Unique Porous Structure Research Articles

Carbon Nanocage Supported Asymmetrically Coordinated Nickle Single-Atom for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction in Membrane Electrode Assembly.

Designing efficient catalysts for operating CO2 electroreduction in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) faces significant obstacles. Herein, we propose an asymmetrically coordinated Ni SAC featuring axial Br coordination at NiN4Br sites anchoring onto hollow Br/N co-doped carbon nanocages, achieved through a NaBr-assisted confined-pyrolysis strategy. The Ni-NBr-C exhibits a high CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO> 97%) over the current density range of 50 to 350 mA cm-2 in the MEA device. Furthermore, Ni-NBr-C shows a stable cell voltage of 2.66 ± 0.2 V while delivering a large current density of 350 mA cm-2 over an 85-hour long-term operation, demonstrating its potential for industrial-scale applications. Advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculations reveal that the coordination and doping of Br enhance the intrinsic activity but also highlighted that the unique pore structure improves mass transfer efficiency.

Carbon Nanocage Supported Asymmetrically Coordinated Nickle Single‐Atom for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction in Membrane Electrode Assembly

Designing efficient catalysts for operating CO2 electroreduction in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) faces significant obstacles. Herein, we propose an asymmetrically coordinated Ni SAC featuring axial Br coordination at NiN4Br sites anchoring onto hollow Br/N co‐doped carbon nanocages, achieved through a NaBr‐assisted confined‐pyrolysis strategy. The Ni‐NBr‐C exhibits a high CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO> 97%) over the current density range of 50 to 350 mA cm−2 in the MEA device. Furthermore, Ni‐NBr‐C shows a stable cell voltage of 2.66 ± 0.2 V while delivering a large current density of 350 mA cm−2 over an 85‐hour long‐term operation, demonstrating its potential for industrial‐scale applications. Advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculations reveal that the coordination and doping of Br enhance the intrinsic activity but also highlighted that the unique pore structure improves mass transfer efficiency.

Pore-Scale multi-objective shape optimization of triply periodic minimal surface cellular architectures: Volumetric Nusselt number versus friction factor

Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) cellular architectures, i.e., minimal surfaces that are periodic in three independent directions, have attracted interest in the engineering community for their potential in heat transfer applications with severe volume constraints due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, unique geometrical properties and smooth porous structure. Such performance can be conveniently controlled by tuning the TPMS unit type, relative density, and structural parameters. In this study, a multi-objective optimization process is carried out to investigate how pore-scale geometric characteristics affect the heat transfer performance of TPMS, and which combinations result in an optimal trade-off between heat dissipation capability and associated pressure drop in terms of the Nusselt number and friction factor. The analysis is performed using an in-house Genetic Algorithm routine that generates the structure, allowing for a wider and denser range of investigation, and incorporates a commercial finite element CFD software as a black box fitness function. Over 14,000 unique combinations between two heat transfer boundary conditions (constant wall heat flux, fixed wall temperature) and several flow inlet conditions are investigated. The optimization achieved an increase in performance of up to 245 % in terms of volumetric Nusselt number, which was accompanied, however, by a significant, although reasonable, increase in friction factor values. The results also show specific trends among the geometric characteristics studied, which are then contextualized through the use of CFD analysis. Finally, empirical correlations are derived to cluster the non-dominated solutions obtained, enabling the reader to choose the best cellular TPMS structure by selecting the desired level of trade-off between convection heat transfer and flow resistance.

Engineering heterojunction noble metal (NM)@ZnO catalyst for improved CH4 photocatalytic oxidation

The photo-oxidation of methane into value-oxygenated products using H2O2 and H2O as an oxidant under atmospheric pressure represents a desired sustainable strategy for the production of commodity chemicals. However, controlling the products and maintaining high yields poses significant challenges. In this study, we propose an efficient strategy involving the design of noble metal (Au, Pd)/ZnO photocatalysts to enhance the productivity of oxygenates through CH4 photocatalytic oxidation. The prominent product, CH3OH, is achieved with a high yield of 1900 μmol/g. The unique combination and porous structures of Au/ZnO synergistically promote its conversion performance. Additionally, photoluminescence results provide direct evidence of the main intermediates involved in producing CH3OH and multi-carbon oxygenates. The findings of this research offer valuable insights into the fundamental oxidation mechanisms underlying photocatalytic CH4 conversion.

