Unique Parameter Research Articles

Exploring the Performance of Ensemble Smoothers to Calibrate Urban Drainage Models

AbstractUrban drainage models (UDMs) are often used to manage urban flooding. However, these models generally involve many parameters to represent the underlying complex hydrodynamic processes. This results in significant challenges to achieving effective and robust model calibration especially with frequently limited observations, leading to unreliable model predictions. This paper makes the first attempt at UDM calibration using the Bayesian‐based Ensemble Smoother (ES) method. Three ES variants are considered, that is, the primary ES, the versions with multiple data assimilation (ES‐MDA) and iterative local update (ES‐ILU). Two synthetic cases and one real‐world application with up to 5,236 calibration parameters are tested. Results obtained show that: (a) both ES‐MDA and ES‐ILU can produce effective model calibration with ES‐ILU outperforming ES‐MDA in terms of both accuracy and uncertainty while ES exhibits limited performance; (b) for the real‐world case, both the ES‐MDA and ES‐ILU methods provide better calibration results than the best‐known solution manually obtained, (c) a minimum number of observations are required to enable an overall accurate model calibration (e.g., four and ten more monitoring sites are needed in the two synthetic cases); and (d) the model calibrated using an intense rainfall event is generally robust to make reliable predictions across different rainfall events while the model calibrated using less intense rainfall event does not perform well for more intense rainfall events. It was also found that ubiquitous parameter equifinality significantly hinders unique parameter identification even when overall accurate state estimates are obtained. This should be clearly understood in practical applications.

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF KALASHAYANA AND AKALASHAYANA.

Ayurveda has unique parameters for the assessment of healthy anddiseased. Nidra plays a very crucial role in maintaining the body in healthy condition. Health of a person depends upon the optimum level of doshas and dhatus in the body while the harmonious working of all doshas and dhatus is dependent on the nature of sleep of an individual.Sleeping at proper time (kalashayana) helps to maintain the health by promoting equilibrium of dosha, dhatu while sleeping at improper time (akalashayana) leads to produce unhealthy condition in the body by creating disequilibrium of dosha, dhatu etc. So, a thorough physiological knowledge of kalashayana and akalashayana is very essential to keep the mind and body in healthy conditions and to avoid further diseases. Keywords: Nidra, kalashayana, akalashayana, dosha, dhatu etc.

Aluminum adsorption and antimonite oxidation dominantly regulate antimony solubility in soils

Soil antimony (Sb) contamination occurs globally due to natural processes and human activities. Total Sb concentration in soils fails to assess its ecological risk, while determined by the concentration of available Sb, which is readily for biological uptake. Available Sb in different soils varied significantly according to soil properties. However, so far it is unknown how soil properties regulate Sb availability, and no model has been established to predict it through soil properties. In this study, 19 soils spiked with antimonite [Sb(III)] were used to identify the major factors controlling Sb availability and establish its predicting models. The results showed that available Sb in different soils varied largely depending on the contents of free aluminum (fAl), free iron (fFe) and electric conductivity (EC), which explained 33%, 27% and 24.9% of the total variation, respectively. During the first 42 days of soil aging, fAl and EC effectively predicted the concentrations of available Sb with R2 = 0.64, while during the later stages (70–150 d) of soil aging, fAl content was the unique parameter employed into the predicting model (R2 = 0.53). These results firstly demonstrate that the content of free aluminum (fAl) is the most important factor regulating Sb availability in soils, although the content of fAl is much lower than that of fFe. This finding can help to develop new remediation materials for Sb-contaminated soils. The prediction models can provide promising tools of assessing the ecological risk. In addition, Sb availability was also affected by the oxidation of Sb(III). After 150 days aging, 1–61% of Sb(III) was oxidized to pentavalent Sb [Sb(V)], which was significantly positively correlated with available Sb, suggesting that Sb(III) oxidization mobilizes Sb in soils. All these findings would help to understand Sb migration and transformation in soils, and to develop new strategies for remediating Sb-contaminated soils.

