Unipolar World Order Research Articles

Rethinking Eurasian Geopolitics: Assessing Türkiye’s Influence and the Organization of Turkic States’ Impact

This study examines power shifts in the Eurasian Region in the 21st century using traditional geopolitical approaches. These approaches center on the geographical factors that drive the expansion of borders, considering the control exerted by states over geographical areas. The study uses qualitative research methods to evaluate the position of Türkiye, which has gained an active role in global politics with its developing political and economic power within ever-changing Eurasian geopolitics. Composed of three parts, the study examines geopolitical ruptures in Eurasia during the Cold War. It delves into the areas of dominance held by the United States (U.S.), China, and Russia, which came to the forefront during discussions of the unipolar world order in the international system after the end of the Cold War. Simultaneously, the study explores a shift in actors within the international system, as well as changes among global and regional powers. The focus of the study is on issues such as Türkiye’s political presence, security phenomena, economic developments, energy investments, and diversity in Eurasia, wherein Türkiye’s presence and influence in Eurasia following its position shifting from a regional actor to a global actor, are revealed. While Türkiye’s presence in the region constitutes the main focus of the study, the effect of the Organization of Turkic States on Eurasian geopolitics is also examined.

Iran's Path to Diplomacy: Challenging the Unipolar Paradigm in Nuclear Negotiations

This article explores Iran’s nuclear program and its diplomatic strategies against the backdrop of the unipolar paradigm in international relations, focusing on developments since the early 2000s. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, the study analyzes Iran’s maneuvers in nuclear negotiations and their impact on the unipolar world order led by the United States. The investigation covers key historical stages from the program's inception, signifi cant shifts under diff erent Iranian administrations, and the pivotal dynamics surrounding the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Case studies, including Iran’s response to the U. S. withdrawal from the JCPOA and its membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, demonstrate Iran’s multifaceted and resilient diplomatic tactics. The analysis suggests that Iran’s strategies challenge the unipolar paradigm, indicating a shift towards a multipolar global order. This research contributes to understanding the evolving dynamics of international relations, highlighting the trend of nations asserting autonomy in a traditionally unipolar-dominated global structure.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on New Global Order: A Nepalese Security Perspective

The novelty of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nascent geo-tech interests of powerful countries have largely influenced foreign policy, while ‘techno-geopolitics’ and the emergence of the ‘AI world order’ have constantly challenged the world order milieu. The changing global power dynamics, including the escalating Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Palestine conflict and China’s rising clout in tech and diplomatic spheres have induced specific geo-political challenges to the US-led global order. In this context, this research primarily unfolds whether the remaking of new global order can fundamentally be signified by the end of bipolar or unipolar world order, while the advancement of AI technology and geo-tech interests of tech powers have contributed to a remaking of new global order. As the powerful countries have fundamentally concentrated on marshaling AI in foreign policy, both AI and foreign policy have been closely interlinked. This research aims to explore the impact of AI on new global order and corresponding security concerns, particularly Nepalese security concerns. Since both AI and the new global order are relatively vast fields, this research focuses on tech foreign policy that is directly linked with the balance of power and the corresponding international order. This study adopts an analytical descriptive research method. It relates AI ethics and global tech concerns, considering the global need, beginning with the notion of multilateral tech diplomacy, and inquiring whether the tech foreign policy is truly functional. Despite varying challenges to the new global order, rational ‘geopolitical balancing’ and techno-economic cooperation in ‘better-functioning relations’ with immediate neighbors and other superpowers drive Nepal’s security architecture.

Russian Federation Cultural Policy as a Counterweight to Posthumanism Influence

This article provides axiological foundations in response to the destructive influence of posthumanistic ideas. The author presents the key provisions of posthumanistic consciousness: freedom without foundations, man as part of a common ecosystem (the gap between the concepts of "man” and "humanity”) and the absence of the category of truth, leading to a "distributed identity” of a person (unstable and ambiguous). The paradigm of posthumanism refers to Western culture, in geopolitical realities, seeking to defend positions of governance (a reference to a unipolar world order). The study examines the foundations of the cultural policy of the Russian Federation to represent a different type of thinking: the attempt at unification is opposed by cultural diversity, and ambiguity is opposed by core spiritual and moral values.

