Unique Monuments Research Articles

THE ETERNAL SECRET OF DALVARZINTEPA

The article of "The Eternal Secret of Dalvarzintepa" indeed captures the imagination of people and is able to remarkably shape our mind on the archaeological research conducted in Turkestan and sheds light on the ancient cultures and civilizations that once thrived in the region. Dalvarzintepa, with its unique monuments and preserved Kushan culture, stands as a testament to the rich history of Uzbekistan. The efforts of scientists, including G.A. Pugachenkova and the team of archaeologists and restorers including E. V. Rtveladze, have allowed us to glimpse into the past and appreciate the cultural legacy left behind by our ancestors.

3D Modelling Approach to Enhance the Characterization of a Bronze Age Nuragic Site

Megalithism in Sardinia (Italy) had its highest expression during the Bronze Age with the creation of monumental complexes known as Nuraghes. These unique monuments have recently been the subject of in-depth investigations for their potential to be recognized as World Heritage Sites (by UNESCO). The main purpose of our research was to make a contribution to obtain a more in-depth characterization of these monuments by testing a 3D model of a complex Nuraghe, integrated with an analysis of the geolithological context. This work first focused on the geological and typological investigation of the materials used in its construction, which was then compared with the geolithological characteristics of the region. A survey of the outcropping remains was carried out by means of Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry with UAV ground and aerial acquisition using APS-C photo sensors, georeferenced with an RTK-GNSS ground survey. The level of accuracy of our digital models shows the potential of the proposed method, giving accurate and geometrically consistent 3D reconstructions in terms of georeferencing error, shape and surface. The survey method allows for the virtualization of the current state of conservation of the Nuraghe, giving a solid basis to set up further (future) archaeological excavations and to contribute to knowledge on the architecture of the structures. This study also provides useful information on the nature and origin of the construction materials and proposes a hypothesis on the original dimensions of the monument, which is often a topic of debate in the world of archaeology.

ПРИЕМ ПОВТОРА В АЛТАЙСКИХ ГЕРОИЧЕСКИХ СКАЗАНИЯХ

Altai heroic tales are unique monuments of the people’s epic heritage. They act as a cultural code that preserved the originality of the ethnic worldview, traditions of the people, as well as the peculiarities of their poetic language. At the same time, the Altai epic has much in common and peculiar in comparison with the epics of other Turkic-speaking peoples. The study of the epic style originality is special interest for folkloristics. The relevance of this study is determined by the insufficient study of style features of the Altai people’s heroic tales. The scholarly novelty of the work consists in the fact that it is the first to study the types of repetition as one of the stylistic phenomena of the Altai epic. The purpose of this research is to study repetition as a stylistic phenomenon of folk poetics. The sources for the study were the heroic tales published in the series “Altai Bogatyrs”. An important criterion for selecting sources for the study was the observation of this phenomenon in authentic texts, where the features of the narrator’s living language are preserved to a greater extent. The study is based on the analysis of Altai heroic tales from different narrators and other folklore sources. The descriptive method, methods of comparison and generalization were also used in the work. As a result of the study, the types of repetitions found in the Altai epic were identified and described; their main functions were defined. It is established that repetition in folklore text is an important and multidimensional phenomenon. In heroic tales it is manifested at different levels. Repetitions of individual words and word combinations, phrases and whole episodes are distinguished. According to the frequency of use, there are twofold, threefold and more repetitions. Repetitions occur within a line, at the beginning, end or at the junction of poetic lines, forming such stylistic figures as anaphora, epiphora and epanaphora. Each type of repetition fulfills a certain function in the text. The study has shown that the functioning of repetitions in heroic tales differs in the activity of their use by narrators.

Issues and Methods of Restoration of Kyivan Rus Period Foundation Masonry

Analysis of the main problems of the emergency state of the monuments shows that the main problem of disrupting the equilibrium of the statics of the “footing-foundation-structure” system is the uneven subsidence of the foundations, weak foundation soils, moistening of the foundation soils due to the violation or absence of waterproofing. The subsidence of footings and foundations, changes in hydrogeological conditions, the absence of blind areas and disorganized drainage from the basement, ageing of masonry solutions, a decrease in the strength and bearing properties of stone, brick and plinthiform brick lead to an emergency state of stone walls, their deformation, moistening, destruction of masonry, the appearance of cracks. Unique monuments of the Kyivan Rus period have been preserved in Ukraine. Unfortunately, as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and destruction of the period of atheism in the 1930s, only foundations or separate parts of many temples remained, and some temples were rebuilt during the Baroque period. From many unique monuments, only the foundations remained, in some, in addition to the foundations, walls and individual fragments remained. In this case, the main restoration task was the maximum preservation of artefacts – foundations, walls, side-chapels.