Significance of Immature Platelet Fraction in Diagnosed Patients of the Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Objective: Determination of significance of immature platelet fraction (IPF%) in diagnosed patients of Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
 Study Design: It was a cross-sectional study.
 Place and Study Duration: Haematology department, Armed forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi Pakistan June 2021 to December 2021.
 Methodology: Patients of all ages and genders diagnosed with ITP and platelets less than 100 x 109/L after a review of peripheral blood film were included in the study. Detailed history and examination were made, complete blood count (CBC) test was done on Sysmex XN-3000 automated haematology analyzer. Peripheral blood was stained with Leishman stain and examined under a microscope to rule out pseudo thrombocytopenia and the presence of abnormal cells and dysplasia. After adequate quality and control, the immature platelet fraction was performed on Sysmex XN 3000.
 Results: Seventy-two diagnosed cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura were part of the study. The mean age of the patients was 21.00±14.50 years. 34 (48%) patients were males, and 38 (52%) were females. The mean platelet count was 49.40±24.60. Mean IPF was 17.90±9.50 per microliter. Immature platelet fraction (IPF%) was raised in all the patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, confirming our hypothesis that IPF% was an independent predictor for the detection of ITP.
 Conclusion: Immature platelet fraction is a unique parameter that can pick patients having thrombocytopenia due to peripheral destruction, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

The Hybrid Similar Neighborhood Robust Factorization Machine Model for Can Bus Intrusion Detection in the In-Vehicle Network

Controller area network (CAN) is the most commonly used bus technology for In-vehicle network and uses multicast communication without corresponding security measures. Therefore, the message data field is vulnerable to tampering and other attacks. Recent machine learning-based intrusion detection methods for CAN bus messages only use the information contained in the message data field and do not take into account the contribution made by the neighboring information of CAN bus messages. In addition, previous models considered the data domain information of CAN bus messages as separate features and did not consider the unique weight of each feature, as well as the second-order interaction information between features. Therefore, we propose a novel intrusion detection model, The Hybrid Similar Neighborhood Robust Factorization Machine Model (HSNRFM), for detecting anomalies in CAN bus messages to address the shortcomings and problems of the previous models. To be able to incorporate the contribution of similar neighborhood information and learn the unique weight parameters of each feature in the model decision process, as well as additional second-order interaction information between features, the HSNRFM model solves the above problem using a similarity calculation method and a factorization machine model. Comprehensive experimental results are compared on real vehicle datasets. The HSNRFM model has AUC values of 0.9216 and 0.901 and AUPR values of 0.9194 and 0.9018 on two real datasets, respectively. And the results show that our proposed HSNRFM model has excellent detection efficiency for intrusion detection of CAN bus messages.

Hydrogen crossover diagnosis for fuel cell stack: An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy based method

Hydrogen crossover rate is a key parameter for characterizing internal gas leakage in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Voltammetric and galvanostatic techniques are most commonly used in measuring hydrogen crossover. However, for the present, the existing methods have the drawbacks of being laborious and time-consuming. In this paper, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is exploited for the first time to characterize hydrogen crossover in fuel cells. An equivalent circuit model is established based on comprehensively analyzing different electrochemical processes occurring on fuel cell electrodes. By comparing the measured impedance characteristics under various experimental conditions, it is found that a unique model parameter monotonically decreases with increasing hydrogen crossover rate. Accordingly, this single parameter is identified as the diagnostic indicator for hydrogen crossover. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a single cell and a multi-cell stack. Our method allows deployment to each individual cell or multiple groups of cells in a fuel cell stack. Furthermore, one entire measurement by this method takes only 4 min, and the consumed time will not increase with the number of cells in the stack. It will provide a powerful tool for failure diagnosis and lifespan evaluation of fuel cell stack.

Proximal Humerus Fracture: An Evaluation of the Readability and Value of Web-Based Knowledge.

