Unit Conversion Research Articles

Media Tangga Konversi Berbantuan Lagu Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika

The understanding of the concept of unit length conversion in 3rd grade students of SDIT Al Akhyar is still relatively low. This can be seen from the percentage of completeness which is only 24%. For this reason, it is necessary to improve learning. The first step that was chosen was to use the Length unit Conversion ladder media. The purpose of this study was to improve student achievement in learning Mathematics for length unit conversion material using the Conversion Ladder media. This research is a classroom action research conducted at SDIT Al Akhyar. This research went through two cycles. The research phase of each cycle is carried out starting from planning, implementation, observation, data collection, and reflection. The results of the implementation are evaluated in the reflection as the basis for improvement plans in the next cycle. Data analysis used qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed an increase in students' ability to convert length units from pre-cycle, cycle 1 and cycle 2. The average value in pre-cycle was only 53.10, cycle 1 increased to 68.96 and cycle 2 became 88.27. The percentage of completeness of students increased from 24% or 7 students who experienced completeness in the pre-cycle, to 55% (16 students) in cycle 1 and 83% or 24 students who completed learning in cycle 2. These findings indicate that the use of ladder media conversion can improve learning outcomes in learning Mathematics in the length unit material.

M2 tidal energy extraction in the Western Waters of Aceh, Indonesia

The influence of the principal lunar semidiurnal tidal constituent M2 is significant in the Malacca Strait, the Andaman Sea, and the Bay of Bengal. However, in the Indian Ocean, due to depth, the influence is not as strong as in those regions. The Western Waters of Aceh are directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean, the Andaman Sea, and the Malacca Strait. This study aims to map the tidal energy potential of M2 along the west coast of Aceh. The energy derived from tides is used as renewable energy to support the government's development targets. This study considered a power formula produced by a tidal turbine. The current velocity and elevation results showed excellent results. The weak tidal currents are evenly distributed in the south of the domain, but the tidal currents are strong in the north of the research domain because of the shallower depths and narrow gaps. Based on the magnitude of the current velocity, the extracted power is significant in the northern domain, reaching 337.08 kWh in one M2 period, or 507.36 kWh in a day. This amount is obtained from the power generated when the current reaches the blade, with a minimum of 3.79 W and a maximum of 6.37 kW. The total power obtained in the conversion of electrical power units was 507.36 kWh in one day. The location with the highest extraction has a depth of 24–43 m at sea level; thus, building a tidal turbine power plant is very possible.

Revealing the mechanisms of hydrogel formation by laccase crosslinking and regeneration of feruloylated arabinoxylan from wheat bran

Feruloylated arabinoxylan (FAX) from cereal brans has large potential to generate multifunctional materials with customized macromolecular and nanostructural architectures and techno-functional properties. Here we investigate the chemical and structural mechanisms of hydrogel formation of wheat bran FAX following enzymatic crosslinking by laccase and a subsequent regeneration procedure involving freeze-drying and resuspension of the crosslinked FAX in different pH buffers, using a battery of biochemical, rheological and physical techniques. The laccase crosslinking induced the conversion of ferulic acid units into a wide diversity of dimeric forms, leading to an increased molecular weight and a closer-packing of the FAX chains. The regeneration step resulted in a remarkable increase in the viscosity and viscoelasticity for all tested pH values. The amount of crystallinity of FAX increased by enzymatic crosslinking, it was however decreased by the regeneration step. The structural characterization revealed that enzymatic crosslinking, in addition to the formation of covalent crosslinks, influences the physical intermolecular interactions between adjacent FAX domains, and the regeneration forms larger clusters with higher dynamic moduli. Our results reveal that both chemical and physical mechanisms influence the network formation and multiscale assembly of wheat bran FAX hydrogels, thus modulating their rheological properties fundamental for their use in food and biomedical applications.

Transportability and Implementation Challenges of Early Warning Scores for Septic Shock in the ICU: A Perspective on the TREWScore.