Metal‐organic frameworks‐based nanomedicines to promote cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and future directions

AbstractCancer immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight tumors by restoring natural antitumor responses. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their unique crystalline porous structures formed from metal ions linked by organic ligands, offer a promising solution. Recent studies have unveiled the potential of MOFs in cancer immunotherapy. The exceptional porosity and surface area, coupled with their extraordinary thermal and chemical stability, bring significant advantages for efficient drug loading and delivery of immunotherapeutic agents. The adaptability of MOFs further enhances the controlled release of immunotherapeutic drugs within target cells and increases tumor sensitivity to other therapies such as photodynamic, photothermal, and radiotherapy. This multifunctional carrier contributes to modulating the tumor microenvironment and reactivating antitumor immunity, providing a comprehensive strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the applications of MOFs in immune checkpoint blockade, immunomodulator delivery, and cancer vaccine delivery, and discuss existing challenges in their use for immunotherapy. This discussion aims to offer insights for developing better treatments and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Metal-organic framework-derived nanoflower and nanoflake metal oxides as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation.

The energy crisis is the most urgent issue facing contemporary society and needs to be given top priority. As energy consumption rises, environmental pollution is becoming a serious issue. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have emerged as the most promising energy source for a variety of applications such as electric vehicles and portable devices. Unfortunately, the kinetics of methanol oxidation is slow and needs an electrocatalyst to improve the reaction kinetics and the overall fuel cell efficiency. Herein, a straightforward hydrothermal procedure was utilized to prepare copper, nickel, and cobalt-based MOF composites by altering the elemental molar ratios. Cu-MOF (MOFP1), Cu/Ni-MOF (MOFP2), and Cu/Ni/Co-MOF (MOFP3) were prepared after carbonization and characterized using several key techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The SEM analysis reveals that the morphology of MOFP1 is spherical aggregated particles, while that of MOFP2 or MOFP3 is in the form of nanoflakes and nanoflowers. Moreover, upon application of these composites as electrocatalysts for methanol electro-oxidation in an alkaline medium of 1 M NaOH using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) tests, the electrochemical performance of MOFP2 in 1 M methanol exhibits the best performance for methanol oxidation with a current density reaching 38.77 mA cm-2 at a scan rate of 60 mV s-1. This can be attributed to the unique porous open flower structure and the synergistic effect between copper, nickel, and 2-aminoterephthalic acid which develop its catalytic activity.

Innovative Air Cathode with Ni-Doped Cobalt Sulfide in Highly Ordered Macroporous Carbon Matrix for Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery.

To realize the practical application of rechargeable Zn-Air batteries (ZABs), it is imperative to develop a non-noble metal-based electrocatalyst with high electrochemical performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Ni-doped Co9S8 nanoparticles dispersed on an inverse opal-structured N, S co-doped carbon matrix (IO─NixCo9-xS8@NSC) as a bifunctional electrocatalyst is presented. The unique 3D porous structure, arranged in an inverse opal pattern, provides a large active surface area. Also, the conductive carbon substrate ensures the homogeneous dispersion of NixCo9-xS8 nanocrystals, preventing aggregation and increasing the exposure of active sites. The introduction of heteroatom dopants into the Co9S8 structure generates defect sites and enhances surface polarity, thereby improving electrocatalytic performance in alkaline solutions. Consequently, the IO─NixCo9-xS8@NSC shows excellent bifunctional activity with a high half-wave potential of 0.926V for ORR and a low overpotential of 289mV at 10mA cm-2 for OER. Moreover, the rechargeable ZAB assembled with prepared electrocatalyst exhibits a higher specific capacity (768 mAh gZn -1), peak power density (180.2mW cm-2), and outstanding stability (over 160h) compared to precious metal-based electrocatalyst.

