Uninterruptible Power Supply Research Articles

Smart transportation systems using learning method for urban mobility and management in modern cities

The pressing demand for an escalation in renewable energy production arises from the surge in power consumption, escalating environmental concerns, and the exhaustion of fossil fuels. Microgrids, featuring dispersed power sources, exhibit superior resilience, efficiency, and stability in contrast to conventional power grids. Noteworthy investments in eco-friendly initiatives have been made by various major corporations, particularly in institutional structures. The current research advocates for the integration of photovoltaics, energy storage, and electric vehicles (EVs) as pivotal elements in a smart grid. This study introduces an optimal energy management system (EMS) designed to efficiently allocate power from existing sources. To address the challenges within an uncertain and reliable environment, a stochastic framework leveraging the whale optimization algorithm and unscented transform has been formulated. All simulations have been executed using the digital twin of the smart grid components. Results suggest that the proposed EMS ensures uninterrupted power supply, contributing to a substantial 45% reduction in energy costs. Furthermore, the potential of EVs as storage devices is explored. When employed as energy sources, EVs led to a noteworthy 45.58% reduction in power prices, while their use as loads still yielded a significant 19.33% decrease. The study also delves into the analysis of outage effects on the continuous power supply cost.

Wind–PV–Battery Hybrid Off-Grid System: Control Design and Real-Time Testing

The paper presents the design and implementation of decentralized control for a PV–wind–battery hybrid off-grid system with limited power electronics devices and sensors. To perform well without using any maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique from the wind turbine (WT) based on a permanent-magnet brushless DC generator (PMBLDCG) and solar panels (PVs) and balance the power in the system, a cascade control structure strategy based on a linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) is developed for the two-switch DC-DC buck-boost converter. Moreover, to ensure an uninterruptible power supply to the connected loads with a constant voltage and frequency, a cascade d-q control structure based on LADRC is developed for the interfacing single-phase inverter. Furthermore, the modeling and controller parameters design are presented. The performance under all operation conditions of the hybrid off-grid configuration and its decentralized control is validated by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and in real-time using a small-scale hardware prototype.

Vienna Rectifier Modeling and Harmonic Coupling Analysis Based on Harmonic State-Space

Due to the high permeability characteristics of power electronic devices connected to the distribution grid, the potential harmonic coupling problem cannot be ignored. The Vienna rectifier is widely utilized in electric vehicle charging stations and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems due to its high power factor, adaptable control strategies, and low voltage stress on power switches. In this paper, the three-level Vienna rectifier is studied, and the harmonic state-space (HSS) method is used to model the rectifier. The proposed model can reflect the harmonic transfer characteristics between the AC current and the DC output voltage at various frequencies. Finally, the model’s accuracy and the corresponding harmonic characteristics analysis are further verified by simulation and experimental test results. The results show that the harmonic state-space modeling used for Vienna rectifiers can reflect the harmonic dynamics of the AC and DC sides, which can be used in stability analysis, control parameter design, and other related fields.

Current Sensorless Pole-Zero Cancellation Output Voltage Control for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems with a Three-Phase Inverter

This article presents a proportional–derivative (PD) type output voltage regulator without the current feedback, taking into account system parameter and load variations. The main advantages are given as follows: First, the first-order output voltage derivative observer is developed without the requirement of system parameter information, which makes it possible to stabilize the system without current sensing. Second, a simple self-tuner implements the feedback-loop adaptation by updating the desired dynamics accordingly. Third, the observer-based active damping injection for the PD-type controller results in the closed-loop system order reduction to 1 by the pole-zero cancellation, including the disturbance observer as a feed-forward term. The prototype uninterruptible power supply system comprised of a 3 kW three-phase inverter, inductors, and capacitors verifies the practical merits of the proposed technique for linear and nonlinear loads.