კონცეპტების მიჯნურისა და მოყვასის ანალიზი „ვეფხისტყაოსანსა“ და მის რუსულ თარგმანებში (კონასტანტინე ბალმონტის, შალვა ნუცუბიძისა და არჩილ ხალვაშის თარგმანების მიხედვით)

The study of fiction literature in the 21st century requires multidisciplinary research, especially when dealing with unique monuments of world literature like Shota Rustaveli’s poem The Knight in the Panther’s Skin. The development of digital humanities and the use of innovative methods and technologies of research have yielded complex and diverse opportunities to scholars. Humanitarian sciences, including Rustvelology, are actively using contemporary methods of research. As a result, digital corpora of The Knight in the Panther’s Skin have been created5 forming the ground for a new scientific field – Digital Rustvelology. Shota Rustaveli’s epic The Knight in the Panther’s Skin is not only one of the best examples of Georgian literature but a masterpiece of world literature. Since its creation, it has remained popular throughout the centuries and it still represents an object of research of numerous scholars working in diverse fields worldwide. The promotion of The Knight in the Panther’s Skin is largely due to its translations into 56 foreign languages, including Russian. Research into Rustaveli’s vision of the world is the main objective of Rustvelology. Under the term “vision”, we imply a unity of opinions, thoughts and beliefs which are expressed by means of various concepts and terms, as well as the subject line of the epic and the actions of the main characters. The present paper analyses Rustaveli’s vision based on two concepts, namely, მიჯნური /miǯnuri/ (‘beloved’) and მოყვასი /moq̇vasi/ (‘friend’). The methodology used in the paper is a corpus linguistic analysis of the epic and its Russian translations, i.e. the complete poetic translations made by Konstantine Balmont, Shalva Nutsubidze and Archil Khalvashi. Based on the empirical material, the paper analyses the issue of transfer of the above-mentioned concepts in the process of translation. The paper evaluates the degree of equivalence and the relations between the original text and its translations. The empirical material has been obtained by means of a beta-version of the parallel corpus of translations Rustaveli Goes Digital. The Table below illustrates the diversity of equivalents of მიჯნური /miǯnuri/ (‘beloved’) and the degree of gradation in the Russian translations by Konstantine Balmont, Shalva Nutsubidze and Archil Khalvashi. In Balmont’s translation, the equivalents of მოყვასი /moq̇vasi/ (friend) are друг (25), друзья (2), дружба (3), дружной (1), братя (1), товарищ (1), любимый (3), любительница (1), любить (2), любовь (3), милый (1). In Nutsubidze’s translation, the equivalents of მოყვასი /moq̇vasi/ (‘friend’) are друг (13), друзья (4), дружба (1), дружеский (1), любимый (6), влюбленный (3), возлюбленный (1), любить (1), любовь (5), милый (2), миджнур (1), родной (1), побратим (1). In Khalvashi’s translation, the equivalents of მოყვასი /moq̇vasi/ (friend) are друг (16), подруга (2), друзья (6), дружба (4), дружеской (1), собрата (2), товарищ (1), любимый (11), влюбленный (1), любить (1), милый (1). Our corpus linguistic research of the Russian translations of the epic has revealed the diversity of equivalents used. The analysis of the translations has yielded the contextual and functional equivalents of the words მიჯნური /miǯnuri/ (‘beloved’) and მოყვასი /moq̇vasi/ (‘friend’). The investigation has proven that Nutsubidze and Khalvashi apply the method of lexical borrowing when translating the two above-mentioned concepts. The aim of applying lexical borrowing is to preserve an adequate degree of the aesthetic and emotional impact of the original concept in the translated versions.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СФЕРЫ ТУРИЗМА В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СФЕРЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТАМБОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