Primakov Readings-2023: modern realities, results and recommendations

The article examines the results and recommendations of the Primakov Readings held on November 27–28, 2023, which are the main scientific and expert forum for international diplomats, economists and lawyers in our country and abroad. They confirmed this reputation in the past year, bringing some clarity to the current state of the international relations environment, the content and nature of the world order, the situation around globalization and other trigger points in the theory and practice of international relations, foreign policy and diplomacy. In particular, in the speeches of the heads of various international structures and organizations, a new assessment was made of the passing era of globalization, the state of the world order and the system of international relations as a whole; a conclusion was made about the inevitability of changing the unipolar world order to a multipolar one, and the main participants in the transformation of the modern world order and those influencing this the process is factual.

NUCLEAR ANXIETY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE FILMS, DR. STRANGELOVE AND THE HUNT FOR RED OCTOBER

Due to the Cuban Missile Crisis between the USA and the USSR in 1962, the nuclear war was closer than ever. This situation thought as the most terrifying result of the Cold War era has also been the subject of film productions. Director Stanley Kubrick, satirically and critically, portrayed the US and Soviet politics of the time in his film "Dr. Strangelove." Conversely, John McTiernan's film "The Hunt for Red October," released in 1990, presents the politics of that era through American conservative values. These films reflect the policies of the era of unipolar world order, while also shed light on the transition period to a multipolar world order. In 2014, the Russian Federation's military intervention in the Crimean Federal District marked the beginning of a new era. In the following years, the Russian Federation expanded its military operations into Ukraine's interior regions, and consequently, this leads to concerns about nuclear threat once again. In this time of nuclear concerns has risen again, it is seen critical evaluate these films in the current context. These films, which present the politics of the era from different perspectives, were analyzed comparatively using a critical discourse analysis method.

India’s G20 Presidency: Implications for the Latin American Region in the Framework of the Global South

The turbulent unipolar world order is on the descendant, paving the way for a more representative multipolar global order. One of the early signs of this trend was the emergence of the G20 as a forum seeking to shape and strengthen the international economic and world governance architecture. Since then, the G20 along with other multilateral forums like the BRICS has played a role in consolidating the identities and interests of its Global South member states. The article discusses the debate over using ‘Global South’ identity instead of ‘Third World’ image. It also provides insights into Latin American perspectives on India’s G20 Presidency and as a leader of the Global South, given the historical and contemporary strategic significance of New Delhi in the emerging multipolar world order. The article also reflects on how India engages and interacts with Latin America in light of China’s growing influence in the region.

Политическое мировоззрение в условиях трансформации глобальной системы мироустройства

The purpose of this work is to consider the features of the formation of the phenomenon of political worldview in the conditions of transformational processes taking place within the framework of the global world order. The methodology of the research was discourse analysis, as it allowed the author to identify trends emerging in the intellectual space and socio-political discourse, which made it possible to solve the problem of interpreting the content of the problem field and assess its impact on the formation of attitudes of the political worldvie. The paper defines the essence of the phenomenon of worldview, which consists in the ability of a person to have a holistic picture of the world, as well as the possibility of acquiring values and ideals that determine the motives of behavior and goals of life strategy. A comparative analysis of such phenomena as ideology and worldview is carried out, during which the author comes to the conclusion that the phenomena under consideration, having a common basis for the sphere of value meanings, can have a mutual influence in the process of forming ideological guidelines. Special attention is paid to the problem of forming a political worldview in the conditions of changing the previous system of the world order. For many, the familiar unipolar world order today is increasingly coming into a state of degradation. The former system is gradually being replaced by the emerging model of a multipolar world order, which has the potential to form the basis of the worldview of the political worldview of modern Russian society. The conclusions the author comes to are that a complete and consistent view of the world requires consistent work on its formation, which also concerns the political worldview. This circumstance leads to an understanding of the importance of purposeful activity to form an integral paradigm of the world order in the consciousness of Russian society.