Silver Nanoclusters-Decorated Porous Microneedles Coupling Duplex-Specific Nuclease-Assisted Signal Amplification for Sampling and Detection of MicroRNA in Interstitial Fluid.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) have recently been recognized as clinically promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. However, the detection poses significant challenges, primarily due to the low abundance of miRNAs and the limitations of current sampling techniques. To address this issue, we develop novel porous microneedles (PMNs) array-based sensor composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) porous hydrogel and DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) to facilitate the enrichment and highly sensitive detection of ISF miRNA. Leveraging the capillary action facilitated by its unique porous structure and the swelling properties of the hydrogel, the PMNs array can efficiently extract 2.7 ± 0.3 mg of ISF within 5 min. Additionally, the interconnected pores within the PMNs array contribute to an increased specific surface area, thereby offering a convenient platform for the decoration of DNA-templated AgNCs. The immobilized large amount of AgNCs effectively capture the target miRNA from the extracted ISF, resulting in miRNA-induced fluorescence quenching of AgNCs. Subsequently, the introduction of the duplex-specific nuclease leads to the cleavage of DNA in DNA-RNA heteroduplexes, which release miRNA to interact with other AgNCs. This process of target recycling triggers a further reduction in fluorescence intensity, thereby enabling sensitive detection of the low-abundant miRNA down to 1.6 pM. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments validate the efficacy of the AgNCs immobilized PMNs array for the detection of miRNA biomarkers in ISF within minutes. These results indicate that the proposed PMNs array-based sensor holds great potential for the development of noninvasive personalized diagnostic strategies.

Molten Salt-Assisted Synthesis of Ferric Oxide/M-N-C Nanosheet Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Efficient, stable, and low-cost oxygen reduction catalysts are the key to the large-scale application of metal-air batteries. Herein, high-dispersive Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) with abundant oxygen vacancies uniformly are anchored on lignin-derived metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) hierarchical porous nanosheets as efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts (Fe2O3/M-N-C, M═Cu, Mn, W, Mo) based on a general and economical KCl molten salt-assisted method. The combination of Fe with the highly electronegative O induces charge redistribution through the Fe-O-M structure, thereby reducing the adsorption energy of oxygen-containing substances. The coupling effect of Fe2O3 NPs with M-N-C expedites the catalytic activity toward ORR by promoting proton generation on Fe2O3 and transfer to M-N-C. Experimental and theoretical calculation further revealed the remarkable electronic structure evolution of the metal site during the ORR process, where the emission density and local magnetic moment of the metal atoms change continuously throughout their reaction. The unique layered porous structure and highly active M-N4 sites resulted in the excellent ORR activity of Fe2O3/Cu-N-C with the onset potential of 0.977V, which is superior to Pt/C. This study offers a feasible strategy for the preparation of non-noble metal catalysts and provides a new comprehension of the catalytic mechanism of M-N-C catalysts.

Sustainability-oriented construction materials for traditional residential buildings: From material characteristics to environmental suitability

The increasing replacement of traditional construction materials with modern alternatives often overlooks their superior environmental adaptability and sustainability, resulting in missed opportunities for energy efficiency and carbon emission reductions. This study aimed to address this issue by scientifically evaluating the material properties of volcanic rock from Hainan Island, China, to assess its potential for sustainable building practices in tropical climates. A series of material characterization techniques were employed to analyze the composition and structure of the volcanic rock, including optical profilometry (OP), polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transient plane source technique (TPS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Our findings identified the rock as vesicular cryptocrystalline basalt, with its unique pore structure and mineral composition jointly contributing to a low thermal conductivity of 0.22 ± 0.04 W/(m·K). The pore structure was characterized by closed spherical cavities, needle-like lava fillings, nanoporous surfaces, complex pore-throat networks, and an extensive pore size distribution. These features significantly reduced gas convection and enhanced thermal resistance. Additionally, the rock composition, dominated by the amorphous volcanic glass and scattered hollow skeletal crystalline plagioclase, further diminished heat transfer. These characteristics indicated that Hainan volcanic rock possessed excellent thermal insulation properties, making it highly suitable for energy-efficient construction in hot climates. This study highlighted the potential for traditional materials like volcanic rock to contribute to sustainable building practices and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Upcycling Spent Graphite from Li-ion Batteries into Cu/Expanded Graphite Composites as high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbers.