The flow of tourists not only contributes to an increase in the gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as GDP) and contributes to the creation of jobs, but also has a beneficial effect on the social and cultural development of regional communities. The tourism industry occupies a leading position in terms of the number of services provided, has a significant impact on various activities, such as transport, hospitality, restaurant business and others. In addition, tourism is an important factor in the preservation of cultural heritage and the natural environment. Many tourist sites are unique monuments of architecture, history and culture that need to be preserved and protected. Much attention is paid to the environmental safety of tourist routes and facilities in order to preserve the natural resources of the region and prevent their destruction. Thus, the development of tourism is an important factor in the economic, social and cultural development of the regions. In the course of achieving the set goal and objectives, such research methods were used as a theoretical analysis of methodological literature, cultural symbolism, post-structuralism, analysis of the activities of the Tambov region region in the field of tourism. It is important to understand that any study conducted within the framework of the article helps to clarify and expand existing knowledge about subject of research, as well as to identify new patterns and relationships between phenomena and processes. The applied value of the obtained results is expressed in the fact that they can be used in various spheres of human life. Scientific research is applied everywhere to solve problems that may be related to health, technology, economics, ecology and other areas. Research in the field of economics makes it possible to predict the development of various sectors of the economy of the sphere and determine what measures need to be taken to improve the economic situation in the Tambov region. The results of scientific research are also used to create new business models and strategies that can help tourism companies to be competitive and successful.

РАБОТА ДЕЯТЕЛЕЙ ИСКУССТВА В ПРОЦЕССЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ЗНАНИЙ О ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИРКУТСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ НА РУБЕЖЕ XIX-XX ВВ. (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ТВОРЧЕСКИХ И НАУЧНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ)

The article traces the process of the art people’s participation in organizing ed-ucational work and transmitting knowledge about the artistic heritage of the Irkutsk province at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The materials found about the activities of the artists in creating exhibition venues and studying the works that were preserved in the cities made it possible, on the one hand, to understand how many unique monuments are on the territory of the province and, on the other hand, to explain what the public attitude was to the preserva-tion and inclusion of art objects in the collections of the museums. The artistic intelligentsia of Irkutsk not only organized the events, but suggested imple-menting new public projects for the inhabitants. While studying the docu-ments, the participants of the exhibition venues were identified and the work of some active masters in introducing national schools of painting to the inhab-itants was considered. The article presents the peculiarities of the research work of the artists of the creative and scientific societies who turned to the study and development of the region, acquaintance with the achievements in science, education, and art. The study includes the documents that show the work of the artists at the turn of two centuries.

Analysis on historical meaning of lament songs in field materials

In our research, we compared the era, etymology, versions of lament songs, one of the unique monuments of the Kyrgyz people spiritual culture in field materials collected from people, and lament songs in literature, because the status of lamentation has been losing its meaning in modern society. The problem is considered and analyzed on the basis of ethnographic field materials and manuscripts collected from informants, as well as the traditional genre of lamentation for historical figures from the 19th to early 20th centuries. It tells about historical activities who fought for the people freedom, the Kyrgyz statehood against the Kokand policy of the Kokand Kingdom and the Russian Empire. The author's personal views and scientific analysis are also presented as separate conclusions at the end of the article.

Linguistic horizons of Vasyl Vasylovych Nіmchuk

The article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific work of Doctor of Philology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine V.V. Nimchuk. We analyzed the scientist’s contribution to various branches of Slavic linguistics and Ukrainian linguistics – the history of the Ukrainian language, scientific description and publication of monuments of Slavic writing and the Ukrainian language, dialectology, etymology, onomastics, derivation, Carpatho-Ukrainian-Balkan language connections, stylistics, Ukrainian orthography, Ukrainian glottogenesis. Vasyl Vasyliovych is a versatile scientist in the field of linguistics (his creative output includes more than 500 works, including more than twenty books; these are mainly individual works on various problems of linguistics), but he gained the greatest authority both in Ukraine and abroad, primarily as a language historian, a thorough researcher of ancient texts of Ukrainian writing. V.V. Nimchuk worked on and prepared for publication in the series “Memorials of the Ukrainian Language” (10 books, of which 7 were written by him alone, 3 were co-authored). The scientist made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian onomastics. He scientifically organized the Ukrainian onomastic terminology. V.V. Nimchuk analyzed Carpatho-Ukrainian-Balkan language connections; Ukrainian spelling; published books of the Bible as unique monuments of the Ukrainian language; problems of the origin of the Ukrainian language. The article also emphasizes the role of V.V. Nimchuk as an organizer of Ukrainian linguistic science. The principles of scientific integrity of the scientist are emphasized. Keywords: V.V. Nimchuk, dialectology, etymology, history of the Ukrainian language, Carpatho-Ukrainian-Balkan language connections, onomastics, linguo-Ukrainian studies, Slavic linguistics, Ukrainian glotogenesis, Ukrainian orthography, church-religious style of the Ukrainian language.

