Unique Link Research Articles

Psychopathy and Moral-Dilemma Judgment: An Analysis Using the Four-Factor Model of Psychopathy and the CNI Model of Moral Decision-Making

A major question in clinical and moral psychology concerns the nature of the commonly presumed association between psychopathy and moral judgment. In the current preregistered study ( N = 443), we aimed to address this question by examining the relation between psychopathy and responses to moral dilemmas pitting consequences for the greater good against adherence to moral norms. To provide more nuanced insights, we measured four distinct facets of psychopathy and used the CNI model to quantify sensitivity to consequences ( C), sensitivity to moral norms ( N), and general preference for inaction over action ( I) in responses to moral dilemmas. Psychopathy was associated with a weaker sensitivity to moral norms, which showed unique links to the interpersonal and affective facets of psychopathy. Psychopathy did not show reliable associations with either sensitivity to consequences or general preference for inaction over action. Implications of these findings for clinical and moral psychology are discussed.

A digital solution to streamline access to smoking cessation interventions in England; findings from a primary care pilot (STOPNOW study)

ObjectivesDespite the proven efficacy of several smoking cessation medications that have been shown to improve long-term abstinence rates, approximately two-thirds of smokers report not having used medication in their most recent quit attempt. A main barrier could be delayed access to pharmacological interventions. This study investigated the utility of a primary care linked online portal to streamline timely access to pharmacological support to patients who want to quit smoking by making an asynchronous request for treatment to their general practitioner. Study designProspective cohort study. MethodsAn online portal with added functionality was developed, which allowed patients with a unique link to make an asynchronous request for treatment. Two GP practices identified a total of 4337 eligible patients who received an SMS or email invite to engage with an online portal including an electronic survey to capture information about smoking behaviours and to request treatment. Portal informatics and patient level data were analysed to measure the efficacy of the online system in reducing the time between making a formal request to treatment and access to pharmacological support. The primary outcome measure was the time between making a formal request for treatment and access to pharmacological support from a designated community pharmacy. Results323 patients (7.4%) initiated the survey, but only 56 patients completed the survey and made a formal request for treatment. 94% of participants did not return to use the portal to make a second or follow-up request for treatment. Only 3 participants completed the 12-week pathway. A total of 75 medication items were prescribed and collected by 56 patients. The time difference between the formal request to treatment and GP review ranged between 20 h and 1 week. The time difference between approval of prescription by the GP and access to medication was 5 days ± 2.1 days (range = 1.9–7.0 days). ConclusionThe widespread adoption and diffusion of an IT enabled and asynchronous primary care led remote consultation pathway can streamline timely access to smoking cessation support without the need for the patient to see a GP or an independent prescriber in the first instance.

Abstract LB193: Lysine demethylase 5A is required for MYC driven transcription in multiple myeloma

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder accounting for 10% of hematologic malignancies. Although high dose chemotherapy and targeted agents have improved patient outcomes, MM remains an incurable disorder. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. We discovered that the distinct lysine demethylase 5A (KDM5A) plays a critical role in MM cell growth, through a unique link to MYC-driven transcriptional programs. KDM5A is a dominant regulator of histone H3K4 trimethylation, a histone mark associated with activated gene transcription. We identify that KDM5A interacts with P-TEFb complex and cooperates with MYC to control MYC targeted genes in MM cells. We develop a novel, cell-permeable and selective KDM5 inhibitor, JQKD82 that increases histone H3K4me3, and inhibits downstream MYC-driven transcriptional output in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing genetic ablation together with our inhibitor, we established a detail mechanism that KDM5A is required for transcriptional pause release by P-TEFb at MYC target genes. These data identify KDM5A as a unique vulnerability in MM through regulation of the driving MYC oncogene in MM, and defined JQKD82 as a tool compound to block KDM5A function as a potential therapeutic strategy for MM. Citation Format: Jun Qi, hiroto Ohguchi, Paul MC Park, tingjian wang, Kenneth C. Anderson, Teru Hideshima, Catrine Johansson, Udo Oppermann, Adam D. Durbin, Berkley Gryder, Javed Khan, xiaofeng zhang. Lysine demethylase 5A is required for MYC driven transcription in multiple myeloma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB193.