BackgroundIn today’s scientifically developed world, the majority of patients use different websites to explore sophisticated and varied health knowledge. Consequently, healthcare specialists remain concerned that patients may be betrayed. Currently, there is a scarcity of information on the importance and legibility of online health data on proximal humerus fractures. This study aimed to assess the readability and value of existing web-based evidence regarding fractures of the proximal humerus.MethodologyA search of three keywords, namely, broken shoulder, proximal humerus fracture, and broken humerus, was performed using the top three internet search engines. The first five pages of every search browser were analyzed. After discarding duplicate websites, 80 websites were found to be suitable for the analysis. Website quality was scored using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and the DISCERN criteria. The presence or absence of the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HON code) certification and author characteristics were noted. The degree of readability was measured using six unique parameters, namely, the Automated Readability Index, Flesch Reading Ease Score, SMOG Index, Coleman-Liau index, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and Gunning-Fog Index.ResultsIn total, 80 specific websites were fit for evaluation and analysis. On the DISCERN tool, six (7.5%) websites revealed a high score. Only 20 websites fulfilled all four JAMA benchmark criteria. Of the total 80, only 17 were HON code-certified websites. Readability was variable but the majority was at the college level.ConclusionsThe most important result of this study is the low value, readability, and clarity of online testimony regarding proximal humerus fractures.

The Use of Mean Gray Value (MGV) as a Guide to Tension-Reducing Strategies in Body Contouring Surgery Reduces Wound-Related Morbidity.

Currently there are no known structural parameters of the integument that can be measured noninvasively which are used in the planning of body contouring surgery. The aim of this study was to see if mean gray value (MGV), when taken into account preoperatively, can reduce wound-related morbidity. This project was a prospective cohort study. Ultrasound imaging of the subcutaneous tissue was performed prospectively on patients undergoing body contouring surgery to quantify the superficial fascial system so that average MGV could be calculated over the proposed surgical sites. Patients with average to poor MGV (≤0.127) were identified preoperatively for tension-reducing procedures. Wound complication rates were compared with rates in a retrospective cohort which did not undergo preoperative imaging. There were 115 patients in each of the 2 cohorts. There were 3 exclusions due to loss of ultrasound images, leaving 112 patients available for analysis in the prospective cohort. The cohorts were similar except for a higher incidence of patients with diabetes in the retrospective group (1 vs 9, P = 0.026). The wound complication rate was significantly reduced in the prospective group (5/112, 4.4%) when compared with the retrospective group (20/115, 17%, P = 0.0062). The revision and infection rates were also significantly reduced in the prospective group (1/112, 0.9%; 3/112, 2.6%) when compared with the retrospective group (8/115, 7%, P = 0.019; 10/115 8.6%, P = 0.051). MGV is a unique, patient- and area-specific structural parameter of the integument, and its measurement may be useful in reducing wound-related morbidity in body contouring surgery.

Numerical Study on the Relationship between the Dominant Frequency of Blasting Vibration and the Development of Plastic Zone in Cylindrical Charge

Blasting vibration is a widely studied harmful effect of rock blasting excavations. Many factors affect its dominant frequency, which makes analyzing, evaluating, and predicting it difficult. This study explored the factors influencing the dominant frequency of blasting vibrations in the case of a spherical charge. Based on symmetry, a theoretical analysis in terms of a spherical explosion source is generally sufficient to describe a cavity excited by a spherical explosion charge. The elastic cavity radius and the dominant frequency of vibration induced by the spherical blasting source are closely related. However, there is a lack of relevant research on cylindrical charges. Therefore, a calculation model for a single-hole cylindrical charge was established. There is a relationship between the corresponding dominant frequency and the range of the plastic zone. The results indicate that the dominant frequency of the blasting vibration for both cylindrical and spherical charges is closely related to the range of the plastic zone formed by the rock blasting. As the elastic cavity radius increases, both the zero-crossing and the dominant Fourier frequencies decrease, and the amplitude spectrum shifts to lower frequencies. However, increasing the cylindrical charge diameter causes more changes in the plastic zone in the direction perpendicular to the cylindrical explosive axis. Moreover, increasing the charge length causes more changes in the plastic zone along this axis. It is therefore difficult to identify a unique dimensional parameter that characterizes the range of the plastic zone formed by the blasting. Because the plastic zone around a cylindrical charge is less regular than around a spherical charge, the charge weight Q is a more favorable parameter than the elastic cavity radius a when used as the main influencing factor and in an attenuation analysis for the dominant frequency of cylindrical charge blasting.