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY IN RUSSIA – A RESPONSE TO CHALLENGES: PROBLEMS, REALITY, PERSPECTIVE

In the article, the author conducts a new theoretical analysis of the Russian Federation’s new economic policy launch. The study is based on the growing discussions about resolving the issue of changing the monetary policy in the Russian Federation. According to the leader of our state V.V. Putin, in the next decade, the fate of the whole world will be decided, connected with the transition from a unipolar world order to a multipolar one, with the movement of economic centres from the West to the East and Asia. Over the past year and this year, at many international forums and conferences, the thesis has repeatedly expressed that the Western capitalist model has reached an impasse and no longer works properly. And as First Deputy Prime Minister A. Belousov said today that the world economy is in a perfect storm, and no one knows when it will end. At present, we already see all this not only in theory but also in practice. As the leader of our country stated, openness, ensuring technological sovereignty, reliance on entrepreneurial freedoms, a balanced macroeconomic policy and social justice should become the principles of Russia’s new economic policy. The critical problem of interest to us is the obstacles, difficulties, and myths that await our state’s leadership in the course of the implementation of this project.

Процесс зарождения нового справедливого многополярного миро-устройства и перспективы его становления

The article discusses the process of the collapse of the Yalta Peace of 1945 in the 1990s and the transition from a bipolar balanced and stable world of socialism and capitalism, led by the USSR and the USA, to an unstable unipolar world order dominated by the USA. It is shown that the duration of the unipolar world turned out to be short-lived and today a new multipolar world order, initiated by Russia and supported by China and other leading developing countries, has already arisen and is growing stronger. The BRICS and SCO formed by Russia and China became the center of crystallization of the multipolar world. It is shown that the BRICS and the SCO will become the locomotives of world development in the coming decades. It also describes the hybrid wars of the United States and its allies against Russia and China, undertaken in order to maintain a unipolar world. In conclusion, conditions are formulated under which the process of forming a multipolar world order will become stable and irreversible.

Economic Model of Unipolar World Order: Divestment in Central and Eastern European Countries

Economic Model of Unipolar World Order: Divestment in Central and Eastern European Countries

National Interests as the Trajectory of State Development

The direction of development of the foreign and domestic policies of states is directly dependent on who and how determines and promotes their national interests in the current historical realities. Relations of intense rivalry, both open and latent attempts to change the unipolar world order that existed for the previous thirty years, the constant trend towards the escalation of interaction in the political and economic spheres of life, and the growing informational and ideological confrontation — have logically brought the planet back to the era of “big” wars. In such an international environment, any state that neglects military security and the desire for military parity jeopardizes the very fact of its existence. A rational and clear definition of the fundamental interests of the state, reflecting the needs and mental values of the maximum number of its citizens, is an integral component of conducting a policy aimed at the benefit and the well-being of the state, its growth, and its prosperity. Russia’s position in international interaction, its self-identification, and its choice of direction of development is of particular importance for the planet. This exclusivity is associated not only with the vast scale of the country’s territory and the significant number of its population, but also with the fact that the Russian Federation has one of the largest arsenals of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction.

Cosmic Prison Break: From Gnostic Movies to Conspiracist Cosmology

The article thematically and structurally analyses a group of films usually designated as “gnostic films”. These films share a common ideology as they postulate the existence of two worlds – one illusory and the other true. The hero must escape the false world and reach the true one. As the majority of gnostic films appeared at the turn of the millennium, the article also suggests what contributed to the emergence of these films. As the cosmology of the films bears a close similarity to the cosmology of conspiracy theories, the emergence of the films is shown to be a part of the sociocultural development of the conspiracist mindset entering the mainstream. In the 1990s, conspiracism was out of the closet and gained popularity, but it was not yet perceived as an imminent societal threat and therefore was not a taboo for Hollywood filmmakers. The 1990s were also the decade of a unipolar world order where the absence of an inimical Other engendered anxiety about the system itself, which is reflected in the analysed films.

