Unit Expenditures Research Articles

The International Market for Overseas Students in the English-Speaking World

British higher education has for many decades been a popular destination for students from abroad. This is partly because of the cultural links formed by the Commonwealth. In 1984 exactly a half of overseas students in Britain were from Commonwealth countries. The second major reason for Britain's popularity is the high quality of her higher education system. Although it is difficult to identify and measure the outputs of higher education, the British system has long had the reputation of being one with restricted entry and high unit expenditures on the students who are admitted. To be admitted by a British university is, therefore, a mark of recognition of merit for individual students: in addition they can expect to receive substantial welfare provision (help in finding accommodation, professional counselling services, etc.) during their courses of study. Thirdly, the attractiveness of higher education in Britain has been enhanced by the extraordinary development of English as the world's principal international language. This third advantage is also shared by other major Englishspeaking countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States. The United States is, of course, in a special category since it caters for over a third of all the students who are studying outside their own countries. As well as the attractiveness of the English language the United States is seen as being the world's most technologically advanced nation and individual students, and countries which wish to benefit from modern technological development, see particular benefits from study in that country. In this context a particularly interesting recent development is the growing attractiveness of Japan as a country in which to study. British universities have, therefore, during most of the twentieth century, seen themselves as international as well as national institutions. In the period up to the mid1960s they attempted to fulfil their international obligations partly by accepting foreign students on exactly the same basis as home students and partly by stimulating the development of indigenous universities in developing Commonwealth countries. Many African countries in particular have a higher education system closely modelled on the high-cost well-staffed collegial British university system. In contrast to this welcome to students from abroad there has never been the same interest in sending British students to foreign countries. According to UNESCO statistics the number of British students abroad in 1982 was 15,000 compared with 46,000 foreigners studying in British institutions. In this sense it is legitimate to suggest that the dominant attitude of British higher education to study abroad has traditionally been one of cultural imperialism: it is still widely believed that foreigners may have something to gain from studying in high quality British institutions but British students will derive little academic benefit from study abroad. There are two important

A Management Look at Natural Gas

Abstract Natural gas is a major factor in the domestic petroleum industry and should command wellhead prices commensurate with its impact on the energy markets. By 1968 gas is predicted to supply 72 per cent of the petroleum energy consumed in those markets where gas and hydrocarbon liquids are in competition with each other. Industry must intensify its exploration efforts to find an annual average of 26 trillion cu ft of gas over the next 10 years. This is needed to back up the predicted 5 per cent annual increase in gas demand. Unit expenditures for finding and developing petroleum hydrocarbons have increased at a faster rate than have unit wellhead revenues per million Btu of combined domestic crude oil and natural gas production. In fact, at constant dollars, unit revenues for combined wellhead production have decreased. Wellhead prices ranging from 18 to 25 cents/Mcf for new gas contracts seem to offer the incentive to explore for and to develop gas reserves. The average wellhead price in 1958 of 11.9 cents/Mcf on all gas must rise to 18 to 20 cents within three years and to 25 cents within 10 years to sustain intensified exploration activities. In addition to firmer prices on new gas commitments, producers must receive higher prices on gas delivered under older contracts. In both cases, Federal regulation of about 65 per cent of the marketed gas production presents a number of uncertainties. Pending an acceptable solution to the regulatory problem, producers should aggressively pursue natural gas activities. Exploration should be concentrated in areas offering the required incentive prices. Sales should be made preferentially into non-jurisdictional markets, or to those interstate markets offering the greatest wellhead revenues. Introduction There are some 6,000 producers in the United States who sell significant quantities of natural gas and who are not primarily engaged in the operation of interstate gas pipelines. These "independent producers" sell gas in both interstate and intrastate commerce and are heavily engaged as well in crude-oil finding and development.

Analysis of Teaching Costs by Subjects

If music is compared with the other subjects offered in Cleveland it ranks low in the unit expenditures. In the tabulation covering thirty-five different subjects, or groups of very similar subjects, offered in the senior high schools the average unit expenditure of $.031 for all vocal music ranks thirty-fourth, and the average unit expenditure of $.040 for all instrumental music ranks twenty-ninth. (The most expensive subject is given rank one.) The average unit expenditure for the thirtyfive subjects is $.055. In a similar tabulation covering the twenty-five junior high school subjects the average unit expenditure of $.033 for all vocal music ranks twenty-fourth, and the average unit expenditure of $.053 for all instrumental music ranks tenth. The average unit expenditure for the twenty-five subjects is $.046. The local critic of expenditures for secondary schools who chooses to class courses in music among the fads and frills should give consideration to the following facts :