Theory of chain walking catalysis: From disordered dendrimers to dendritic bottle-brushes.

The chain walking (CW) polymerization technique has the unique property of a movable catalyst synthesizing its own path by creating branch-on-branch structures. By successive attachment of monomers, the resulting architecture ranges from dendritic to linear growth depending on the walking rate, which is defined by the ratio of walking steps and reaction events of the catalyst. The transition regime is characterized by local dendritic sub-structures (dendritic blobs) and a global linear chain feature forming a dendritic bottle-brush. A scaling model for structures obtained by CW catalysis is presented and validated by computer simulation relating the extensions of CW structures to the catalyst's walking ability. The limiting case of linear (low walking rate) and dendritic growth (high walking rate) is recovered, and the latter is shown to bear analogies to the Barabási-Albert graph and Bernoulli growth random walk. We could quantify the size of the dendritic blob as a function of the walking rate by using spectral properties of the connectivity matrix of the simulated macromolecules. This allows us to fit the numerical constants in the scaling approach. We predict that independent of the underlying chemical process, all CW polymerization syntheses involving a highly mobile catalyst ultimately result in bottle-brush structures whose properties depend on a unique parameter: the walking rate.

Variational and stability properties of coupled NLS equations on the star graph

We consider variational and stability properties of a system of two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations on the star graph Γ with the δ coupling at the vertex of Γ. The first part is devoted to the proof of an existence of the ground state as the minimizer of the constrained energy in the cubic case. This result extends the one obtained recently for the coupled NLS equations on the line.In the second part, we study stability properties of several families of standing waves in the case of a general power nonlinearity. In particular, we consider one-component standing waves eiωt(Φ1(x),0) and eiωt(0,Φ2(x)). Moreover, we study two-component standing waves eiωt(Φ(x),Φ(x)) for the case of power nonlinearity depending on a unique power parameter p.To our knowledge, these are the first results on variational and stability properties of coupled NLS equations on graphs.

Bulging of Isotropic Materials

There is a large body of literature on both the techniques for bulge testing and experimental results for various metallic materials (see the book of Banabic [1]). Generally, the experimental data for isotropic materials are interpreted using the von Mises yield criterion [2]. In this paper, we investigate the role played by the third invariant of the stress deviator, on the response under bulging of isotropic materials that have the same mechanical response in tension and compression. To this end, we use the yield criterion developed by Cazacu [3] and our implementation of this model in the F.E. code Abaqus [4]. For isotropic materials, this yield criterion involves a unique parameter, denoted ; in the case when it reduces to the von Mises yield criterion while for it involves dependence on . The results of F.E. simulations of bulge tests for isotropic materials characterized by various values of the parameterput into evidence new aspects concerning the stress states experienced by the respective materials under bulging.

Novel method for kinetic analysis applied to transport by the uniporter OCT2.

The kinetics of solute transport shed light on the roles these processes play in cellular physiology, and the absolute values of the kinetic parameters that quantitatively describe transport are increasingly used to model its impact on drug clearance. However, accurate assessment of transport kinetics is challenging. Although most carrier-mediated transport is adequately described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, its use presupposes that the rates of uptake used in the analysis of maximal rates of transport (Jmax) and half-saturation constants (Kt) reflect true unidirectional rates of influx from known concentrations of substrate. Most experimental protocols estimate the initial rate of transport from net substrate accumulation determined at a single time point (typically between 0.5 and 5 min) and assume it reflects unidirectional influx. However, this approach generally results in systematic underestimates of Jmax and overestimates of Kt; the former primarily due to the unaccounted impact of efflux of accumulated substrate, and the latter due to the influence of unstirred water layers. Here, we describe the bases of these time-dependent effects and introduce a computational model that analyzes the time course of net substrate uptake at several concentrations to calculate Jmax and Kt for unidirectional influx, taking into account the influence of unstirred water layers and mediated efflux. This method was then applied to calculate the kinetics of transport of 1-methyl-4-phenylpryridinium and metformin by renal organic cation transporter 2 as expressed in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we describe a mathematical model that uses the time course of net substrate uptake into cells from several increasing concentrations to calculate unique kinetic parameters [maximal rates of transport (Jmax) and half-saturation constants (Kt)] of the process. The method is the first to take into consideration the common complicating factors of unstirred layers and carrier-mediated efflux in the experimental determination of transport kinetics.