Renewable Horizons: Solar Power and Dairy Industry in India

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power, bio-energy and hydropower. It is also known as non-conventional energy. Harnessing renewable energy offers numerous environmental benefits, including mitigating climate change, reducing air pollution, conserving natural resources, and enhancing energy security by diversifying energy sources. Solar resources are available in every country and both Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies can be used to convert solar resource into electricity. SPV can use both direct and diffuse sunlight to generate power, while CSP relies on direct sunlight, restricting its deployment to areas with high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). Mandatory demand supported with higher subsidies for green technologies will positively attracts dairies towards use of solar energy. In many villages, power cut hinders the reception of milk from milk producers as electronic weighing system and milk testing instruments require uninterrupted power supply. solar-powered dairy operations offer resilience against power outages and fluctuating energy costs, empowering farmers with greater control over their operations. As the Indian dairy industry embraces solar power, it not only secures a greener future but also fosters economic growth and energy access in rural communities, marking a significant stride towards sustainability and self-sufficiency.

A Review on Recycling of Waste Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries (LABs) have become an integral part of modern society due to their advantages of low cost, simple production, excellent stability, and high safety performance, which have found widespread application in various fields, including the automotive industry, power storage systems, uninterruptible power supply, electric bicycles, and backup power supplies. Hence, the use of LABs has greatly benefited human society and contributed to advancements in science and technology. However, the extensive use of LABs unavoidably leads to the generation of a significant amount of LABs waste. On one hand, if these waste LABs are not handled properly, any leakage can cause devastating damage to the natural environment and human health. On the other hand, waste LABs represent an important secondary resource for lead, with approximately 64.57% of global lead resources derived from recycled lead, making them a major source of lead worldwide. Moreover, approximately 85% of global lead resources are currently utilized for manufacturing LABs, and the recycling of waste LABs brings favourable prospects for the sustainable development of the energy storage industry. Therefore, the recycling of waste LABs is necessary and inevitable. In this paper, we have comprehensively reviewed the methods of recycling waste LABs. Particularly, we focused on the valuable component of waste lead paste and critically evaluated the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques associated with it. By categorizing and summarizing the characteristics of different methods, we have conducted a detailed comparison of these technologies, aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of the advantages, disadvantages, status, and trends in LABs recycling technology. Additionally, the paper explores the necessity and impacts of recycling waste LABs from the perspectives of resource, energy, economy, environment, and society. It discusses the challenges faced by waste LABs recycling and presents the development prospects from both technical and non-technical point of views.

A deep dive into enhancing frequency stability in integrated photovoltaic power grids

Voltage control strategies (VCS) and frequency stability analysis (FSA) are essential for power system reliability, particularly during high-load periods. Stable voltage and frequency levels prevent malfunction, power quality deterioration, and supply interruptions. Grid operators must skillfully manage VCS and FSA control to ensure system stability. Nonlinear loads, especially under transient conditions, significantly affect voltage stability (VS), introducing harmonics, waveform distortion, and stability complexities. Accurate modeling of these nonlinear loads is vital when traditional static load models fall short. Frequency fluctuations from power generation-demand imbalances require vigilant monitoring and regulation. Effective frequency control mechanisms are indispensable for preserving desired frequencies. Using a Western Algeria case study, this paper underscores FSA's significance in integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into power grids. It addresses challenges from frequency fluctuations due to dynamic ZIP load profiles, emphasizing the importance of FSA for reliable grid operation. The study offers insights and practical approaches to enhance VS, FSA control, and energy management (EM), improving grid reliability and ensuring uninterrupted power supply. We must look into FSA's benefits in integrating PV systems to improve performance and lower grid interruptions. This includes looking into its control mechanisms and feedback systems.

