Unique Words Research Articles

The Shape of a Word Can Specify Its Meaning

GROFF (1975) HAS CLAIMED that the shape of a high frequency word, defined by its pattern of ascending, descending, and small letters, would specify so few words uniquely that shape information would be useless to readers. The present paper counters Groffs argument by showing that word shape information, when combined with knowledge of the syntactic and semantic structure of the passage being read, more often than not specifies unique words among all of the alternative high frequency words of English. Groffs error was his failure to consider word shape in the context of semantic and syntactic information, which are also available to the reader. The effects of reading all upper case print are also reviewed to support the role of word shape information in normal reading.

Baseband Processing in a High-Speed Burst Modem for a Satellite-Switched TDMA System

We present block diagram designs for the baseband processing modules required to implement high-speed (600 Mbit/s) burst modems for use in TDMA satellite systems. Our main concern is to obtain designs which can be implemented with a minimum of high-speed (ECL) devices so as to reduce design and hardware costs. A major consideration in the modem operation is to accurately synchronize it to a reference frame-marker broadcast by a master earth station. Since frame mark recovery must be done at the full serial bit rate, the proposed design relies on the periodic nature of the frame-marker occurrences to enable utilization of short unique words and simple highSpeed electronics to provide extremely reliable marker recovery with virtually no false alarms (or missing markers), even on very noisy channels. Estimates of false alarm rates and the mean time to lock are given. Considerations of clock stability indicate that short-term (150 ms) instabilities must be on the order of a part in 107in order to maintain proper operation of the synchronization circuitry; such stability also minimizes guard time requirements between bursts from the several ground stations sharing a given transponder.

The Meaning of 'Ein Lo Domehand Similar Phrases in Medieval Biblical Exegesis

Medieval lexicographers and commentators frequently note unique words in the Bible. The descriptions they use for this purpose are regularly understood to be equivalent to the modern termhapax legomenon. One example of this is Joshua Blau's assertion that in “Hebrew literature hapax legomena are called’en lo ’ah, 'en lo haver, ’en lo re‘a ba-Miqra'.” Although there is not complete consensus as to the definition of the modern term, overall its meaning is clear and constant: ahapax legomenonis a word which occurs only once within a defined corpus; to identify a word as ahapax legomenonis to make an assertion about its frequency of use.

KLIC: A computer aid to graphological analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Key Letter in Context (KLIC), which is the name of a program to emphasize its relationship to a Key Word in Context (KWIC) concordance. Just as the formatted output of a KWIC concordance is an alphabetized list of key words printed under each other in a gutter down the center of the page with the verbal context of each word printed on either side of it, the output of KLIC is an alphabetized list of key letters printed under each other in a gutter with the graphological context of the word it occurs in printed on either side of it. Each word is tagged to indicate its frequency of occurrence in each text and manuscript. The KLIC program, devised by Grace B. Logan of the Waterloo Arts Computing Office, is applied to the list of headwords or unique words generated as one product of a concordance package designed by Philip H. Smith of Waterloo. The headword includes a translated form for proper collation and alphabetizing the text form and its frequency of occurrence, to which KLIC adds a tag identifying manuscript and text. The translated form is necessary to indicate equivalences of letters and positioning in the alphabet, especially when nonalphabetic characters and diacritics are used.

Sex differences in the vocabulary of college students

The present study replicated Jastrow's 1891 experiment concerning differences between male and female vocabulary. Participants were 20 male and 20 female Caucasian middle-class college students. They recorded up to 100 nouns in a 15-minute period. Results indicate that women have increased their use of unusual words compared to women in 1891. Males used more scientific words and more body part words than females. In contrast to the previous study, there are no significant differences between the sexes in use of animal, nature, and food words. Females used more clothing words than males in this study, as in the previous study, and produced more different words than males. Vocabulary changes appear to reflect changes in the social structure of the society. Jastrow (Ellis, 1929) carried out a pioneer study in 1891 to determine if male and female college students differed in their of ideas and habits, types of associations, and time-relations. Twenty-five students of the same social class and of each sex were asked to write down 100 words as quickly as possible and record the time. Results indicated that community of thought is greater among women who used more similar words than the men. In Jastrow's study, males used 1375 different words or 27% of the 5000 words, while women used 1123 different words or 22% of the words collected. Males used more words dealing with the animal kingdom than did women. The category into which the largest number of words fell for males was also the animal kingdom, while the category with the largest number of women's words dealt with wearing apparel or fabrics. Women used more words dealing with food (179 words by women; 53 words by men). Of the 1266 total of unique words, males used 29.8% while females used 20.8%. Both groups gave about the same number of words dealing

Studies in Interactive Communication: II. The Effects of Four Communication Modes on the Linguistic Performance of Teams during Cooperative Problem Solving

