Unipath Routing Research Articles

Analysis of Mobile ADHOC Network's Unipath and Multipath Routing Protocols

A mobile area network, also known as a MANET, is a structure that is constructed by wireless connections that connect mobile devices in order to establish a dynamic architecture. The use of routing protocols is an essential component in the process of data transmission across a network. Multipath and unipath are the two kind of routing protocols that are considered to be the most fundamental. Within the scope of this study, we investigated the effectiveness of two prevalent on-demand routing strategies, namely AOMDV and MDART, as well as AODV, which is a unipath routing protocol. These protocols were chosen because of their superior performance in comparison to their counterparts in a variety of domains, particularly in terms of reducing routing load and delay.

Differences between Ad Hoc Networks and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

The goal of this paper is to show the differences between ad hoc networks and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper will show the routing in ad hoc networks and compare it to that of MANETs, after providing a brief introduction to MANETs. In addition, the types of routing protocols will be described as proactive and reactive protocols, where proactive routing attempts to maintain optimal routes to all destinations at all times, whether it is needed or not. In contrast, reactive protocols determine routes to given destinations only when there is data to be sent to those destinations. The paper will also provide a summary comparing uni-path and multi-path routing, by considering different parameters. Multi-path routing often has advantages more than uni-path routing, and Multi-path routing can also result in packet reordering. However, with uni-path routing, traffic allocation is not an issue since only one route is used.

QoS Based Evaluation of Multipath Routing Protocols in Manets

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks formed by several nodes communicating on a peer-to-peer basis without being connected to any fixed infrastructure. These nodes could be laptop computers, personal digital assistants, mobile phones or sensors dispersed in an area to measure certain data and send the information to a larger node. Where a source node and a destination node are not within direct range, they communicate through multi-hop routing, i.e. nodes in between them relay messages between source and destination. The routing protocol plays a key role in finding and maintaining the route in MANETs. Routing protocol can be a uni-path and multi-path. A multipath routing protocol is designed to increase the reliability in MANET. This research work focuses on Quality of Service (QoS) based evolution of multipath routing protocol. For this purpose, diverse type of simulation scenarios is designed to find the impact of mobility, increasing the number of nodes and pause time in MANETs. The results revealed that multipath routing protocol has comparatively less delay (percentage decrease of 81.52%). While unipath routing protocols have less packet drop ratio (percentage decrease of 47.78%) and routing overhead (percentage decrease of 99.30%).

ACO Agent Based Routing in AOMDV Environment

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of moving nodes which can communicate with each other without the help of any central stationary node. All the nodes in the MANET act as router for forwarding data packets. The nodes in the network also move randomly and there exists no fixed infrastructure. So, path breaks are the frequent problem in MANET. The routing protocol faces a lot of problem due these path breaks. Therefore, the routing protocol which is multipath in nature is more reliable than a unipath routing protocol. Ant colony optimization is a relatively new technique which is suitable for the optimization problems. AOMDV is a multipath routing protocol. Thus, if there happens to be path break, the packets can start following the new path which has already been selected. In this paper, we are trying to add ant’s agents into AOMDV behavior. In this way, the new protocol will be benefited by the dual properties i.e. of ant’s nature and multipath nature of AOMDV. The modified concept is simulated and the outcomes are compared with AOMDV, AODV and DSR routing protocols for few performance parameters. Results obtained are encouraging; the new algorithm performs better than traditional unipath and multipath routing protocols.

An admission control mechanism for dynamic QoS-enabled opportunistic routing protocols

Opportunistic routing has gained much attention as a new and promising approach to relay packets in wireless mesh networks. The collaboration of intermediate nodes to deliver packets without a predetermined route, using the broadcast nature of wireless channel, increases the transmission reliability and network throughput. Nevertheless, such characteristics make the process of admission control even more challenging than in a traditional unipath routing protocol. In this paper, we propose an admission control mechanism for quality of service (QoS)-enabled opportunistic routing protocols. This mechanism performs admission control and resource reservation in multiple neighbors according to their importance for the relaying process. We also consider the influence of using thresholds for QoS parameters in order to improve the service provided to adaptive applications. Simulation results allow us to reach two conclusions: (i) the proposed mechanism achieves higher success rate than both a unipath-based and a multipath-based admission control mechanisms and (ii) thresholds allow high resource reservation even in network topologies with scarce resources.

A Survey of Multipath Routing Schemes of Wireless Mesh Networks

There have been many advances in the area of routing in wireless mesh networks and a multitude of routing algorithms have been proposed. In the recent past, a class of routing protocols called multipath routing has gained favour amongst researchers. As opposed to uni path routing where one single path is used to send data from a source to a destination, in multipath routing, multiple paths are used to route data. The idea of using multiple paths to deliver data lends itself well to a wireless multihop network, given its broadcast nature and high connectivity and can offer significant advantages over traditional single path routing – increased reliability, ability to load balance data flows which improves network performance, allows quick recovery from route failures and throughput aggregation. This paper provides brief overviews of the protocols that employ this method and identifies the challenges involved in such a routing strategy.