The increased use of electronic health records (EHRs) has improved the availability of routine care data for medical research. Combined with machine learning techniques this has spurred the development of early warning scores (EWSs) in hospitals worldwide. EWSs are commonly used in the hospital where they have been developed, yet few have been transported to external settings and/or internationally. In this perspective, we describe our experiences in implementing the TREWScore, a septic shock EWS, and the transportability challenges regarding domain, predictors, and clinical outcome we faced. We used data of 53,330 ICU stays from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III (MIMIC-III) and 18,013 ICU stays from the University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, including 17,023 (31.9%) and 2,557 (14.2%) cases of sepsis, respectively. The MIMIC-III and UMC populations differed significantly regarding the length of stay (6.9 vs. 9.0 days) and hospital mortality (11.6% vs. 13.6%). We mapped all 54 TREWScore predictors to the UMC database: 31 were readily available, seven required unit conversion, 14 had to be engineered, one predictor required text mining, and one predictor could not be mapped. Lastly, we classified sepsis cases for septic shock using the sepsis-2 criteria. Septic shock populations (UMC 31.3% and MIMIC-III 23.3%) and time to shock events showed significant differences between the two cohorts. In conclusion, we identified challenges to transportability and implementation regarding domain, predictors, and clinical outcome when transporting EWS between hospitals across two continents. These challenges need to be systematically addressed to improve model transportability between centers and unlock the potential clinical utility of EWS.

Research on Market Mechanism of Thermal Power Flexible Transformation to Promote Clean Energy Consumption

By continuously developing a new power system aiming at “double carbon”, the peak shaving pressure of the power system continues to rise and the existing peak shaving ability is slightly weakened. But the historic energy structure in Northeast China has more features of thermal power generation. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the demand for deep peak shaving by a flexible combination of thermal power plants to realize renewable energy consumption. In view of this, this paper analyzes the current power market mechanism in Northeast China, constructs a new energy consumption model for flexible transformation of thermal power, and makes a simulation analysis in the area with wind fire ratio of 1:4. Finally, through flexible conversion of thermal power unit, wind power consumption can be better realized and the problem of wind abandonment can be solved. The research results can provide reference for formulating relevant policies and production models.

Community Data Mining Approach for Surface Complexation Database Development.

This paper presents a comprehensive data-to-model workflow, including a findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) community sorption database (newly developed LLNL Surface Complexation/Ion Exchange (L-SCIE) database) along with a data fitting workflow to efficiently optimize surface complexation reaction constants with multiple surface complexation model (SCM) constructs. This workflow serves as a universal framework to mine, compile, and analyze large numbers of published sorption data as well as to estimate reaction constants for parameterizing reactive transport models. The framework includes (1) data digitization from published papers, (2) data unification including unit conversions, and (3) data-model integration and reaction constant estimation using geochemical software PHREEQC coupled with the universal parameter estimation code PEST. We demonstrate our approach using an analysis of U(VI) sorption to quartz based on a first L-SCIE implementation, concluding that a multisite SCM construct with carbonate surface species yielded the best fit to community data. Surface complexation reaction constants extracted from this approach captured all available sorption data available in the literature and provided insight into previously published reaction constants and surface complexation model constructs. The L-SCIE sorption database presented herein allows for automating this approach across a wide range of metals and minerals and implementing novel machine learning approaches to reactive transport in the future.

Repowering Coal Power in China by Nuclear Energy—Implementation Strategy and Potential

This article discusses a sustainable low-carbon development strategy that uses nuclear heat sources to replace coal boilers at existing coal power plants in China, to help support a resource and cost-effective low-carbon development. Based on the local situation in China, a three-stage strategy to explore the potential of repowering coal power by nuclear energy is proposed. The main focus of this study is to conduct a more detailed exploration of the 1st stage of this strategy, which includes coal plants located on the coast in regions that already have nuclear power installations. The study makes use of HTR-PM modular reactor for retrofit analysis for the types of coal units present in 1st stage of the strategy. The results show that: 1. There is a technical and economic basis for exploring nuclear power retrofit decarbonization. This conclusion is backed up by on-site transformation analysis and demonstration of the conversion of representative plant units to ensure the validity and reliability of the data. 2. This research provides a new pathway for the problem of stranded assets in China’s power sector decarbonization. The use of HTR-PM modules for retrofit can save up to 1200 billion $ as well as retaining local jobs and economic activity in areas currently hosting coal plants, which brings to society great economic and social benefits.