Two-man teams solved credible, “real world” problems for which computer assistance has been or could be useful. Conversations were carried on in one of four modes of communication: (1) typewriting, (2) handwriting, (3) voice, and (4) natural, unrestricted communication. Both experienced and inexperienced typists were tested in the typewriting mode. Performance was assessed on three classes of dependent measures: time to solution, behavioral measures of activity, and linguistic measures. Significant differences among the communication modes were found in each of the three classes of dependent variable. This paper is concerned mainly with the results of the linguistic analyses. Linguistic performance was assessed with 182 measures, most of which turned out to be redundant and some of which were useless or meaningless. Those that remain show that although problems can be solved faster in the oral modes than in the hard-copy modes, the oral modes are characterized by many more messages, sentences, words, and unique words; much higher communication rates; but lower type-token ratios. Although a number of significant problem and job role effects were found, there were relatively few significant interactions of modes with these variables. It appears, therefore, that the mode effects hold for both problems and for both job roles assigned to the subjects.

Discourses on Sexuality and Sexual Health Perspectives among Wachemo University Students, Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study.

Sexuality is a central aspect of being human throughout life. Discourse analysis is used to understand discussion, conversation, talk, dialogue, debate, consultation and chat in the people perception and language. Therefore, this study aims to explore sexuality and sexual health perspectives among Wachemo University students in Ethiopia. This qualitative study was conducted in Hosanna Town among Wachemo University students. A criterion related sampling (purposive sampling) was used to select a variety of young people. Eight focus group discussions and four in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Data was transcribed first and translated from Amharic into English. Atlas ti.7 software was used to analyze data. Then, their discourses were stated in narration and direct quotation. Discursive explanation of words and languages differ in different sub-cultures and societies. Languages and vocabularies were mostly attached to sexual relationships, love, affiliation and intention to be intimate with the opposite sex on a campus. This affiliation is known as "campus life". The students' perspectives of what constitutes sexuality and sexual health were quite consistent. However, approaching opposite sex with unique languages and words depends on individual talents. Discursive expressions of sexuality issues are becoming complex than ever in this generation. Therefore, further research is needed to reach this group with a variety of interventions through concurrent triangulation of qualitative research and longitudinal studies.

Unique Word Detection in Digital Burst Communications

In a satellite time-division multiple-access (TDMA) system, the information is transmitted in bursts from the participating ground stations. In order to establish a time reference in each burst and to determine its origin, special code patterns called unique words (UW) are contained in the bursts. Reliable detection of the UW is the basis for keeping the stations in synchronism and providing high-quality communication links. The influence of miss and false detection of the UW on acquisition and the retention of a stable detection mode are investigated. The tolerable loss of information bursts provides criteria for the detector parameters, and for length and patterns of the UW codes. Practical results obtained during tests on an experimental system are compared with theory.

An index system of terms with related and associated words

AbstractAn Index System of Terms with Related and Associated Words is described with a general discussion of the mechanical and the intellectual aspects of indexing. The details of grammar, syntax, and rhetoric are only mentioned. Index systems from the traditionally ordered Dewey Decimal System to the more recent Uniterm system have been evaluated. Both have positive qualities that contribute to a system of four Look‐up aids: a table of contents, a glossary, a vocabulary, and an index. A survey and word count of a variety of technical literature resulted in a consistently smooth statistical distribution of word combinations. Hence, a simple, numeric code system is recommended to prefix word combinations; and a second numeric code system is recommended to cross‐reference the indexed word combinations. These numeric code systems are one extension to the presently operational permuted term index systems. This system can increase the recall and relevance ratios of retrospective searches by systematically displaying to the information specialist those unique words of the total vocabulary and also the actual, not all of the possible, word combinations that exist in the texts of the document library.The continuation of this system is a system of truth tables and the use of the Socratic Method to program and control the order of events during the interrogation of the information file that has been derived from the document store.

COMPUTER SCORING OF INKBLOT PERCEPTIONS.

The present study is an attempt to develop an economically feasible mechod of computer scoring for the Free Response group version of the Holczman Inkblot Technique (HIT) (Swarrz & Holtzman, 1963). In a broader sense, an empirical dictionary of relevant scimulus words should be of use in applying some of the newer methods of verbal analysis, and in generating, quantifying, and testing new procedures and theories. Respondents are shown 45 HIT slides (1 min. each) with instr~~ctions to write their responses to each blot. These responses are punched in their alphabetic form for computer input. Computer scoring is handled by two distinct programs: ( 1 ) a Dictionary Building Program which alphabetizes, cumulates the frequencies of words and lists unique words in each sample which are not yet in its current total dictionary; and (2) a Scoring Program which looks up each word given by the respondent and summates up to 20 variables across all of his words. In addition to total scores, S's unique words (those not yet in the dictionary) and redundant words (those used more than once) are printed. The meaningfulness of the scoring rests upon pre-scoring of each word.