With the widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries and modern electronic components in both daily life and industrial production, there is a growing focus on the high-value recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries and the development of absorbents with high electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities. Efficiently regenerating recycling graphite from spent batteries through low-cost methods and utilizing it to prepare high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials holds significant importance in addressing both the utilization of waste graphite and electromagnetic pollution issues simultaneously. This work presents a method to transform spent graphite into expanded graphite with a three-dimensional conductive structure using an enhanced Hummer's treatment and thermal reduction process. Subsequently, Cu/EG composite materials were efficiently prepared through straightforward mechanical ball milling and calcination. The unique honeycomb-like porous structure of expanded graphite facilitates the reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves, electron transfer, and defect polarization. Additionally, the incorporation of copper nanoparticles improves the conduction loss and enhances interface polarization, allowing for precise tuning of the composite material's absorption performance. The results demonstrate that Cu/EG composite materials exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The Cu/EG(1:3) sample exhibits effective absorption in the C, X, and Ku bands, achieving a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -54 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 5.28 GHz. This performance is attained with a thickness of just 2.2 mm and a filler content of only 15 wt.%.

Controlled synthesis of the M doped (M = Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn)-Co4S3/Ni3S2 catalyst with high electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction in seawater and urea

Electrolysis of seawater is a promising method for producing hydrogen, but sluggish reaction kinetics and electrolyte containing corrosive ions limit its development. In this work, a series of M doped (M = Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn)-Co4S3/Ni3S2 catalyst has been prepared on Ni foam by hydrothermal method with excellent seawater and urea splitting performance. The unique 3D porous structure provides a large number of active sites for the catalyst, which has strong catalytic activity. Fe-Co4S3/Ni3S2 electrode showed excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity in 1 M KOH + seawater and 1 M KOH + 0.5 M urea, driving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 81 and 66 mV. In addition, Fe-Co4S3/Ni3S2 electrode also shows strong stability in 15 h stability test. The results show that although the impurity ions in seawater affect the activity of catalyst, the corrosion resistance of catalyst also improves the catalytic activity and stability. Density functional theory calculations show that this Fe-Co4S material exhibits the optimal Gibbs free energy of hydrogen, the introduction of this Ni3S2 material enhances the electrical conductivity of the material, and the synergistic catalysis of the two materials promotes the optimal hydrogen production performance of the Fe-Co4S3/Ni3S2 material. This work provides a novel understanding for the research of catalysts used in the electrolysis of seawater and urea.

Guiding nitrogen doped vanadium pentoxide nanoclusters on cobalt sulfide nano-flakiness as stable seamless interface anode toward highly energy density and durable asymmetric supercapacitors

Interaction of the interface-heterostructures is crucial to rapid ionic conductivity and highly energy density of electrode materials toward supercapacitors. Herein, a novel anode heterostructure is synthesized using cobalt sulfide (CoS) nanoflowers as a substrate for composite nitrogen doped vanadium pentoxide (denoted as N-V2O5@CoS) by combination of hydrothermal and calcination method. As expected, the N-V2O5@CoS electrode possesses superhigh specific surface area that significantly enhances the specific capacitance, and its unique porous interconnected structure not only reduces the volume effect during the cycles, but also greatly enhances the conductivity of electron transfer. The as-prepared N-V2O5@CoS electrode has a specific capacitance of up to 2413.6F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and can still maintain 87.51 % of the initial capacitance after 5,000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A/g. More importantly, the partial density of states (PDOS) ares obtained through theoretical calculations reveal that the interaction of heterogeneous interfaces is contributed by the p-orbitals of C, O and S and d-orbitals of V and Co. In addition, asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with N-V2O5@CoS as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode has a high voltage of 1.7 V, which achieves an outstanding energy density of 71.6 W h kg−1 at a power density of 849.8 W kg−1, showing excellent cycle stability (retain 90.6 % of the initial capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles). This paper offers novel paradigm for the doping of metal oxides and the development of heterostructures, which provides support for their use as advanced energy storage materials.