A Survey of Unipath Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETwork) is an interconnection of mobile devices by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without much physical network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. Routing is a mechanism of exchanging data between the source node and the destination node. Several protocols are used to perform routing the information from the source node to the destination node. The main aim of this paper is to explore the working principles of each unipath routing protocol. The unipath routing protocols are divided into Table-Driven (Proactive), On-demand (Reactive), Hybrid routing protocols.

Optimum node placement in wireless opportunistic routing networks

In recent years there has been a growing interest in opportunistic routing as a way to increase the capacity of wireless networks by exploiting its broadcast nature. In contrast to traditional uni-path routing, in opportunistic routing the nodes overhearing neighbor’s transmissions can become candidates to forward the packets towards the destination.In this paper we address the question: What is the maximum performance that can be obtained using opportunistic routing? To answer this question we use an analytical model that allows to compute the optimal position of the nodes, such that the progress towards the destination is maximized. We use this model to compute bounds to the minimum expected number of transmissions that can be achieved in a network using opportunistic routing.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Comparasion of Multipath Routing Protocols with Unipath Routing Protocols

The latest technology MANETs is being studied widely and attracting a large variety of applications. Due to varying network topology, The most common challenging factor in MANET is routing [1][2]. Future applications of MANETs are expected to be based on all-IP architecture and be capable of carrying multitude real-time multimedia applications such as voice and video as well as data. It is very necessary for MANETs to have an efficient routing and quality of service (QoS) mechanism to support diverse applications. In this research paper, we study the various unipath routing protocols such as DSDV, WRP,GSR,FSR,AODV,DSR,CBRP and various Multipath routing protocols such as AOMDV,SMR,AODVM,MSR.

ANALYSIS OF UNI PATH AND MULTI PATH ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS.

A MANET is an interconnection of mobile devices by wireless links, which forms a dynamic topology. Routing protocols play a vital role in transmission of data across the network. The two major classifications of routing protocols are uni path and multi path. In this paper, we have evaluated the performance of a widely used on-demand uni path routing protocol called AODV and multi path routing protocol AOMDV and MDART . These protocol has been selected due to its edge over other protocols in various aspects, such as reducing delay, routing load etc. The evaluation of all the protocols is carried out in terms of different scenarios using NS2.

Associativity-Based On-Demand Multi-Path Routing In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This paper is primarily concerned with multi-path routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). We propose a novel associativity-based on-demand source routing protocol for MANETs that attempts to establish relatively stable path(s) between the source and the destination. We introduce a new notion for gauging the temporal and spatial stability of nodes, and hence the paths interconnecting them. The proposed protocol is compared with other unipath (DSDV and AODV) and multi-path (AOMDV) routing protocols. We investigate the performance in terms of throughput, normalized routing overhead, packet delivery ratio etc. All on-demand protocols show good performance in mobile environments with less traffic overhead compared to proactive approaches, but they are prone to longer end-to-end delays due to route discovery and maintenance.

Adaptive Routing Strategies in IEEE 802.16 Multi-Hop Wireless Backhaul Networks Based On Evolutionary Game Theory

The high frequency segment (10-66 GHz) of the IEEE 802.16 standard seems promising for the implementation of wireless backhaul networks carrying large volumes of Internet traffic. In contrast to wireline backbone networks, where channel errors seldom occur, routing decisions in IEEE 802.16 networks are conditioned by wireless channel impairments rather than by congestion, exclusively. This renders a cross-layer routing approach between the routing and the physical layers more appropriate during fading periods. In this paper, an adaptive cross-layer routing scheme is presented based on the selection of the most reliable path in terms of packet error ratio (unipath routing). The paper argues that routing Internet traffic through wireless backhaul networks is modeled more realistically employing evolutionary rather than conventional game theory. The stability of the proposed routing algorithm is proven and the dependence of the speed of convergence on various physical layer parameters is investigated. Is is also shown that convergence may be further accelerated by increasing the amount of information from the physical layer, specifically the physical separation between the alternative paths provided to the routing layer.

Improving the efficiency of multipath traffic via opportunistic traffic scheduling

Multipath routing, as defined by OSPF extensions and other protocols, enables a network's traffic to be split among two, or more, possibly disjoint paths. Advantages of multipath vs. unipath routing include load balancing, reduced latency, and improved throughput. However, once the control plane establishes multiple routes, a policy is needed for efficiently splitting traffic among the selected paths. In this paper, we introduce opportunistic multipath scheduling (OMS), a technique for exploiting short-term variations in path quality to minimize delay, while simultaneously ensuring that the splitting rules dictated by the routing protocol are satisfied. We develop a performance model of OMS and derive an asymptotic lower bound on the performance of OMS as a function of path conditions (mean, variance, and Hurst parameter) for self-similar traffic. Finally, we use an extensive simulation-based performance study to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical model, explore the impact of OMS on TCP throughput and performance of real-time traffic, and study the impact of factors such as delayed measurements.