Dominant Kitaev interactions in the honeycomb materials Na3Co2SbO6 and Na2Co2TeO6

Cobaltates with 3$d$ based layered honeycomb structure were recently proposed as Kitaev magnets and putative candidates to host the long-sought Kitaev spin liquid. Here we present inelastic neutron scattering results down to 50 mK for powder samples of Na$_3$Co$_2$SbO$_6$ and Na$_2$Co$_2$TeO$_6$, with high resolution in regions of low momentum and energy transfers. We compare the experimental data below the antiferromagnetic zigzag ordering temperature with dynamical structure factors obtained within spin wave theory. We search the wide parameter range of a $K$-$J_1$-$\Gamma$-$\Gamma^{\prime}$-$J_3$ spin 1/2 model and identify the best fits to constant momentum cuts of the inelastic neutron data. The powder average limits the selection of a unique parameter set for each material, but we see clear trends towards ferromagnetic Kitaev exchange in both compounds, and ratios $|K/J_1|$ could be as large as $5\ldots 25$; in contrast, antiferromagnetic Kitaev exchange cannot be ruled out, but requires a fine-tuning of all involved spin exchange couplings with only moderate ratio $|K/J_1| \sim 1$. Our experimental data are incompatible with a purely isotropic Heisenberg model.

A neural-embedded discrete choice model: Learning taste representation with strengthened interpretability

Discrete choice models (DCMs) require a priori knowledge of the utility functions, especially how tastes vary across individuals. Utility misspecification may lead to biased estimates, inaccurate interpretations and limited predictability. In this paper, we utilize a neural network to learn taste representation. Our formulation consists of two modules: a neural network (TasteNet) that learns taste parameters (e.g., time coefficient) as flexible functions of individual characteristics; and a multinomial logit (MNL) model with utility functions defined with expert knowledge. Taste parameters learned by the neural network are fed into the choice model and link the two modules.Our approach extends the L-MNL model (Sifringer et al., 2020) by allowing the neural network to learn the interactions between individual characteristics and alternative attributes. Moreover, we formalize and strengthen the interpretability condition — requiring realistic estimates of behavior indicators (e.g., value-of-time, elasticity) at the disaggregated level, which is crucial for a model to be suitable for scenario analysis and policy decisions. Through a unique network architecture and parameter transformation, we incorporate prior knowledge and guide the neural network to output realistic behavior indicators at the disaggregated level.We show that TasteNet-MNL reaches the ground-truth model’s predictability and recovers the nonlinear taste functions on synthetic data. Its estimated value-of-time and choice elasticities at the individual level are close to the ground truth. In contrast, exemplary logit models with misspecified systematic utility lead to biased parameter estimates and lower prediction accuracy. On a publicly available Swissmetro dataset, TasteNet-MNL outperforms benchmarking MNLs and Mixed Logit model’s predictability. It learns a broader spectrum of taste variations within the population and suggests a higher average value-of-time. Our source code is available for research and application.

Durability response of a cemented clayey sand over a wide range of porosities and cement contents

The adjusted porosity/cement index η/(Civ)a has proven to be a powerful tool related to the dosage of soil–cement mixtures as it encompasses into a unique parameter the effect of either the cement content and the compactness on the mechanical response (e.g. strength, stiffness and durability) of such materials. Theoretically, by setting a specific η/(Civ)a value, a very similar mechanical response should be obtained by the use of distinct dosages assembled through the combinations of a variety of porosities and amounts of cement. In this regard, the most environmental attractive dosage can be chosen considering a specific construction case. Yet, such possibility has not yet been evaluated, specifically, for the durability tests. Thus, present study aspires to address this lacuna by carrying out these tests via wetting–drying-brushing cycles on different dosages established within five η/(Civ)0.28 values (i.e., 45, 30, 35, 25, and 20). Two different mix designs were assembled within each η/(Civ)0.28 for compacted clayey sand-cement blends, being the results statistically evaluated aiming to check for the equivalence of the attained results. In addition, the accumulated loss of mass data was successfully correlated to the η/(Civ)0.28 index through power-type relationships.