The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network Plankton Workshops: Plankton Ecosystem Function, Biodiversity, and Forecasting—Research Requirements and Applications

The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network Plankton Workshops: Plankton Ecosystem Function, Biodiversity, and Forecasting—Research Requirements and Applications

Single‐pole tripped emergency control and multistep power recovery strategy for a symmetric bipolar VSC‐HVDC system

In a symmetric bipolar voltage sourced converter-high voltage direct current system (VSC-HVDC) with a conventionally independent power controller, a single-pole converter unit malfunction or conversion capacity limitation results in a power imbalance for this converter station. To address this, a centralized power control strategy with single-pole tripped emergency control and a multistep power regulation strategy for parallel double converter units is proposed. Firstly, considering the power conversion limitation or power asymmetrical operation caused by single-unit malfunction, the tripped emergency coordination between two converter units can be accomplished to realize a constant transmission power capacity of this converter station. Secondly, for the recovery process of the faulty converter unit, the multistep power switching strategy is adopted. When the fault has been removed and the faulty converter unit is deblocked to reconnect to the DC grid, the proposed strategy is used to achieve self-adaptive power regulation. By adopting this strategy, the large power fluctuations in the process of reconnection can be effectively alleviated. Finally, a simulator based on PSCAD/EMTDC is indicated. The results show that the developed control strategy can realize self-adaptive imbalanced power adjustment between two parallel converter units and single-pole tripped unit smoothing reconnection.

Territorial Strategy of Medical Units for Addressing the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City: Analysis of Mobility, Accessibility and Marginalization.

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an exponential increase in the demand for medical care worldwide. In Mexico, the COVID Medical Units (CMUs) conversion strategy was implemented. Objective. To evaluate the CMU coverage strategy in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) by territory. Materials. The CMU directory was used, as were COVID-19 infection and mobility statistics and Mexican 2020 census information at the urban geographic area scale. The degree of urban marginalization by geographic area was also considered. Method. Using descriptive statistics and the calculation of a CMU accessibility index, population aggregates were counted based on coverage radii. In addition, two regression models are proposed to explain (1) the territorial and temporal trend of COVID-19 infections in the MCMA and (2) the mobility of the COVID-infected population visiting medical units. Results. The findings of the evaluation of the CMU strategy were (1) in the MCMA, COVID-19 followed a pattern of contagion from the urban center to the periphery; (2) given the growth in the number of cases and the overload of medical units, the population traveled greater distances to seek medical care; (3) after the CMU strategy was evaluated at the territory level, it was found that 9 out of 10 inhabitants had a CMU located approximately 7 km away; and (4) at the metropolitan level, the lowest level of accessibility to the CMU was recorded for the population with the highest levels of marginalization, i.e., those residing in the urban periphery.

Hornolužický měnový systém počátkem 40. let 16. století

The article deals with the issue of a real circulating coins and accounting units used at the beginning of the 1540s in the Upper Lusatia. As a main source served the account books of the Vienna Court Chamber from 1543–1544. They preserve both the conversion of the purchasing power of the coins used by the Upper Lusatian estates and towns to pay the tax obligation for the military campaign against the Turks, as well as the conversion of the monetary units used in the payment system of Upper Lusatia at that time. This documentation shows that the Upper Lusatian Mark, which was divided into 48 small groats, was the equivalent to 56 kreuzers in the Austrian currency. The second main unit of currency was the Upper Lusatian Gulden, which was converted into the main Austrian unit of currency, the “Rhenish guldens”, at the rate of 14 Rhenish guldens = 15 Upper Lusatian Guldens. At Upper Lusatia of that time, the silver thaler was worth 63 Upper Lusatian small groats (70 kreuzers) and the Hungarian gold ducat valued 93 Upper Lusatian small groats (105 kreuzers). The gradual unification of monetary units in all the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and in the Habsburg Hereditary Lands cannot be traced earlier than after 1547.