Synthesis of hierarchical carbon Nanofibers-CoNi/C composites for enhanced microwave absorption efficiency

Developing lightweight, highly absorption and broadband microwave absorbents to combat severe electromagnetic radiation pollution poses a significant challenge. In this study, we designed a novel chain-like CNFs-CoNi/C nanocomposite by in-situ growth of bimetallic MOFs on the CNFs followed by calcination. The resulting CoNi/C composite with hollow structure was uniformly distributed along the 1D CNFs. The unique porous structure and heterogeneous interface derived from MOFs facilitated efficient scattering and multiple reflections of microwaves. By harnessing interfacial polarization loss, dipole polarization loss, and conduction loss mechanisms synergistically, the chain-shaped porous multi-stage CNFs-CoNi/C composite exhibited exceptional microwave absorption performance at a filling ratio of 10 %. It achieves a maximum reflection loss of −70 dB and an absorption bandwidth (EAB) for RL ≤ -10 exceeding 4.82 GHz with a corresponding thickness as low as 1.25 mm. This study introduced a lightweight and highly absorptive material that offers valuable insights into developing high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials through organic composite comprising MOF and carbon materials.

Porous fluorine-cerium nanosheets anchored with FeOOH quantum dots for synergistic enhanced visible-light-driven photo-Fenton degradation of phenol

The utilization of two-dimensional (2D) materials to construct heterogeneous catalysts provides opportunities for environmental remediation, while the incorporation of porous structures can further enhance catalytic performance. In this work, a porous 2D FeOOH/fluorine-cerium (F-Ce) nanosheet composite was designed and synthesized by a simple impregnation-precipitation method. The unique 2D porous structure of F-Ce promoted the high dispersion of FeOOH quantum dots (QDs) (∼1.4 nm) and their tight integration to form S-scheme heterojunctions. This structure offered a greater number of active sites, and significantly improved the capacity of light absorption and the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated carriers, thus improving catalytic activity. This catalyst achieved a phenol removal rate of 98.1 % within 20 min during the photo-Fenton reaction, which significantly surpasses pure FeOOH (32.9 %) and F-Ce (21.7 %) alone. In particular, the optimized 14FeOOH/F-Ce catalyst achieved more than 95.0 % degradation efficiency within a remarkably short period of 5 min. Mott Schottky and in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ISI-XPS) studies demonstrated that the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism of this heterojunction synergistically enhanced the catalytic activity of the Fenton-like reaction. This study provides valuable insights for designing efficient 2D porous heterojunction catalysts for visible-light-driven Fenton applications.

Operando visualization of porous metal additive manufacturing with foaming agents through high-speed x-ray imaging

Porous metals find extensive applications in soundproofing, filtration, catalysis, and energy-absorbing structures, thanks to their unique internal pore structure and high specific strength. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in fabricating porous metals using additive manufacturing (AM), leveraging its unique advantages, including improved design freedom, spatial material control, and cost-effective small-batch production. In this study, we conducted pioneering operando visualization of AM porous metal using a laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) setup combined with a high-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging system. Single track printing experiments using Ti6Al4V (Ti64) combined with titanium hydride (TiH2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as foaming agents, with varying mixing ratios were performed under different processing conditions. The results elucidate the dynamic development of porosity formation. The average pore size is significantly influenced by the particle size of foaming agents when pore coalescence is absent. For all foaming agent content tested in the current study, the number of pores is found to be more sensitive to changes in laser power than in laser scanning speed. Increasing linear energy density (increasing laser power or reducing laser scanning speed) promotes the foaming agent activation thereby porosity formation. However, high linear energy density skews pore distribution towards the surface despite forming deeper melt pools. In addition, the impact of additional factors including foaming agent’s laser absorptivity and decomposition kinetics with respect to AM time scales should be carefully considered to avoid ineffective activation of foaming agents during the AM of porous metals.

Biomass-based three-dimensional network porous carbon anodes derived from discontinuous activation for high performance Li-ion batteries

An approach of discontinuous activation and frozon-dry pretreatment toward a three-dimensional network porous carbon was proposed by using apple as the carbon source. The porous carbon, characterized by its high surface area and abundant porosity, was optimized through the manipulation of temperature and activator quantities during the activation process. The sample obtained by first calcining at 500 °C and then at 800 °C shows ultra-high rate electrochemical performance of over 900 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles and over 500 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles under the condition of charging and discharging current density of 0.2 A g−1 due to the high porosity. It is ascribed to the unique porous structure that can make the electrolyte and lithium ion transport and path short on the surface and inside the electrode material, further enhance its fast transport ability. The described approach represents an innovative and potentially impactful method for producing porous carbon electrodes with excellent electrochemical performance, particularly in the context of high-rate capability lithium-ion batteries.