Expressive Cognitive Architecture for a Curious Social Robot

Artificial curiosity, based on developmental psychology concepts wherein an agent attempts to maximize its learning progress, has gained much attention in recent years. Similarly, social robots are slowly integrating into our daily lives, in schools, factories, and in our homes. In this contribution, we integrate recent advances in artificial curiosity and social robots into a single expressive cognitive architecture. It is composed of artificial curiosity and social expressivity modules and their unique link, i.e., the robot verbally and non-verbally communicates its internally estimated learning progress, or learnability, to its human companion. We implemented this architecture in an interaction where a fully autonomous robot took turns with a child trying to select and solve tangram puzzles on a tablet. During the curious robot’s turn, it selected its estimated most learnable tangram to play, communicated its selection to the child, and then attempted at solving it. We validated the implemented architecture and showed that the robot learned, estimated its learnability, and improved when its selection was based on its learnability estimation. Moreover, we ran a comparison study between curious and non-curious robots, and showed that the robot’s curiosity-based behavior influenced the child’s selections. Based on the artificial curiosity module of the robot, we have formulated an equation that estimates each child’s moment-by-moment curiosity based on their selections. This analysis revealed an overall significant decrease in estimated curiosity during the interaction. However, this drop in estimated curiosity was significantly larger with the non-curious robot, compared to the curious one. These results suggest that the new architecture is a promising new approach to integrate state-of-the-art curiosity-based algorithms to the growing field of social robots.

Optimal Loan Loss Provisions and Welfare

We study the welfare implications of optimal loan loss provisions in a New Keynesian model featuring endogenous default risk and inflationary credit spreads. A unique link between provisions, credit spreads and inflation can be employed to enhance macroeconomic stability. Optimal provisions are most effective when dealing with cost-push financial shocks inherent in volatile spreads and the zero bound problem of monetary policy. Relaxing provisioning requirements following a recessionary financial disturbance consistently achieves the first-best outcome while nullifying the value of monetary policy under commitment. In contrast, deflationary demand shocks warrant an optimal rise in provisions, which inflate prices yet mildly contract output.

Pediatric Project ECHO®: A Virtual Community of Practice to Improve Palliative Care Knowledge and Self-Efficacy among Interprofessional Health Care Providers

Background: Health care providers (HCPs) require ongoing training and mentorship to fully appreciate the palliative care needs of children. Project ECHO® (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) is a model for delivering technology-enabled interprofessional education and cultivating a community of practice among HCPs who care for children with life-limiting illness.Objectives: To develop, implement, and evaluate the Project ECHO model within the pediatric palliative care (PPC) context. Specific objectives were to evaluate (1) participation levels, (2) program acceptability, (3) HCP knowledge changes, (4) HCP self-efficacy changes, and (5) perceived practice changes after six months.Intervention: An interprofessional PPC curriculum was informed by a needs assessment. The curriculum was delivered through monthly virtual 90-minute TeleECHO sessions (didactic presentation and case-based learning) from January 2018 to December 2019. The program was freely available to all HCPs wishing to participate.Design: A mixed-methods design with repeat measures was used. Surveys were distributed at baseline and six months to assess outcomes using 7-point Likert scales. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at the Hospital for Sick Children.Results: Twenty-four TeleECHO sessions were completed with a mean of 32 ± 12.5 attendees. Acceptability scores (n = 43) ranged from 5.1 ± 1.1 to 6.5 ± 0.6. HCPs reported improvements in knowledge and self-efficacy across most topics (11 out of 12) and skills (8 out of 10) with demonstrated statistical significance (p < 0.05). Most participants reported positive practice impacts, including enhanced ability to provide PPC in their practice.Conclusion: Project ECHO is a feasible and impactful model for fostering a virtual PPC-focused community of practice among interprofessional HCPs.

Early and concurrent home stimulation: Unique and indirect links with fine motor skills among 4-year-old children in rural Pakistan.