Smart IoT Approach for Renewable Energy Monitoring System

Numerous factories, commercial establishments, and private residences require an uninterrupted power supply. The primary source of this supply is often the grid. Industries, businesses, and residential areas needing 24-hour power inevitably require backup systems to ensure continuous operation of essential electronic devices. Typically, diesel generators are employed as backup power sources, utilizing diesel oil to generate electrical energy. While this approach has been successfully employed for many years, it carries a significant drawback. Diesel oil falls under the category of non-renewable energy sources, unable to be regenerated and requiring an extensive period for renewal. Furthermore, diesel generators emit substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution in the vicinity. To address these challenges, a prototype implementing a smart Internet of Things (IoT) approach has been developed. This study introduces the utilization of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, allowing users to control their power supply source, choosing between the grid, solar panels, or water generation. This control process is facilitated through a smartphone application, granting users the ability to manage it remotely, enhancing monitoring capabilities. The system incorporates two environmentally friendly power sources: solar panels and a mini water turbine, both considered safe for ecological balance. The outcomes of this research demonstrate that users can effectively utilize the generated electricity supply for approximately 12 hours, thereby reducing reliance on the grid and harnessing the potential of renewable energy sources.

Transient Stability Enhancement Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy-Based Unified Power Flow Controller

A power system is a complex, non-linear, and dynamic system, with operating parameters that change over time. Because of the complexity of big load lines and faults, high-voltage transmission power systems are usually vulnerable to transient instability concerns, resulting in power losses and increased voltage variation. This issue has the potential to cause catastrophic events such as cascade failure or widespread blackouts. This problem affects Ethiopia’s high-voltage transmission power grid in the North-West area. Because of the increased demand for electrical energy, transmission lines' maximum carrying capacity should be enhanced to maintain a secure and uninterrupted power supply to consumers. To address the problem, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy-based unified power flow controller (ANFIS-based UPFC) is used for high-voltage transmission lines. This device was chosen as the ideal alternative due to its capacity to rapidly correct reactive power on high-voltage transmission networks. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to determine the best location for the UPFC. The ANFIS controller receives voltage error and rate of change of voltage error as inputs. 70% of the retrieved data is used for ANFIS training and 30% for ANFIS testing. To show the performance of the proposed controller, several disturbances such as three-phase with ground fault and single-phase with ground fault are used. When a three-phase with ground fault occurs at the mid-point of the Beles to Bahir Dar transmission line, for example, the settling time of rotor angle deviation, rotor speed, rotor speed deviation, and output active power of synchronous generators using ANFIS-based UPFC is reduced by 70.58%, 37.75%, 37.75%, and 43.75%, respectively, compared to a system without UPFC. At peak load, PI-based UPFC and ANFIS-based UPFC reduce active power loss by 51.25% and 71.50%, respectively, compared to a system without UPFC on the Beles to Bahir Dar transmission line. In terms of percentage overshoot and settling time, ANFIS-based UPFC outperforms PI-based UPFC for transient stability enhancement.

Design of daily load profiles in environmentally friendly commercial and industrial microgrids

The purpose of the study is to solve the problem of design of daily load profiles for optimal control of an environmentally friendly commercial and industrial microgrid (CIM) (power is generated only by renewable energy sources) connected to the power system by a power transmission line. This goal is achieved by adjusting the planned daily load profiles of consumers located on the territory of the CIM. The adjustment means shifting power consumption to another time of the day in question (power consumption is delayed). The problem of the delayed power allocation is represented as an optimization multiple knapsack problem that adapts to the problem-solving process. The proposed algorithm was tested on a 6-node system according to the scenario that involved adjustment of the load profile in the CIM to ensure that the power flow from the power system remains within specified limits. Compliance with the limits guarantees uninterrupted power supply from the power system, which is a fundamental requirement when developing load profiles. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the delivery of uninterrupted power supply to CIM consumers depending on the initial data. The findings indicate that the disruptions in power supply to CIM consumers are completely eliminated if the load can be divided to shift it to other hours of the day and when the load of 0.151 MW is disconnected in operating state 7. The total load should be divided into at least three parts. Disconnection of 0.151 MW is performed to prevent disconnection of the commercial and industrial microgrid from the power system, which would result in a power deficit of 4.652 MW.