ORGANIZATION OF CULTURAL AND COGNITIVE TOURISM. CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN UKRAINE

The history of the origin of cultural and cognitive tourism, its concept and essence, as well as the general requirements for the development of cultural and cognitive tours are analyzed. An analysis of the development of cultural and cognitive tourism in the Ukrainian market and assessment of the cultural heritage of Ukraine. Trends in the development of cultural tourism in the Lviv region, in particular, in cities as important centers of cultural and cognitive tourism and attracting tourism innovations on the example of the city of Lviv. Trends in the development of cultural and cognitive tourism and the use of world experience for the development of historical and cultural cognitive tourism in Ukraine are studied. Practical recommendations on ways to improve the use of cultural and cognitive resources of the regions are given. It is established that Ukraine has a large number of unique monuments of history and culture, and therefore has great potential for the development of inbound and domestic cultural and cognitive tourism. Unfortunately, some of them were destroyed as a result of a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine by the troops of the Russian Federation. racists continue war crimes against Ukrainian heritage, trying to erase Ukrainian history and identity. Destroying Ukrainian culture is one of their strategic goals in this war! Already in Ukraine, more than 350 cases of destruction of cultural heritage sites by the Russian occupation forces have been recorded. It is very difficult to protect them during the war because we are dealing with especially cynical barbarians, for whom our cultural monuments are one of the most important targets on the way to the realization of their dream – the destruction of the Ukrainian nation! But we will not allow it! The struggle continues! We must preserve the history and culture of Ukraine for our descendants!

Medieval communal - religious architecture of the city of Shakhrisabz

The architecture of the Kashkadarya region, like other regions of Uzbekistan, has a thousand-year history. This can be learned from the monuments found as a result of archaeological excavations carried out in the region. On the territory of Kashkadarya there are vast fields, irrigated and suitable for growing lalmi, steppes and pastures, favorable for the development of animal husbandry. This situation had a direct impact on the nature of local art. It also contains the traditions of the culture of nomadic and settled tribes. We can say that urban planning in the oasis is developed at a high level. A large number of settlements arose on the territory of the region, which developed uniformly in the traditions of urban culture. The cities of the Kashkadarya oasis served as transit points on important trade routes in Central Asia.Shakhrisabz is a historical city of Uzbekistan with unique monuments achieved by the peoples of Central Asia in the field of architecture and urban planning. Famous architectural monuments of the XIV century and those built in the first half of the XV century have been preserved here. They were built on the initiative of Amir Temur and Mirzo Ulugbek.The communal-religious zone of Shakhrisabz - large sanctuaries were built in the southeastern part of the city in the XIV-XV centuries. The most famous of them are "Dar us-siyadat" and "Dar ut-tilovat" - a complex of mosques, madrasahs and tombs that Amir Temur built for himself and his descendants. Historian Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi writes about the events of 1394 in his book "Zafarname" (Book of Victory) "Construct a special building in Shakhrisabz (Amir Temur pointed out), that his son Amirzade Jahangir and other sons and officials should be placed in it. [one].Dar us siyadat is a huge building, the height of which reaches about 70 m to 50 m. The entrance leads to the room of God, from which the tomb of Amir Timur was planned, in the middle of which there is an underground reservoir. In the second half of the 16th century, during one of the attacks of Abdullakhan II, the complex was destroyed. The tomb of Jahongir was the basis for the existence of the Darus Siyadat complex. During the construction of the mausoleum of Jahongir, the structure of the first appearance of the tahmon and the dome was determined from the inside by a richly decorated “muqarnas” (eight star - author's editorial) with a trench, the remains of which are still preserved.