Towards a historical precipitation database for West Africa: Overview, quality control and harmonization

AbstractReliable long‐term observations from precipitation stations are often required for climatological studies but are strongly limited in many regions of the world. To improve this limitation for West Africa, we compiled daily and monthly observations from more than 20 national, continental and global databases, to establish a historical precipitation archive with a focus on four countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin and Togo). The new archive contains long‐term daily and monthly precipitation measurements from 1819 to 2013 for more than 1,000 sites. It is, therefore, the most comprehensive historical dataset with daily and monthly precipitation observations for this region. To produce a quality‐controlled and harmonized precipitation dataset for the focal region, various statistical algorithms have been implemented. These algorithms rely on straightforward geostatistical approaches (e.g., spatial correlograms) and corresponding statistical tests for identification and elimination of unreliable time series, in addition to various standard approaches used by global data centers. Although the quality control revealed various data errors and uncertainties for measurements and meta‐information (e.g., unit conversion errors, temporal offsets, frequent and long data gaps), a spatial interpolation using the quality‐controlled and harmonized dataset produced relatively reliable precipitation patterns for different target variables (e.g., monthly precipitation amount and daily precipitation probability). A major remaining challenge is providing free access to this database for research and other noncommercial purposes, due to national data protection regulations. However, several further tasks have been initiated and implemented (e.g., free provision of gridded precipitation datasets and point statistics) to improve the access and availability of station‐based precipitation observations and related data products for this climatologically challenging region.

Big West Oil lets contract for unit revamp at Utah refinery; Includes HF-to-ISOALKY alkylation unit conversion

Angular velocity stabilization problem for underactuated rigid satellites with only two independent control inputs is investigated, and a novel stabilization control strategy based on energy shaping is presented in this paper. Firstly, a desired closed-loop system with a specific structure is constructed for the control objective. The matching condition and controller structure are determined by equating the underactuated satellite system with the desired system. Moreover, a feasible sufficient condition satisfying the matching condition is derived. By solving the sufficient condition according to three different structures of the satellite inertia tensor matrix, three nonlinear smooth stabilization control laws are obtained, and global asymptotic stability of the related closed-loop system is rigorously proved. Simulation results show effectiveness of the proposed control method.

In situ hot‐stage TEM of the phase and domain evolution in quenched Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–BaTiO3

AbstractQuenching relaxor ferroelectric 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (NBT‐6BT) enhances the depolarization temperature (Td), linked to the stabilization of ferroelectric order. The thermal evolution of the domain structure and phase assemblage provides insights about the onset of ferroelectric order in quenched materials. Unpoled furnace cooled and quenched NBT‐6BT ceramics were studied using in situ temperature‐dependent transmission electron microscopy. The rhombohedral to tetragonal structural transition in furnace cooled and quenched samples occurs in a comparable temperature range of 120°C–220°C. While the tetragonal phase is characterized by polar nanoregions (PNRs) and no domain contrast in the furnace cooled state, the quenched composition exhibits an increased fraction of lamellar domains, which are partially stable up to 300°C, thus benefiting the delayed depolarization. This is further corroborated by the dielectric data indicating earlier freezing of PNR dynamics in the quenched state. The reversibility of the phase transition is demonstrated by successive cooling, where quenched NBT‐6BT features an increased grainy PNR contrast after the experiment, followed by a kinetically delayed coalescence of PNRs back into lamellar domains. This demonstrates that the stabilized ferroelectric state upon quenching is associated with the conversion of polar units on the nanometer scale into long‐range domain structures.

Perceptions Regarding the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic's Impact on Neurocritical Care Delivery: Results From a Global Survey.