Design and Implementation of a DC to AC Power Electronics-Based Inverter that Produces Pure Sine Wave Output for Critical Engineering Applications

Power inverters play a crucial role in the field of engineering, particularly in applications where power stability is imperative. In devices such as Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), the conversion of raw power to DC, subsequent filtering, and inversion to AC are executed through pure sine wave inverters. These inverters exhibit remarkable stability, making them ideal for powering sensitive equipment like data switches and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs). This study delves into the intricate process of converting DC power into a pristine sine wave signal. The heart of this power conversion lies in the utilization of the KA3525A integrated circuit (IC) in conjunction with MOSFETs of the PN55 series, supported by capacitors and resistors for effective power filtration. The KA3525A, a monolithic IC, encompasses all essential control circuits for a pulse width modulating regulator. Within this IC, a voltage reference, error amplifier, pulse width modulator, oscillator, under-voltage lockout, soft start circuit, and output driver collaborate seamlessly. The MOSFETs function as switches, synchronized with the oscillating signal from the KA3525A IC. This coordination, combined with the filter and other signal conditioning units, enables the conversion process. The design achieves the conversion of raw power into a stable pure sine wave signal of 170V AC at the H-bridge terminals, demonstrating the success of the designed approach.

EFFICIENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT 'RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION COMPANY 'ZOND' LTD

To ensure the correct approach to energy management and efficient use by enterprises and organizations, an energy management system is being implemented. The article is about effectiveness of the energy management system at the 'ZOND' LLC. An analysis of the use of fuel and energy resources is carried out, taking into account the structure of energy consumption and cost. It is established that in order to ensure rational consumption, it is necessary to apply a comprehensive approach to analyzing and prioritizing the proposed energy efficiency measures. The constructive and operational shortcomings of the heating system are described. The implemented measures for the rational use of gas are presented. Lighting aspects are considered, including the transition to LED lamps and the use of natural light. Significant heat losses by external envelope structures are revealed and the implemented measures for the building insulation with polystyrene insulation boards (EPS) are described. The results of the economic analysis are presented. The effectiveness of the measures taken by the enterprise to ensure backup power supply in the conditions of prolonged power outages is analyzed. The analysis of the enterprise's work during prolonged emergency power outages is carried out. A number of both minor and significant shortcomings of the described measures to provide electricity to the company's consumers have been identified. Particular attention is paid to the selection and use of uninterruptible power supply units to keep critical consumers running. The use of special skylights, also known as solar daylight tubes or light tubes, to reduce the use of artificial lighting is proposed. A conclusion is made about the effectiveness of an integrated approach to managing the energy efficiency of an enterprise in the context of modern challenges and a high level of energy efficiency management at this enterprise is confirmed.

A Novel Machine Learning-Based Approach for Fault Detection and Location in Low-Voltage DC Microgrids

DC microgrids have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy sources, and improve the resilience of power distribution systems. However, the reliable operation of DC microgrids relies on the early detection and location of faults to ensure an uninterrupted power supply. This paper aims to develop fast and reliable fault detection and location mechanisms for DC microgrids, thereby enhancing operational efficiency, minimizing environmental impact, and contributing to resource conservation and sustainability goals. The fault detection method is based on compressed sensing (CS) and Regression Tree (RT) techniques. Besides, an accurate fault location method using the feature matrix and long short-term memory (LSTM) model combination has been provided. To implement the proposed fault detection and location method, a DC microgrid equipped with photovoltaic (PV) panels, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging station, and a hybrid energy storage system (ESS) are used. The simulation results represent the proposed methods’ superiority over the recent studies. The fault occurrence in the studied DC microgrid is detected in 1 ms, and the proposed fault location method locates the fault with an accuracy of more than 93%. The presented techniques enhance DC microgrid reliability while conserving renewable resources, vital to promoting a greener and more sustainable power grid.

Harvesting sustainability: vertical agricultural greenhouses powered by renewable energy technologies

ABSTRACT This study investigates the practicality of integrating renewable energy systems to meet the electricity needs of a self-contained hydroponic greenhouse that functions as an environmentally friendly facility with reliable air conditioning and electrical infrastructure. The first step is to assess the greenhouse’s annual electricity consumption and design a renewable energy system that can sustain this year-round. The results show that daily electricity consumption is between 0.75 and 2 kWh, with thermal air conditioning accounting for over 50% of the total consumption. To address this issue, a simulation model is developed to evaluate the performance of a hybrid photovoltaic/wind system connected to an electric storage battery and to optimize its integration into the greenhouse. This causes the battery’s voltage to generally increase during charging (to 350.5 V) and its state of charge to change non-linearly depending on the battery’s chemical makeup. An Energy Management System (EMS) is then developed for the Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES), which works in two modes to ensure the energy balance for uninterrupted power supply. An economic and environmental analysis of three scenarios is developed and concludes that the systems are effective and sustainable, with an estimated payback period of approximately 6 to 8 years.