Fine motor skills enable children to make precise and coordinated movements with their hands and support their ability to engage in everyday activities and learning experiences. In a longitudinal study of 1,058 4-year-old children in rural Pakistan (n = 488 girls), we examined how prior and concurrent levels of home stimulation relate to change in fine motor skills from ages 2 to 4 while controlling for family wealth, maternal education, number of siblings at birth, prior and concurrent measures of children's physical growth and food insecurity, and prior motor skills at age 2. Moreover, we tested whether the association between early home stimulation and subsequent fine motor skills was mediated by physical growth, food insecurity, motor skills at age 2, and concurrent home stimulation. Results revealed that home stimulation at 18 months was positively associated with change in fine motor skills from ages 2 to 4, over and above family socioeconomic resources. This association was mediated by physical growth, food insecurity and motor skills at age 2. In contrast to home stimulation at 18 months, home stimulation at age 4 was positively associated with concurrent motor skills at age 4 when controlling for all antecedent family factors, as well as prior and concurrent measures of physical growth and food insecurity, and prior motor skills at age 2. Findings suggest that the preschool period may be an important window of time when physically and cognitively stimulating experiences at home uniquely relate to variability in fine motor development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Genetic pleiotropy of ERCC6 loss-of-function and deleterious missense variants links retinal dystrophy, arrhythmia, and immunodeficiency in diverse ancestries.

Biobanks with exomes linked to electronic health records (EHRs) enable the study of genetic pleiotropy between rare variants and seemingly disparate diseases. We performed robust clinical phenotyping of rare, putatively deleterious variants (loss-of-function [LoF] and deleterious missense variants) in ERCC6, a gene implicated in inherited retinal disease. We analyzed 213,084 exomes, along with a targeted set of retinal, cardiac, and immune phenotypes from two large-scale EHR-linked biobanks. In the primary analysis, a burden of deleterious variants in ERCC6 was strongly associated with (1) retinal disorders; (2) cardiac and electrocardiogram perturbations; and (3) immunodeficiency and decreased immunoglobulin levels. Meta-analysis of results from the BioMe Biobank and UK Biobank showed a significant association of deleterious ERCC6 burden with retinal dystrophy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-4.6; p = 8.7 × 10-4 ), atypical atrial flutter (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.9-6.5; p = 6.2 × 10-5 ), arrhythmia (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.0; p = 2.7 × 10-3 ), and lymphocyte immunodeficiency (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 2.1-6.8; p = 5.0 × 10-6 ). Carriers of ERCC6 LoF variants who lacked a diagnosis of these conditions exhibited increased symptoms, indicating underdiagnosis. These results reveal a unique genetic link among retinal, cardiac, and immune disorders and underscore the value of EHR-linked biobanks in assessing the full clinical profile of carriers of rare variants.

Spatial–temporal variations in riverine carbon strongly influenced by local hydrological events in an alpine catchment

Abstract. Headwater streams drain &gt;70 % of global land areas but are poorly monitored compared with large rivers. The small size and low water buffering capacity of headwater streams may result in a high sensitivity to local hydrological alterations and different carbon transport patterns from large rivers. Furthermore, alpine headwater streams on the “Asian water tower”, i.e., Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, are heavily affected by thawing of frozen soils in spring as well as monsoonal precipitation in summer, which may present contrasting spatial–temporal variations in carbon transport compared to tropical and temperate streams and strongly influence the export of carbon locked in seasonally frozen soils. To illustrate the unique hydro-biogeochemistry of riverine carbon in Qinghai–Tibetan headwater streams, here we carry out a benchmark investigation on the riverine carbon transport in the Shaliu River (a small alpine river integrating headwater streams) based on annual flux monitoring, sampling at a high spatial resolution in two different seasons and hydrological event monitoring. We show that riverine carbon fluxes in the Shaliu River were dominated by dissolved inorganic carbon, peaking in the summer due to high discharge brought by the monsoon. Combining seasonal sampling along the river and monitoring of soil–river carbon transfer during spring thaw, we also show that both dissolved and particulate forms of riverine carbon increased downstream in the pre-monsoon season due to increasing contribution of organic matter derived from thawed soils along the river. By comparison, riverine carbon fluctuated in the summer, likely associated with sporadic inputs of organic matter supplied by local precipitation events during the monsoon season. Furthermore, using lignin phenol analysis for both riverine organic matter and soils in the basin, we show that the higher acid-to-aldehyde (Ad/Al) ratios of riverine lignin in the monsoon season reflect a larger contribution of topsoil likely via increased surface runoff compared with the pre-monsoon season when soil leachate lignin Ad/Al ratios were closer to those in the subsoil than topsoil solutions. Overall, these findings highlight the unique patterns and strong links of carbon transport in alpine headwater catchments with local hydrological events. Given the projected climate warming on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, thawing of frozen soils and alterations of precipitation regimes may significantly influence the alpine headwater carbon transport, with critical effects on the biogeochemical cycles of the downstream rivers. The alpine headwater catchments may also be utilized as sentinels for climate-induced changes in the hydrological pathways and/or biogeochemistry of the small basin.