ПРОБЛЕМА СОХРАНЕНИЯ УНИКАЛЬНЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ПЕТРОГЛИФИКИ ЖЕТЫСУ

Petroglyphics is an important direction in the archaeological science of Kazakhstan; Zhetysu (Seven Rivers) is considered a special region in the study of petroglyphs, since specialists from the Institute of Archeology named after A.A. Margulan discovered a huge number of petroglyphic complexes, among them we note two - the famous Tamgaly sanctuary, discovered by the expedition of A.G. Maksimova in 1957 and the last open sanctuary - the petroglyphic complex of the Arkharly pass in the Almaty region, discovered by A.N. Maryashev and documented in the summer of 2021 by a group of specialists from the Institute of Archeology. A. Margulan under the leadership of A.A. Goryachev. The authors come to the conclusion that the problem of preserving unique monuments such as Tamgaly, or the recently discovered Arkharly is relevant and necessary. Financial investments are needed both in the management section, conservation and presentation of monuments, and in scientific research on the petroglyphics of Kazakhstan monuments. The problems in the conservation of petroglyphs are enormous, so long-term cooperation is needed on a multi- and interdisciplinary basis both at the national and international levels to preserve priceless archaeological Zhetysu landscapes.

ПРОБЛЕМА СОХРАНЕНИЯ УНИКАЛЬНЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ПЕТРОГЛИФИКИ ЖЕТЫСУ

Petroglyphics is an important direction in the archaeological science of Kazakhstan; Zhetysu (Seven Rivers) is considered a special region in the study of petroglyphs, since specialists from the Institute of Archeology named after A.A. Margulan discovered a huge number of petroglyphic complexes, among them we note two - the famous Tamgaly sanctuary, discovered by the expedition of A.G. Maksimova in 1957 and the last open sanctuary - the petroglyphic complex of the Arkharly pass in the Almaty region, discovered by A.N. Maryashev and documented in the summer of 2021 by a group of specialists from the Institute of Archeology. A. Margulan under the leadership of A.A. Goryachev. The authors come to the conclusion that the problem of preserving unique monuments such as Tamgaly, or the recently discovered Arkharly is relevant and necessary. Financial investments are needed both in the management section, conservation and presentation of monuments, and in scientific research on the petroglyphics of Kazakhstan monuments. The problems in the conservation of petroglyphs are enormous, so long-term cooperation is needed on a multiand interdisciplinary basis both at the national and international levels to preserve priceless archaeological Zhetysu landscapes.

Comprehensive scientific research in the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow and the necropolis of the XVIII century Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

The subject of the study is the methods of complex research that precede repair and restoration work in the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow and in the necropolis of the XVIII century Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg. Historical – archival and bibliographic studies, field studies, studies on volume parameters and special engineering and technological studies are considered as integral stages of an integrated approach. The author also examines in detail the historical aspect of the formation of objects and the current physical condition of monuments. The purpose of the work is the historical and architectural formation and preservation of necropolis complexes in the process of complex repair and restoration work. For the first time, the article provides a comprehensive overview of scientific types of research on memorial sculpture objects, architectural and artistic tombstones based on project documentation. The conclusion is formulated that comprehensive scientific research should be strictly mandatory in full, and not selective. This approach will allow not only to preserve the objects of memorial sculpture, but also to restore them in historical form using the most authentic materials and technologies. It is also emphasized that historical necropolises are full-fledged objects of historical research, the study of which is important not only in itself, but also as part of the history of art and the history of urban planning. The necessity of further study of the stated topic with a more in-depth study of the introduction of mandatory permanent monitoring of the state of preservation of monuments of necropolises to prevent further intensive destruction of unique monuments of memorial art was noted.

Malta’s tourism potential


 
 
 
 Methods of estimation of tourist and recreational resources are traced; the analysis of natural tourist and recreational resources of the Republic of Malta is carried out; the analysis of historical and cultural tourist and recreational resources of the country is carried out; a point assessment of the country’s provision of tourist and recreational resources; the place of the Republic of Malta on the tourist market of Ukraine is revealed. The Republic of Malta is one of the few countries in the world with such a large and diverse historical and cultural site. The lands of the country have experienced centuries of historical events, after which there are memories in the form of cathedrals, palaces, museums, fortifications, etc. Malta has been established as a country with an ancient history. It has a large number of unique cultural monuments, as there were Carthaginians and Phoenicians, Roman and Byzantine empires, Arabs, knights of the Order of St. John, Napoleon, the British Empire. The country’s historical and cultural tourist resources make it interesting for tourists to visit. Malta has a great historical past, which has left a great legacy in the form of ancient fortresses, churches, cathedrals, majestic palaces. The UNESCO World Heritage Site is no exception for the country; there are 3 of them in the list. There are 7 sites in the country that are also currently candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The country is rich in fortifications; there are 35 units in the country, which are of particular interest for tourists. Most of the fortifications were built during the Order of Malta to fortify the country from invaders. The natural conditions of Malta, which are the basis for tourism development, are analyzed. Methods for estimating the tourist potential of the country have been studied, in particular: normative-index, balance, graphic, cartographic, expert, statistical and mathematical methods, scoring. Integrated indicators for each region of Malta were determined using a score. Three categories of regions have been identified according to the assessment of the tourist potential of the territory.
 