Carbon Footprint Reduction for Sustainable Data Centers in Real-Time

As machine learning workloads are significantly increasing energy consumption, sustainable data centers with low carbon emissions are becoming a top priority for governments and corporations worldwide. This requires a paradigm shift in optimizing power consumption in cooling and IT loads, shifting flexible loads based on the availability of renewable energy in the power grid, and leveraging battery storage from the uninterrupted power supply in data centers, using collaborative agents. The complex association between these optimization strategies and their dependencies on variable external factors like weather and the power grid carbon intensity makes this a hard problem. Currently, a real-time controller to optimize all these goals simultaneously in a dynamic real-world setting is lacking. We propose a Data Center Carbon Footprint Reduction (DC-CFR) multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) framework that optimizes data centers for the multiple objectives of carbon footprint reduction, energy consumption, and energy cost. The results show that the DC-CFR MARL agents effectively resolved the complex interdependencies in optimizing cooling, load shifting, and energy storage in real-time for various locations under real-world dynamic weather and grid carbon intensity conditions. DC-CFR significantly outperformed the industry-standard ASHRAE controller with a considerable reduction in carbon emissions (14.5%), energy usage (14.4%), and energy cost (13.7%) when evaluated over one year across multiple geographical regions.

A solar-powered self-clean gas-sensing neural modulator for behavioral intervention with spatiotemporal flexibility

The amalgamation of high-sensitivity gas sensors with neural electrical stimulation technology stands as a compelling solution for eliciting behavioral responses in the presence of low-level hazardous gases. The utilization of battery-powered or coil-based configurations introduces spatiotemporal limitations, encompassing constrained experimental durations due to battery life or the necessity to confine subjects to specific locales for wireless power transmission. In this study, we present an advanced wireless neural modulator, meticulously engineered for behavioral intervention in unrestricted environments. This device integrates a solar-powered unit, gas sensor, brain stimulation signal management system, and a neurostimulation electrode. The solar energy utilization eliminates the necessity for battery replacements and local range limitations. The surface of the solar cells is treated with a superhydrophobic coating, enhancing performance in outdoor settings by mitigating surface contamination issues inherent in traditional solar cells. This innovation guarantees continuous, long-term, on-demand operational capacity, ensuring uninterrupted power supply to the system. Experimentation revealed shortened locomotor activity in mice, induced by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) brain region, for up to thirty minutes. These results underscore the significant potential of our technology for spatially and temporally unrestricted neuromodulatory applications, offering a viable strategy to alleviate the detrimental effects of hazardous gas exposure on physiological functions.

WhatsApp Based Notification on Low Battery Water Level Using ESP Module and TextMeBOT