P073 Interactive rheumatology biologic self-injection video advice using an SMS based video resource: successful implementation during a pandemic

Background/Aims The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a number of changes in practice in the UK, including the reduction in routine day-case attendances for intravenous rheumatology treatments. Due to redeployment and resultant staff shortages, we required alternatives to day case attendance. The usual face-to-face education that normally supports this was not possible. Methods In March 2020, we identified patients receiving monthly intravenous tocilizumab on our day-unit and planned a supported transition to weekly subcutaneous self-injection. We designed, planned, storyboarded, video-recorded, and piloted a 15-minute tocilizumab self-injection interactive video resource, using evidence-based educational methodology. This included: an introduction; explanation of the change and context; a one-minute video of our nurse specialist self-administering a sample injection; a close-up injection video; local logistical information and contact details, and a voluntary anonymous web-based evaluation. The interactive resource was searchable and contained links to supporting information, including a link to manufacturer patient education material. The intervention received rapid institution and pharmacy approval for distribution. We sent it via SMS message to our cohort of patients using a commercial partner (HealthComm UK) from 8.4.20, using an established method we have recently described. Simultaneously, we made it publicly available on our departmental website. We collated feedback and usage metrics over an eight-week period (8.4.20 - 3.6.20). Results We identified 69 patients eligible to switch to self-injection; all were sent the SMS link. Our resource was viewed by 39/69 patients (57%) via the unique SMS link, a total of 97 times (mean 2.5 views/patient). Others watched it on our website, 534 views, by 283 unique visitors (1.9 views/visitor). In total, 24/69 patients (35%) returned a complete evaluation of the video, 16/24 (67%) felt more confident injecting after watching the resource. Age ranges in deciles (number) was: 40-49, (5); 50-59, (6); 60-69, (8); >70, (5). Likert scores for satisfaction with the resource (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree) were as follows: video ease and playback (4.1); improved confidence of self-injection (4.0), usefulness of SMS methodology (4.3), usefulness of interactive resource over video (3.7). A number (9/24, 38%) had never self-injected any medicine. Most completing the evaluation (18/24, 75%) viewed the resource on mobile phones. Written feedback, where given, was positive in 18/19 (95%) cases, one patient identified they could not watch the video. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of telerheumatology resources. We have demonstrated that interactive video resources are a rapid, acceptable, and useful method of delivering rheumatology education. This intervention is low cost (£0.01 per SMS) and we used existing e-learning technology already licensed to our hospital at no additional cost to the department, other than staff time. Our findings have implications for other aspects of rheumatology self-care and we call for further research in this area. Disclosure P. Mistry: None. J. Bateman: None. K. Hughes: None.