Background:The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted many facets of critical care delivery.Methods:An electronic survey was distributed to explore the pandemic’s perceived impact on neurocritical care delivery between June 2020 and March 2021. Variables were stratified by World Bank country income level, presence of a dedicated neurocritical care unit (NCCU) and experiencing a COVID-19 patient surge.Results:Respondents from 253 hospitals (78.3% response rate) from 47 countries (45.5% low/middle income countries; 54.5% with a dedicated NCCU; 78.6% experienced a first surge) participated in the study. Independent of country income level, NCCU and surge status, participants reported reductions in NCCU admissions (67%), critical care drug shortages (69%), reduction in ancillary services (43%) and routine diagnostic testing (61%), and temporary cancellation of didactic teaching (44%) and clinical/basic science research (70%). Respondents from low/middle income countries were more likely to report lack of surge preparedness (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-5.8) and struggling to return to prepandemic standards of care (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 4.4-34) compared with respondents from high-income countries. Respondents experiencing a surge were more likely to report conversion of NCCUs and general-mixed intensive care units (ICUs) to a COVID-ICU (OR 3.7; 95% CI, 1.9-7.3), conversion of non-ICU beds to ICU beds (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.5), and deviations in critical care and pharmaceutical practices (OR, 4.2; 95% CI 2.1-8.2). Respondents from hospitals with a dedicated NCCU were less likely to report conversion to a COVID-ICU (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9) or conversion of non-ICU to ICU beds (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9).Conclusion:This study reports the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global neurocritical care delivery, and highlights shortcomings of health care infrastructures and the importance of pandemic preparedness.

Cautionary Analysis of Spectral Radiance from Io’s Active Volcanoes Derived from Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer Data

Abstract Between 1996 and 2001, the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) obtained 190 observations of the volcanic Jovian moon Io. Rathbun et al. (2018) [Astron. J., 156, 207] published a list of 287 measurements of 3.5 μm spectral radiance from some of Io’s active volcanoes, derived from a subset of the NIMS data. However, the spectral radiances reported by Rathbun et al. are lower, in some cases by multiple orders of magnitude, than other analyses of the same observations and spectral radiances derived from contemporaneous ground-based data. In many cases, the Rathbun et al. hot-spot radiances are underreported by a factor of π, likely due to a mistake in unit conversion. For a small number of powerful hot spots, additional discrepancies appear to be the result of poor fits to data limited in wavelength range by NIMS detector saturation and a methodology that discards short-wavelength NIMS data that otherwise would have provided more robust temperature model fits.

Leaching and Reactivity at the Sodium Aluminosilicate Glass–Water Interface: Insights from a ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Study

In this study, we used ReaxFF reactive force field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the dynamics associated with reactivity at the sodium aluminosilicate (NAS) glass–water interface. By combining van Hove correlation functions and visual analysis of individual trajectories, we found that when a Na+ ion leaves its initial position at the glass surface under the effect of water, it can be replaced either by a H+ ion or by another diffused Na+, resulting in a (Na+ ⇌ H+) ion exchange or (Na+ ⇌ Na+) ion exchange, respectively. These rearrangements at the NAS glass–water interface take place through many events such as the formation of oxygen-bearing functional groups (silanol Si(OH), germinal silanol Si(OH)2, and Al(OH)) and the agglomeration of Na+ ions on the glass surface. The high affinity between water and Na+ ions leads to two events, namely, the penetration of the water molecule into the first glass layer and the release of Na+ ions into the bulk water. The release of sodium ions into bulk water takes place via several successive steps: (1) leaving their original position to an area more exposed to bulk water, (2) diffusion to the surface of the glass, (3) leaving the surface toward the solution, and (4) coming back to the glass surface. Statistical analysis shows that oxygen-bearing functional group formation occurs both by protonation of the nonbridging oxygen (NBO) site and by filling defects such as SiIII, AlIII, and AlIV by OH– resulting from the dissociation of water molecules, while in the bulk, they could be produced by the proton jumps between two adjacent NBO sites and dissociation of the water diffused in deep layers of glass. Germinal silanol groups (Si(OH)2) are present in small amounts in the first layer of the glass after the protonation of two NBOs from a single SiIV. This process is accompanied by the conversion of AlIII and AlIV units into AlV units and SiIII units into SiIV units. By comparing the networks of Si and Al, we found that Al is more impacted by the occurrence of water molecules than Si, which is explained by an increase in the diffusion coefficient of Al compared with Si when these units become protonated (Si(OH) and Al(OH)).