 
 

Artemis Cult on Bosporus: General and Local Features

The article studies the Artemis worship on the Bosporus, including goddess’ common and local characteristics. Various religious beliefs related to Artemis had been present in Panticapaeum since its foundation in the 7th century BC due to first Milesian colonists, including apparently Artemis Delphinia and Chitone cults. More recently Artemis of Ephesus and Artemis Piphia cults appeared. Generally Artemis cult contains some archaic elements, among them the Great Goddess (especially in Artemis Tauropolos cult) and the Mistress of Animals features. Those elements were popular in the Bosporan religion, as reflected in unique monuments from the region, such as the statue of goddess with bull skull sitting on the acanthus plant. Hecate cult allegedly entered Panticapaeum from Miletus in Asia Minor version. Gradually in the Hellenistic period there is emerged Artemis-Hecate-Ditagoia cult as a result of several factors, among which were local and Attic influences. Artemis-Hecate as a savior had a strong connection with afterlife and magic rituals. The next flourishing of Artemis cult occurs in the Mithridates period due to the ruler’s support of Greek religion. Nevertheless, the continuity of religious traditions took place. A sanctuary devoted allegedly to Artemis-Hecate was built in the Panticapaeum acropolis, close to the Cybele temple. At this time sacral reliefs with Cybele, Hermes and Hecate became popular throughout the state of Bosporus. The monuments reflected a scene of the journey into the underworld, and Hecate perhaps acted as a deity of borders and gatekeeper.

Methodological basis of zoning of tourism-recreation reserves and tourism potential of Gusar region of the Republic of Azerbaijan

In modern times, the potential opportunities of the regions are studied using different methodological approaches to achieve sustainable socio-economic development, and zoning is carried out in different directions to stimulate their future activities. The zoning is based on the demand for available resources and takes into account the level of socio-economic development of the region. At present, the study of tourism in the Republic of Azerbaijan by regions is encouraging attention due to its relevance. However, research work on the identification of tourism zones in the country and the zoning of these areas is weak. From this point of view, the article studies the tourism potential of Gusar region and provides a scheme for its tourismrecreation zoning which meets present-day requirements and attracts attention due to its relevance. The article analyses the development strategy of tourism, which is a new and promising field in the Republic of Azerbaijan, identifies the main directions of this strategy, and explores ways to solve existing problems. For this purpose, first, the criteria for zoning of tourism and recreation resources were determined; then natural and anthropogenic tourism resources were assessed through the example of Gusar region; information on natural and historical-architectural monuments of interest to tourists was provided; the number of hotels operating in the region over the past five years, the number of rooms, full hotel capacity and overnight stays, as well as the income, expenses, and the difference between them were made on the basis of statistical and comparative analysis. Based on the information obtained, for the first time, a “Zoning Map of Tourism and Recreation Resources of Gusar Region” was compiled; the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism sector were identified, and future threats and opportunities for the development of this sector were analysed by means of the SWOT analysis. According to the analysis, the strengths of the region included the favourable economic and geographical position, the availability of unique natural and historical-architectural monuments, the availability of natural and ecological conditions to provide recreation for tourists, and opportunities for ecological, rural, religious, trekking, and other tourism types, etc. Weaknesses included the concentration of hotels mainly in the region’s centre, insufficient promotion of tourist attractions, poor level of service and vocational training, lack of guides, etc. The opportunities were high tourism potential, organisation and development of local tourist routes, an abundance of labour resources, etc., while the threats included the aggravation of the geopolitical situation in the border areas, the intensification of natural disasters, etc.

