100 Hz voltage output. The integrated system was designed with microcontroller module, transimpedance amplifier (TIA) module, power management module, signal transmission module, cortisol and skin conductance detection module, which was suitable for constructing precision voltage control and weak current signal conditioning. Finally, based on the software and hardware platform of smartphones, an intelligent analysis system was developed to improve the portability and user interaction convenience. Our system achieved the physiological and biochemical joint detection for the first time, showing enormous application potential in future multimode sensing monitoring.

Waveguide-Integrated Ge/Si Avalanche Photodiode with Vertical Multiplication Region for 1310 nm Detection

Ge/Si separate absorption, charge, and multiplication avalanche photodiodes (SACM APDs) coupled with waveguides have shown significant potential as high-sensitivity, low-noise, and high-speed photodetectors for optical communications. In this study, we present a waveguide-integrated Ge/Si SACM APD fabricated on an eight-inch silicon photonics platform. The device exhibits a primary responsivity of 0.68 A/W at the unit gain voltage of 6 V for the O-band (1310 nm) wavelength, with a 10 μm-long and 1 μm-wide Ge layer. Additionally, the device demonstrates a 3 dB bandwidth of 25.7 GHz, with an input optical power of −16.8 dBm. The largest gain bandwidth product (GBP) is 247 GHz at a gain of 9.64 and a bias voltage of 15.7 V. The eye diagram is open at the bias voltage of 16 V, with a capacity to receive 28 Gbps of data. This APD shows potential for application in high-speed data transmission systems.

On bounds of Aα-eigenvalue multiplicity and the rank of a complex unit gain graph

Let Φ=(G,φ) be a connected complex unit gain graph (T-gain graph) of n vertices with largest vertex degree Δ, adjacency matrix A(Φ), and degree matrix D(Φ). Let mα(Φ,λ) be the multiplicity of λ as an eigenvalue of Aα(Φ):=αD(Φ)+(1−α)A(Φ), for α∈[0,1). In this article, we establish that mα(Φ,λ)≤(Δ−2)n+2Δ−1 and characterize the sharpness. Then, we obtain some lower bounds for the rank r(Φ) in terms of n and Δ including r(Φ)≥n−2Δ−1 and characterize their sharpness. Besides, we introduce zero-2-walk gain graphs and study their properties. It is shown that a zero-2-walk gain graph is always regular. Furthermore, we prove that Φ has exactly two distinct eigenvalues with equal magnitude if and only if it is a zero-2-walk gain graph. Using this, we establish a lower bound of r(Φ) in terms of the number of edges and characterize the sharpness. Result about mα(Φ,λ) extends the corresponding known result for undirected graphs and simplifies the existing proof, and other bounds of r(Φ) obtained in this article work better than the bounds given elsewhere.

Effect of Bacterial Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Bone Mineralization in Broilers Fed Pelleted Diets.

The influence of a bacterial 6-phytase on growth performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nutrients, blood parameters, and bone mineralization in broilers was evaluated. A total of 630 one-day-old male broilers were allocated to 7 dietary treatments, including positive control (PC) diet containing dicalcium phosphate, the PC marginally reduced in available P (avP) by 0.1% and calcium (Ca) by 0.2% vs. PC (NC1) or moderately reduced by 0.15 and 0.3% vs. PC (NC2), respectively, and four further diets comprising the NC1 and NC2 supplemented with 500 or 1000 FTU/kg of phytase in starter and finisher phases. A constant Ca to avP ratio was maintained across all diets. The body weight gain (BWG) and feed per unit gain (FCR) of birds fed NC1 and NC2 diets supplemented with phytase (500 and 1000 U/kg) was equivalent to that of birds fed the PC diet at 35 days. Phytase supplementation in the NC1 diet linearly increased the CAID of nitrogen (N) (p < 0.01), phosphorus (P) (p < 0.01), and Ca (p < 0.05). Additionally, phytase reduced (p < 0.01) excreta P concentration by approximately 27%, improved (p < 0.001) toe ash, and tended to increase tibia ash (p = 0.08), comparable with the PC. In conclusion, the addition of bacterial 6-phytase dosed in the range of 500-1000 FTU/kg was effective in replacing 1.5 g/kg avP and 3 g/kg Ca in broilers fed pelleted diets, using bone quality, BWG, and FCR as outcome measures.