Gas sensing performance regulating of ZIF-8 encapsulated WO3 nanosheets

Reasonably regulating the adsorption properties on the surface of metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) to enhance sensor selectivity remains a challenge, limiting their application in detecting diseases biomarkers in human exhaled gas. To address this, we proposed a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) encapsulated strategy to provide a gas-selective permeable nano-filtration layer for MOS gas sensors. By adjusting the coating thickness of ZIF-8, we successfully modulate the sensing properties of WO₃ to different potential biomarkers. The optimized WO₃/ZIF-8 composite shows improved selectivity and response to various disease biomarkers compared to WO₃ alone. The unique porous structure of ZIF-8 and the heterojunction of WO3/ZIF-8 synergistically promote the gas adsorption performance. QCM test results confirm that ZIF-8 modification effectively regulates gas adsorption on the WO₃ surface. This study provides a valuable reference for designing exhaled gas sensor arrays for detecting serious diseases.

Defect-rich N, S Co-doped porous carbon with hierarchical channel network for ultrafast capacitive deionization

Developing an eco-friendly and effective approach for preparing N, S co-doped hierarchical porous carbons (NSHPC) for capacitive deionization (CDI) is a huge task for desalination. Herein, NSHPCSKK with interconnected hierarchical pore structures, manufactured via self-activation/co-activation of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) encapsulation using KNO3-KHCO3 activators, inducing N, S co-doping. Different from NSHPCS and NSHPCSK, NSHPCSKK exhibits the highest specific surface area (SBET, 2264.67 m2/g) and a unique hierarchical pore structure (mesoporous volume/pore volume (Vmeso/ Vpore), 0.65). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both reveal the complex interconnected pore structure of NSHPCSKK. Regional Raman imaging conjugated with XPS reveals the presence of extensively distributed N, S co-doped defect structures, providing NSHPCSKK with excellent wettability and electrochemical performance. DFT calculations indicate that the N, S co-doping at the defect sites depicts excellent adsorption capability. Eventually, NSHPCSKK acquired an impressive salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 20.5 mg/g and the highest average salt adsorption rate (ASAR) of 12.1 mg/g/min, indicating its superior desalting performance. In-situ Raman spectroscopy confirms NSHPCSKK’s rapid ion regeneration mechanism. The research introduces a span-new NSHPC synthesis strategy for fabricating advanced NSHPC with rapid desalination response for upgrading CDI desalination.

Interlayer Space Engineering-Induced Pseudocapacitive Zinc-Ion Storage in Holey Graphene Oxide-Bearing Vertically Oriented MoS2 Nano-Wall Array Cathode for Aqueous Rechargeable Zn Metal Batteries.

Transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly MoS2, are acknowledged as a promising cathode material for aqueous rechargeable zinc metal batteries (ARZMBs). Nevertheless, its lack of hydrophilicity, poor electrical conductivity, significant restacking, and restricted interlayer spacing translate into inadequate capacity and rate performance. Herein, the unique porous structure and additional functional groups present in holey graphene oxide (hGO) are taken advantage of to dictate the vertical growth pattern of oxygen-doped MoS2 nanowalls (O-MoS2/NW) over the hGO surface. Compared to conventional graphene oxide (GO), the presence of nano-pores in hGO facilitates the homogeneous dispersion of Mo precursors and provides stronger interaction sites, promoting the uniform vertical alignment of O-MoS2/NW. The synergistic interaction between O-MoS2-NW and hGO translates to enhanced electron conductivity, efficient electrolyte penetration, enhanced interlayer spacing, reduced restacking, and enhanced surface area. As a consequence of precise control of various factors that decide the overall battery performance, a high discharge capacity (227mAhg-1 at 100mAg-1) cathode material with significantly lower charge transfer resistance (66Ω) compared to pristine O-MoS2 (153Ω) is developed. These findings underscore the potential of hGO as a multifunctional platform for nanoengineering high-performance cathode materials for the next generation of efficient and durable ARZMBs.