Frequency microcomb stabilization via dual-microwave control

Optical frequency comb technology has been the cornerstone for scientific breakthroughs in precision metrology. In particular, the unique phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies solves the long-standing puzzle of precision optical frequency synthesis. While the current bulk mode-locked laser frequency comb has had great success in extending the scientific frontier, its use in real-world applications beyond the laboratory setting remains an unsolved challenge due to the relatively large size, weight and power consumption. Recently microresonator-based frequency combs have emerged as a candidate solution with chip-scale implementation and scalability. The wider-system precision control and stabilization approaches for frequency microcombs, however, requires external nonlinear processes and multiple peripherals which constrain their application space. Here we demonstrate an internal phase-stabilized frequency microcomb that does not require nonlinear second-third harmonic generation nor optical external frequency references. We demonstrate that the optical frequency can be stabilized by control of two internally accessible parameters: an intrinsic comb offset ξ and the comb spacing frep. Both parameters are phase-locked to microwave references, with phase noise residuals of 55 and 20 mrad respectively, and the resulting comb-to-comb optical frequency uncertainty is 80 mHz or less. Out-of-loop measurements confirm good coherence and stability across the comb, with measured optical frequency instability of 2 × 10−11 at 20-second gate time. Our measurements are supported by analytical theory including the cavity-induced modulation instability. We further describe an application of our technique in the generation of low noise microwaves and demonstrate noise suppression of the repetition rate below the microwave stabilization limit achieved.

The relationship between price paid and hotel review ratings: Expectancy-disconfirmation or placebo effect?

Whilst there is extant research focusing on the link between hotel reviews and pricing there is scant attention paid to the impact of pricing on hotel review ratings. This paper presents a large scale study based on a novel dataset of more than 44,000 guest review ratings linked to the prices paid for rooms of an European hotel group. Through applying a panel regression analysis we reveal that expectancy-disconfirmation is generally stronger than the placebo effect and higher prices have a negative effect on review ratings, not only when assessing perceived value for money but also when evaluating perceived quality. We identify the trip and guest characteristics which impact on the price-review relationship. Findings provide hotel managers with key quantitative information for simultaneously calibrating quality and revenue targets. Substantial implications include an integrated approach for segmentation as a route to better manage pricing, revenue optimization and reputation. • A unique dataset links individual prices paid with review ratings by hotel guests. • Higher prices have a negative impact on perceived value and perceived quality. • Expectancy-disconfirmation is generally stronger than the placebo effect. • Specific strategies are outlined for hotel revenue management. • Application of panel regression as an analytical tool.

Associations between peripheral inflammation and resting state functional connectivity in adolescents

Relatively little is known about associations between peripheral inflammation and neural function in humans. Neuroimaging studies in adults have suggested that elevated peripheral inflammatory markers are associated with altered resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) in several brain networks associated with mood and cognition. Few studies have examined these associations in adolescents, yet scarce data from adolescents point to different networks than adult studies. The current study examined the associations between peripheral inflammation and rsFC in a community sample of adolescents (n = 70; age, 12–15 years; 32 female, 36 male, 2 nonbinary). After blood sampling, an fMRI scan was performed to assess rsFC. Assay for serum inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP), was performed. Results indicated that higher TNF-α was associated with altered rsFC between the right amygdala and left striatum and between the right inferior frontal gyrus and left parietal cortex (p < 0.05 whole-brain corrected). Associations with IL-6 and CRP were not significant. In contrast with findings in adults, inflammation may have unique links with the connectivity of the developing adolescent brain. Results have implications for understanding how peripheral inflammation may influence connectivity during adolescence, when neural networks are undergoing major developmental changes.

Spectral analysis of organic LED emitters' orientation in thin layers by resonant emission on dielectric stacks.

Purposely tailored thin film stacks sustaining surface waves have been utilized to create a unique link between emission angle and wavelength of fluorescent dye molecules. The knowledge of the thin film stack's properties allows us to derive the intrinsically emitted luminescence spectrum as well as to gain information about the orientation of fluorophores from angularly resolved experiments. This corresponds to replacing all the equipment necessary for polarized spectroscopy with a single smart thin film stack, potentially enabling single shot analyses in the future. The experimental results agree well with those from other established techniques, when analyzing the Rubrene derivative in a 2,4,6-tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T2T) host used for the fabrication of optimized organic light-emitting diodes. The findings illustrate how resonant layered stacks can be applied to integrated spectroscopic analyses.