Sensitivity Analysis for Multi-Objective Optimization of Switched Reluctance Motors

The main issue of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) is its noise and vibration caused by high torque ripples on the rotor’s shaft. Many methods have been developed for improving the torque characteristic of the SRM. For example, design optimization is one of the promising approaches to the noise and vibration reduction of the SRM. Particularly, topology optimization (TO) of the stator and rotor can be highly beneficial to addressing the torque ripple issue. However, the TO of the SRM appears to be computationally demanding. To overcome this issue, this study proposes a method aiming to reduce the computational complexity of the TO through the reduction of the design space. Particularly, this paper presents a sensitivity analysis of a list of unique design parameters of the SRM and their influence on the average torque of the motor and the torque ripple of the motor. By applying the sensitivity analysis, the design space of the TO could be reduced, leading to a considerable decrease in the TO computational burden. Additionally, valuable conclusions on the geometrical parameters’ influences on the SRM torque and torque ripple have been drawn.

Qualimetric vermouth authenticity model

Modern methods of physical and chemical analysis make it possible to determine the composition of wine with great accuracy, define its belonging to the extended group of the category, as well as to quantify and qualitatively evaluate the foreign impurities contained in it. However, these methods cannot give a complete assessment of wine authenticity, which is based on the complex interaction of the aroma and its components. Therefore, it is impossible to assess the quality of wines, especially special flavored wines, without auxiliary models for organoleptic analysis. A “blind” organoleptic analysis without these models does not allow the taster reliably determining the type and category of wines, as well as their authenticity. This paper presents the method of determining a sample of tasted vermouth as a category of special flavored wines by comparing it with the initial parameters of taste, aroma and bouquet of the “authentic vermouth”. These parameters are presented in the form of two models: schematic five-stage qualimetric and multidimensional mathematical models. All parameters are based on the previously obtained results of the study of unique parameters of taste compositions of the varieties of vermouth samples purchased from retail chains. The veracity of the developed models was tested using the generally recognized triangular diagram of the Vedel’s triangle.

Technical Perspectives on Applications of Biologically Coupled Gate Field-Effect Transistors.

Biosensing technologies are required for point-of-care testing (POCT). We determine some physical parameters such as molecular charge and mass, redox potential, and reflective index for measuring biological phenomena. Among such technologies, biologically coupled gate field-effect transistor (Bio-FET) sensors are a promising candidate as a type of potentiometric biosensor for the POCT because they enable the direct detection of ionic and biomolecular charges in a miniaturized device. However, we need to reconsider some technical issues of Bio-FET sensors to expand their possible use for biosensing in the future. In this perspective, the technical issues of Bio-FET sensors are pointed out, focusing on the shielding effect, pH signals, and unique parameters of FETs for biosensing. Moreover, other attractive features of Bio-FET sensors are described in this perspective, such as the integration and the semiconductive materials used for the Bio-FET sensors.

Investigation of molten pool and heat transfer mechanisms after moving annular laser incidence metal by lattice Boltzmann method

Using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a double distribution LB model for annular heat sources based on the variation of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity with temperature to study annular laser-material interaction is developed. Firstly, the model is verified with the simulation results of the enthalpy-based method, and good agreement is obtained. Secondly, the prediction results are compared between models with the difference in consideration of the temperature-related thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the unique controllable parameters (inner annular radius and outer annular radius) of the annular laser not only affect the flow pattern and molten pool depth, but can also regulate convective heat transfer. Thus, the flow patterns of the melt and the depth of the molten pool are analyzed with different inner and outer annular radii. The simulation results reveal that the outer annular radius of 3.0 to 3.5 mm and the inner annular radius of 2.0 to 2.5 mm can achieve deeper molten pool and more uniform temperature distribution in the scope of present work.