Relation between the row left rank of a quaternion unit gain graph and the rank of its underlying graph

Let $\Phi=(G,U(\mathbb{Q}),\varphi)$ be a quaternion unit gain graph (or $U(\mathbb{Q})$-gain graph), where $G$ is the underlying graph of $\Phi$, $U(\mathbb{Q})=\{z\in \mathbb{Q}: |z|=1\}$ is the circle group, and $\varphi:\overrightarrow{E}\rightarrow U(\mathbb{Q})$ is the gain function such that $\varphi(e_{ij})=\varphi(e_{ji})^{-1}=\overline{\varphi(e_{ji})}$. Let $A(\Phi)$ be the adjacency matrix of $\Phi$ and $r(\Phi)$ be the row left rank of $\Phi$. In this paper, we prove that $-2c(G)\leq r(\Phi)-r(G)\leq 2c(G)$, where $r(G)$ and $c(G)$ are the rank and the dimension of cycle space of $G$, respectively. All corresponding extremal graphs are characterized. The results will generalize the corresponding results of signed graphs (Lu et al. [20] and Wang [33]), mixed graphs (Chen et al. [7]), and complex unit gain graphs (Lu et al. [21]).

CMOS Wideband Low-Pass Filter Using Complementary Structured OPAMP for Wideband System Applications

In this paper, a CMOS wideband low-pass filter is proposed. In the wide band active filter design, the unit gain frequency (GBW) of OPAMP should be larger than GHz. The GBW of the proposed OPAMP is around 2.3 GHz. Additionally, the OPAMP with a complementary structure in signal and common mode feedback is proposed and has a wide operating voltage range at the input and output. The 1-dB gain compression point (P1dB) at the output is 4.9 dBm. A source follower is employed for driving 50 Ω output impedance without degrading the bandwidth and linearity of the filter. The power consumption is 27 mW from a 1-V supply voltage. The 3 dB bandwidth of the filter ranges from 330 MHz to 660 MHz with 3-bit cap tuning. This work is implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process, with a chip area of 0.18 mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE FODDER WITH MAIZE SILAGE ON DRY MATTER INTAKE, WEIGHT GAIN &amp; FEED EFFICIENCY IN BUFFALO MALE CALVES

The experiment was conducted to examine the replacement of maize fodder withmaize silage on dry matter intake, weight gain and feed efficiency in male buffalo calves. Total of 18no. of young male buffalo calves with body weight of 250 + 20 kg and having age around 24 monthswere randomly distributed into three groups containing 6 in each group.A diet of 16% Crude Proteinand 2.1 Mcal/kg energy was prepared and fed to calves at the rate of 1% of live body weight in allexperimental groups. Apart from concentrate, 16 kg of maize fodder was offered to each calves ofgroup A, 08 kg of maize fodder and 08 kg of maize silage to animals of group. Whereas 16kg of maizesilage was individually given to buffalo calves of group C. The experiment was continued for 90 daysfollowed by 10 days which were served for adjustment period. The group A, B and C had dry matterintake (DMI) of 4.82, 4.83 and 4.27 kg respectively. They posed a significant difference (P&lt;0.0001)among three groups. Whereas the difference was non significant difference (P=0.39) in terms of dailyweight gain. The average daily growth rate was 0.90, 0.92 and 0.91 kg for groups A, B and Crespectively. The feed efficiency (feed intake per unit gain) of group C was the lowest i.e. 5.18followed by group B 5.54 and highest feed efficiency value was 6.13, observed in group A. Thedifference was significant (P&lt;0.0001) for feed efficiency