Demystifying Indo-US Natural and Strategic Partnership

India–US relations have witnessed diverse trends ranging from estrangement to engagement followed by strategic partnership. They have signed various agreements, such as DPA, CND, LEMOA, COMCASA and BECA, to institutionalize their strategic partnership. However, real-time challenges have continuously shaped the trajectory of strategic alignment as their national interests occasionally converged and often diverged. Their notions of world order sharply contrast. New Delhi stands for a multi-polar world order, whereas Washington advocates uni-polar world order. The US–Pakistan alliance partnership has further proved an impediment to the Indo–US strategic partnership. Hence, much claimed natural partnership has not been able to make much headway as their national interests diverge on core issues such as trade, immigration, joint and co-production, and world order. The mainstream literature advocates that these are the teething problems of evolving strategic partnerships, but the in-depth analysis indicates that issues confronting their relationship are structural and deep-rooted. Realism, neorealism and social constructivism prove appropriate tools to grasp the dynamic of Indo–US natural and strategic partnerships by locating them in the global, Asian and regional power structure.

On the Multi-Polarity and Transformation of the International Payment System

In the modern world economy, a global transformation is taking place, a transition is being made from a unipolar world order to a multipolar one. An analysis of the economic literature indicates the absence of a unified approach to assessing the ongoing changes. The article summarizes the views of experts on this process. The transition to multipolarity, the formation of new centers of power, the hegemon's loss of its position lead to a gradual decrease in the role of the US dollar in the world monetary system as a reserve asset and a means of international settlements. The sanctions imposed on Russia contributed to the development of the process of moving away from the dollar and switching to other currencies in international payments. The authors analyzed the evolution of the de-dollarization process, which has been actively developing in recent years, and the factors influencing it. The article summarizes and analyzes scenarios for creating an international payment and settlement unit.

The Chinese economy at the crossroads and the uncertain future of the “China Model”

China’s impressive development and modernization have entered into a politically and economically sensitive phase with the mounting external containment to suppress theseemingly unstoppable momentum of its continuous rise and the internal demand for sustainable growth and qualitative upgrading of the Chinese economy. At the current moment, the US and China are tightly locked in a fierce interstate competition due to A)China’s unfulfilled aspiration to become a true global superpower with the ability to redefine and revise the existing rules of the game set by the US-led global West and B) the strategicdesperation on the part of the US to sustain and prolong the deteriorating unipolar world order and reverse its relative decline. In a general sense, I tend to believe the Chinese economy is at the crossroads of developmentand evolution at the current moment. China has been gradually losing its demographicadvantages over time to aging and lower birth rate. Increasing productivity, rising income per capita and reinforcing its competitive position in the global economic system through technological innovation and advancement seem to be a both inevitable and promising avenueto elevate the Chinese economy onto a higher level of sophistication with improvedsustainability in the long run. However, the US has resorted to the strictly enforced“technology embargo”, especially the recent “chip ban”, to decisively block, or at least, hold back China’s rapid advancement in a wide range of strategically critical industries, such as artificial intelligence (AI), hypersonic missile development, aerospace engineering, quantum computing, and smart or self-driving (electronic) car etc. Therefore, in this article, I intend tocritically discuss how and why the Chinese economy is, once again, in a major crisis since thehugely successful, comprehensive reform in the late 1970s and what could be possibly done to safeguard the Chinese economy during a highly unpredictable and remarkably turbulent time of steadily mounting internal and external challenges.Key words: the Chinese economy, technological development, Sino-US interstate competition and the “China Model”.

Concepts of World Order and their Implications for Regional Power Research

Regional powers attracted the heightened interest of researchers in international relations (IR) when the first signs of potential challenges to the unipolar world order appeared, but after a decade’s worth of efforts to make sense of regional power status, and regional ordering, it petered out, leaving hypotheses consistently unconfirmed. The paper investigates the interpretive framework – the concepts of world order – that underlay the unfruitful hypotheses. For this end, the paper re-examines four contemporary paradigms of world order – distinguished on the basis of their constituents and their concept of relations – from the viewpoint of regional power research. The approach offers a shift in viewpoints that may help foster the creation of a paradigm of world order that can account for the sub-global level. Furthermore, to realign theory and practice, the paper attempts to tackle the problem of regionality in the context of interdependence and globalization. By expanding the present categorization of powers as global, regional, and local to include the proposed novel category of transregional power the rigidity of regionality can be eliminated. The new category enables a more nuanced understanding of the hierarchy of powers as well as of the processes of world order on multiple geographical scales.