THE FUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF EPIC ONYMS

The relationship between language and culture is diverse and stable. Ethnoculture manifests itself most clearly in language. In this regard of great interest is the onymic vocabulary found in folklore works and epic including. This layer of vocabulary reflects the folk mentality, history, culture, religious views of a nation, as well as its ethnic contacts.Among the unique monuments of the national culture of the Buryats is the epic Geser, which appeared, according to most researchers, more than two thousand years ago. In the heroic epic, everything is symbolic: nature, time, space, personages, their actions and motifs. Geser's naming system, his antipodes’ names, various mythological names, toponyms are no exception in this respect. Epic proper names, which are sometimes the only witnesses of events of past years, reveal a great semantic potential. The semantic system of the language, which includes onymic vocabulary, contributes precisely to the recreation of the archaic picture of the world, to the identification of the features of the epic consciousness of people in the distant past. All this makes the study of epic onyms actual and appealing.So the article focuses on the Buryat uligers about Geser which are characterized by numerous names of epic heroes. One of the peculiarities of the eponyms is that they are not one nominative unit, but a verbose hierarchically arranged group of words. The main characters, whose relationships determine the development of the uliger's epic plot, are the main character, his wife or bride (as a rule, there are three of them), his enemies (antipodes) represented by the monsters-Mangadhais, other heroes or khans. The epithetics of their names constitutes a single semantic complex.The article considers the onyms of the Buryat epic Abai Geser Bogdo khaan written from a well-known Buryat folklore teller (uligershin) Alfor Vasilyev. Special attention is given to the semantics, structure and functional value of epic names – theonyms, the names of Geser, other personages, toponyms.The ethnolinguistic analysis based on the structural-semantic, etymological methods allowed concluding that the acsiological content of the epic names is revealed in their ability to perform as unique concepts of the national world picture. No doubt proper names have great potential in revealing the value-aesthetic content of the Buryat epic. They represent spatial-temporal landmarks and symbols of historical, cultural, religious, social, interethnic relations of the Buryats with neighboring ethnic groups over the centuries.

Культурна спадщина України: проблеми вивчення, збереження та використання

The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical and methodological and practical aspects of the problem of study, conservation and use of cultural heritage sites of Ukraine, taking into account present challenges and opportunities. The research methodology is represented by a set of general-scientific and special historical methods of scientific knowledge, the principles of historicism, scientificity, systematization and complexity. The scientific novelty of this article involves an attempt to understand, from a holistic perspective, the problem of study, conservation and use of cultural heritage of Ukraine, based on the analysis of the relevant legal and regulatory framework and researches made by the contemporaries on the studied subject, as well as today's realities we are witnessing. Conclusions. A brief historical insight into the origins of interest in the problem of study, conservation and use of cultural heritage sites in Ukraine has certified a relatively short period of its antiquity, although this interest has significantly increased over the course of time. At present time, the defined range of issues is extremely relevant, because in a certain area there are a number of problems, the unresolved nature of which in the near future threatens the physical loss of many unique monuments of antiquity, which together make the basis for the reconstruction of the historical past of the Ukrainian people, testify to the ethno- and nation-genesis of Ukrainian heritage, its identity and separateness.
 The problems which need to be resolved as soon as possible include the improvement of regulatory and legal support for the protection of cultural heritage sites, the organization and implementation of monument protection activities, registration of cultural monuments, their study, protection and restoration. Taking care of the future that, in the opinion of the most Ukrainian citizens, as well as the public authorities, is connected with Europe and the values it promotes, these problems need to be resolved already in the near future.

History of turkish sculpture Saryarka at the modern stage

The article deals with the history of modern research of medieval sculptures of Saryarka. The results of field studies conducted under the direction of Zh.K. Kurmankulov are analyzed. At this time, the published general works of L.N. Ermolenko, Zh.K. Kurmankulov. L.N. Ermolenko made a significant contribution to the training of sculptures in Central Kazakhstan.For the first time, he analyzed and systematized the Saryarkin medieval sculptures and proposed their iconographic classification. To date, Zh. K. Kurmankulov and L. N. Ermolenko have studied more than 300 medieval statues, of which 111 were recorded for the first time. The researchers of the institution GPS coordinates of the monuments, made dimensional drawings of the statues, made micalent copies of some of the statues or their details, created schematic plans of the weapons with which the statues are connected, and made photofixation. Consideration of the history of field research of monuments of monumental sculpture of Saryarka in the aspects of the development of the field documentation methodology is important, on the one hand, for the Eastern studies assessment of the accumulated scientific documentation, on the other, for determining the satisfaction of the needs in the present time methods of fixing the latest achievements of the field archaeological research methodology. The analysis of the history of the study of the medieval sculptures of Saryarka on Etamp and the assessment of the degree of their study allowed us to formalize the main problems and tasks of further research of these unique monuments. Кey words: Saryarka, statues, Turks, kipchaks, steles, fences, structures, ball balls, archaeological sites