QuickPIV: Efficient 3D particle image velocimetry software applied to quantifying cellular migration during embryogenesis

BackgroundThe technical development of imaging techniques in life sciences has enabled the three-dimensional recording of living samples at increasing temporal resolutions. Dynamic 3D data sets of developing organisms allow for time-resolved quantitative analyses of morphogenetic changes in three dimensions, but require efficient and automatable analysis pipelines to tackle the resulting Terabytes of image data. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a robust and segmentation-free technique that is suitable for quantifying collective cellular migration on data sets with different labeling schemes. This paper presents the implementation of an efficient 3D PIV package using the Julia programming language—quickPIV. Our software is focused on optimizing CPU performance and ensuring the robustness of the PIV analyses on biological data.ResultsQuickPIV is three times faster than the Python implementation hosted in openPIV, both in 2D and 3D. Our software is also faster than the fastest 2D PIV package in openPIV, written in C++. The accuracy evaluation of our software on synthetic data agrees with the expected accuracies described in the literature. Additionally, by applying quickPIV to three data sets of the embryogenesis of Tribolium castaneum, we obtained vector fields that recapitulate the migration movements of gastrulation, both in nuclear and actin-labeled embryos. We show normalized squared error cross-correlation to be especially accurate in detecting translations in non-segmentable biological image data.ConclusionsThe presented software addresses the need for a fast and open-source 3D PIV package in biological research. Currently, quickPIV offers efficient 2D and 3D PIV analyses featuring zero-normalized and normalized squared error cross-correlations, sub-pixel/voxel approximation, and multi-pass. Post-processing options include filtering and averaging of the resulting vector fields, extraction of velocity, divergence and collectiveness maps, simulation of pseudo-trajectories, and unit conversion. In addition, our software includes functions to visualize the 3D vector fields in Paraview.

Reliable Estimation of Preoperative Graft Volume in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Aims & Objectives: Corner stone in performing living donor liver transplant is to assess and predict the adequacy of the donated liver for recipient and remaining liver. Previously the conversion of liver volume to estimated weight is done by using unit to unit conversion with a factor of 1. We analyzed data of our institute to research the methodology and local applicability of the same. Place and duration of study: Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. January 2011 to June 2017 Material & Methods: Retrospective data was collected for the first 115 recipients and donors. Their preoperative liver volumes calculated by C.T scan and post-operative graft harvested with weights were compared. Results: The parameter of actual volume of right lobe averaged to 769.77 ± 12.73 gm varying with a quantum of 17.73% (426 – 1123 gm). Estimated volume of right lobe of liver varied 358 to 1218 ml (CV = 17.84%) with an average value of 798.96 ± 13.29 ml. Results of linear regression between estimated volume of right lobe and actual weight of the right lobe in gm was significantly linear (r = 0.830, r2 = 0.690, adj. r2 = 0.689 and F = 250.98, p < 0.0001), showing that volumetric assessment overestimated graft weight/volume. Following is equation generated from our data for graft weight estimation. Actual right lobe (g) = 134.004 + 0.796 (estimated right lobe volume (ml) ± 76.42. Conclusion: Using one to one principle for volume estimation of healthy liver can be misleading and therefore we propose an equation to reach more accurate estimation of graft weight. Keywords: living donor liver transplant, CT volumetry, graft to body weight ratio

The Development of Jateng Gayeng Monopoly Media: Learn Unit Conversion by Loving Culture

The Development of Jateng Gayeng Monopoly Media: Learn Unit Conversion by Loving Culture