Keeping the peace: commensal Cutibacterium acnes trains CD4+ TH17 cells to trap and kill.

Commensal or pathogenic bacterial communities of the skin interact with the host immune system to preserve homeostasis or sustain disease. In this issue of the JCI, Agak et al. substantially advance our conceptual understanding of TH17 cell biology. The researchers identified IL-26-independent mechanisms by which CD4+ TH17 clones directly kill bacteria. These CD4+ TH17 clones share antimicrobial properties with cytotoxic T cells and granulocytes as evidenced by secretion of granulysin, granzyme B, and histone-laden DNA extracellular traps. Interestingly, these clones emerged following monocyte education by Cutibacterium acnes strains associated with healthy skin, but not those associated with acne. Overall, the antimicrobial mechanisms employed by these TH17 subsets suggest a unique link between innate and adaptive immune responses.

Individual, Institution, and Impact: The Untold History of the de Osma Studentship in Spanish Studies at Oxford

Guillermo J. de Osma (1853–1922) was the first Spaniard to study at Oxford after the Universities Tests Act 1871 opened the ancient universities of England to non-Anglicans. Known in his time as a diplomat, politician, art collector, and scholar, Osma established the first Spanish studentship and modern endowment at Oxford—the de Osma Studentship—in 1920. The Studentship has been held by many distinguished Oxford-trained Hispanists over the past hundred years. Yet, despite his active role in Spanish public and cultural life, his unique links with Oxford and his contribution to twentieth-century British–Spanish relations, today, Osma is a little-known figure in the Spanish-speaking world and remains virtually unknown in Anglophone countries. This article is based on previously unseen Spanish and British archival material, interviews and correspondence with de Osma Studentship holders from several generations, and testimonies shared at the celebration of the de Osma Centenary held in Oxford, which was a direct result of the research undertaken here. Drawing on this material, the article traces some of the cultural and academic implications of the establishment of the de Osma Studentship, revealing the untold story of its origins and development.

Supplemental Material for Early and Concurrent Home Stimulation: Unique and Indirect Links With Fine Motor Skills Among 4-Year-Old Children in Rural Pakistan

Supplemental Material for Early and Concurrent Home Stimulation: Unique and Indirect Links With Fine Motor Skills Among 4-Year-Old Children in Rural Pakistan

Hyperlinked Dynamic Standard Operating Procedures for Ensuring Team Safety during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic was a rapidly evolving situation that demanded frequent revisions to standard operating procedures1 and published guidelines. This high frequency of revisions was a peculiar aspect of the pandemic. We work in a high-volume plastic surgery department at an apex medical institute in India, and with the onset of the pandemic, sweeping changes to the hospital and departmental functions ensued. Considering the need for implementing stringent and uniform infection control protocols to ensure patient and personnel safety,2 we embarked to design standard operating procedures for the activities of our department that were adherent to the superseding institutional guidelines while being specifically tailored to the unique aspects and functions of our clinical specialty. Case-specific standard operating procedures were also necessary to ensure that our management teams were well informed and could minimize procedural delays, especially in time-critical cases of reimplantation and revascularization.3 Intended for doctors, physiotherapists, and nursing staff, we distributed the initial version as a read-only PDF file through e-mail and the WhatsApp Messaging platform (Facebook Inc., Mountain View, Calif.). When preparing the first revision to our standard operating procedures, we recognized several potential problems with this distribution method. For these standard operating procedures to be effective, the new essential information, especially revisions to previously published guidelines, had to be rapidly disseminated to those concerned. Because multiple revisions were expected over a short time span and we did not have the ability to prevent access to obsolete versions, there would be a fragmentation of versions and poor penetration of updated documents over time. This would cause confusion and could lead to accidentally following the outdated guidelines (Fig. 1, left).Fig. 1.: Diagrammatic representation of the fundamental differences between static standard operating procedures and hyperlinked dynamic standard operating procedures. (Left) Static standard operating procedures distributed individually. (Right) Hyperlinked dynamic standard operating procedures distributed using cloud services. SOPs, standard operating procedures.To address this flaw, we decided to host the standard operating procedure document (Fig. 1, right) on Google Drive (Google, Inc., Mountain View, Calif.) (dynamic standard operating procedure), one of many free online cloud storage and synchronization services. This gave us the ability to store our document online as a single file that can be accessed through a unique URL link. Any changes to the standard operating procedure were stored as new versions of the same file and could be accessed through the same URL. Thus, whenever the link is accessed, it will always serve the most recent version. Hyperlinks4 (Web links) were used to provide access to relevant institutional documents and external sources, allowing users an easy access to all relevant information at a single location, rather than having to search for them externally. The file could also be shared with others individually, whereby access is provided only after authentication through their Google account. This can prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing the document and provide feedback regarding which recipients have accessed and are thus up to date. We encouraged all members to always use the link to access the document and to not store an offline copy. We highlighted the changes in each version and maintained an amendment log at the end of the document. Added benefits included the ability for recipients to leave feedback in the form of comments and to be notified of updates. There are many other free and paid services with similar capabilities.5 DISCLOSURE None of the authors has financial conflicts of interest to disclose.