The prospect of convergence of the legal system of Russia and China as a legal dimension of multipolarity in the XXI century

The article is devoted to the comparative legal analysis of the Far Eastern and Eurasian states, which is of scientific interest for synchronizing interstate cooperation and stabilizing international security by national means. The pragmatic interaction of the largest states of Eurasia is aimed at resolving the contradictions of the modern world order, largely predetermined by the desire of the United States for the global spread of the rules of the unipolar world order. The object of the scientific article is the comparative legal relations of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation in the process of concrete historical development of national legal systems, which contain cumulative potential for ensuring universal peace and security. The subject of the article is expressed in a comparative analysis of the Chinese and Russian legal systems based on the analysis of the characteristic features of Romano-German, socialist and traditional (customary) law. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the comparative legal concept of Rene David and its epilogue edited by Camille Joffre-Spinosi, which crowned scientific ideas about the types of law and legal systems, as well as the periodization of historical epochs established in the humanities in the process of progressive development of mankind from the ancient world to Modern times. The methodological basis of scientific knowledge was the use of the comparative legal method, the historical-legal and formal-logical, as well as the system-structural method. As a result, the conclusion is made about the unconditional influence of the signs of the “family of socialist law” on the Chinese legal system, taking into account the declared construction of communism by 2049, as well as the completion of the “One Belt, One Road” project (the Great Silk Road). At the same time, a right-wing system of the Romano-Germanic type has developed in the Russian Federation, but Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR on its territory and in international organizations, remains the ancestor of the family of socialist law, which is the contribution of domestic science to the development of world jurisprudence. However, for the family of Romano Germanic law, the Russian Federation is too large in historical and geographical terms and is specific in legal significance, therefore, the idea of self-sufficiency of the national legal system, which is currently obviously dominated by signs of continental law, is more accurate. The mechanical attribution of the Russian legal system to the type of Romano-Germanic law, which occurred at the level of doctrine in the 90s of the XX century, is a predictable decision related to the idea of the existence of a quartet of legal families. However, Rene David in the Soviet and post-Soviet period considered Russia separately from the legal systems of the Old World and the “Young European states” proclaimed in the XX century and not having a sovereign influence on the development of world jurisprudence. These and other concepts discussed in this article illustrate the special place of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in the legal world, as well as their role as responsible participants in international cooperation.

The end of the American domination era and the formation of the multipolar world

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the bipolar world order that existed for more than 40 years went down in history. A new era of the unipolar world order has begun, led by the United States, which now have an opportunity to set the "rules of the game" themselves and change them if necessary. However, in the late 2010s, it became clear that American leadership does not look indisputable, and the liberal world order supported by them is in obvious decline. This was the result of both foreign and domestic political mistakes and miscalculations of the United States itself. At the same time the growth of the new centers of power in the world weakened the American dominance. The events of 2022 clearly revealed the ongoing processes. It’s accompanied by various crises, such as high inflation in many countries, record prices for the energy resources, as well as a shortage of food products. The article reveals the causes and consequences of the ongoing processes.

Restructuring the World Order: BRICS and Africa at the Time of Change, or “Multicore” against “Polycentric”

The article discusses some aspects of the formation of a new post-crisis world order, emerging on the ruins of a short-lived unipolar world order, from two perspectives: (a) the future structure of the new world system and (b) the role of fundamentally new constructs of global governance in it, such as BRICS. The role of the latter’s relations with Africa in the formation of a new world order is considered at length. In theoretical terms, for the first time, the concept of a possible construction of two alternative versions of the world order has been put forward: one of a “single” world order with a number of “cores” coexisting inside it, the other of a world divided into two or more monocentric systems forced to somehow interact or isolate from each other.