Longitudinal links among parent-child attachment, emotion parenting, and problem behaviors of preadolescents

Both parent-child attachment and emotion parenting have been shown to affect child problem behaviors in previous research. However, it is unclear whether and how problem behaviors in turn influence these two family factors in preadolescence, a transition from late childhood to early adolescence. Using a three-wave longitudinal design, the present study examined reciprocal relations among parent-child attachment, emotion parenting, and problem behaviors of preadolescents. Participants included 324 Chinese fourth- to fifth- grade students (50.60% males, Mage = 10.68 years old, SD = 0.59). Two cross-lagged models were conducted first to test the unique link between each parental indicator and problem behaviors. Reciprocal links were found between parent-child attachment and problem behaviors, as well as between emotion parenting and problem behaviors. Then a cascade model was used to test the joint link between two parental indicators and problem behaviors. Parent-child attachment was identified as a more stable predictor of emotion parenting than the reverse direction; and emotion parenting was shown as a key mediating factor in the effect of parent-child attachment on later problem behaviors, but not in the reverse direction. These findings expanded our knowledge about parent effect and child effect during preadolescence, and highlighted the importance of emotion parenting and including both the parent and the child in intervention programs aiming to reduce problem behaviors.

How do we share data in COVID-19 research? A systematic review of COVID-19 datasets in PubMed Central Articles.

ObjectiveThis study aims at reviewing novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) datasets extracted from PubMed Central articles, thus providing quantitative analysis to answer questions related to dataset contents, accessibility and citations.MethodsWe downloaded COVID-19-related full-text articles published until 31 May 2020 from PubMed Central. Dataset URL links mentioned in full-text articles were extracted, and each dataset was manually reviewed to provide information on 10 variables: (1) type of the dataset, (2) geographic region where the data were collected, (3) whether the dataset was immediately downloadable, (4) format of the dataset files, (5) where the dataset was hosted, (6) whether the dataset was updated regularly, (7) the type of license used, (8) whether the metadata were explicitly provided, (9) whether there was a PubMed Central paper describing the dataset and (10) the number of times the dataset was cited by PubMed Central articles. Descriptive statistics about these seven variables were reported for all extracted datasets.ResultsWe found that 28.5% of 12 324 COVID-19 full-text articles in PubMed Central provided at least one dataset link. In total, 128 unique dataset links were mentioned in 12 324 COVID-19 full text articles in PubMed Central. Further analysis showed that epidemiological datasets accounted for the largest portion (53.9%) in the dataset collection, and most datasets (84.4%) were available for immediate download. GitHub was the most popular repository for hosting COVID-19 datasets. CSV, XLSX and JSON were the most popular data formats. Additionally, citation patterns of COVID-19 datasets varied depending on specific datasets.ConclusionPubMed Central articles are an important source of COVID-19 datasets, but there is significant heterogeneity in the way these datasets are mentioned, shared, updated and cited.