Purpose: Nowadays, we can not imagine any day without electricity. In suburban areas, frequent power cuts happen. Most of the time, electricity is unavailable in the village area to balance the demand and available power supply. So we install the power inverter in our house for an uninterrupted power supply. This high-power inverter runs using a wet-cell battery, the widespread domestic power inverter field battery. The only drawback is we need to fill the battery with water when it goes low. It gets damaged if we keep the battery at a low water level for a long time. In our busy schedule, most of the time, we forget to check the battery water level. In most scenarios, the battery is inside the enclosed trolly. Every time, it is not possible to open the trolly and check the water level. Using the IoT technology, we can solve the problem nicely. So here we provide a procedure to get informed through WhatsApp when the battery water level goes down. Methodology: This project uses several electronic components. The heart of the project is the ESP module, a low-cost wifi controller. We operate six infrared(IR) modules for measuring battery water levels. This module is connected to six digital inputs of the ESP module. We use a one-cloud service, TextMeBot, to send the message to WhatsApp. Cloud services are responsible for transmitting the message to the given Whatsapp number. When the system starts, it will establish communication with the internet through a Wi-Fi router using the provided credentials. Once the connection is established, it is ready to send the message. When the water level is below average, it triggers the esp module. It senses the controller and sends the message to the predefined WhatsApp number. Findings/Result: the frequent power cut is the current electricity issue. Due to the heavy electricity demand, sometimes a power cut happens. For the uninterrupted domestic electricity, we install an inverter. The wet cell battery provides good power capacity and low cost. The water, after a couple of months, goes empty. This system protects us from battery damage due to low water levels. We installed it in the practical field, running for years without issues. Originality/Value: We generally check the battery water level by observing the level indicator that comes with the battery by default. We check the water just after certain month intervals. If empty, we fill the water. But in busy life schedules or inaccessible places, we cannot check the water frequently, so the battery generally gets damaged. So, using this system will protect us from severe damage to the battery from low or empty water. So, this system provides value to us. Type of Paper: Experimental-based Research.

A double-ended third harmonic method for vegetation high impedance fault location in overhead distribution systems

Vegetation-related high-impedance faults (VHIFs) on overhead distribution systems can cause damage, maintenance issues, and even wildfires, impacting both utilities and ecosystems. Existing fault location techniques struggle to accurately locate VHIFs. In this paper, we propose a novel double-ended terminal location method based on the third harmonic component of the fault system. The proposed technique determines the distance of the VHIF by approximating the third harmonic voltage at the fault local, utilizing measurements from the remote terminal located at the far-end of the feeder. This method efficiently locates VHIFs with just two measurement terminals, cutting the need and cost of extensive sensor deployment. Moreover, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of traditional fault location techniques by using a third harmonic model of the faulted system, eliminating the need for complex mathematical models to approximate the fault behavior and voltage at the fault local. Simulation tests were conducted to validate the proposed method, demonstrating its effectiveness in accurately locating VHIFs. The technique achieved error rates below 1.6 %, making it a promising solution for real-world applications in power distribution systems. The ability to precisely locate VHIFs meets a proactive protection philosophy and contributes to improved power system protection and ensures uninterrupted power supply.

Stacked bidirectional DC‐DC converter based on classical boost/buck converter for uninterruptible power supply applications

SummaryIn this paper, a new stacked bidirectional non‐isolated DC‐DC converter for uninterruptible power supply applications is presented. It is a stacked adaptation of the classical bidirectional boost/buck converter and presents improvements such as low number of components; low voltage and current stress on components; high efficiency; and simplicity of operation. In addition, in this paper, the modeling and control of the proposed converter are done, and a comparative evaluation among proposed converter with similar topologies is evaluated. A prototype of 1 kW, 144 to 400 V, is developed in laboratory to validate the theoretical evaluations of proposed converter. Besides that, the proposed converter is also evaluated under different dynamic condition, which illustrates the effectiveness of the converter. Finally, the maximum efficiency obtained is 96.38% in step‐up mode and 95.7% in step‐down mode.

A hybrid step-up converter for PV integration with wide input variation acceptability: comprehensive performance and reliability assessment

Abstract A high-step-up DC–DC converter (DDC) is commonly used in micro-grids, renewable energy source (RES) integration, uninterruptible power supplies, hybrid vehicles, and other applications to deal with intermittency in power sources. Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is a prominent RES due to its many benefits, but its output voltage must be enhanced for high-voltage (HV) applications; hence, various topologies are suggested for desirable gain in the literature. Nevertheless, contemporary topologies exhibit restricted gain, higher device stress, analysis on restricted performance metrics, constrained handling capacity for input variations, relatively lower reliability, and suboptimal device utilization. This work investigates a new Z-source with switched-capacitor (HZSSC)-based hybrid step-up converter to solve the aforementioned restrictions and adapt PV voltage dynamics. Additionally, this paper presents MIL-HDBK-217F-based methodology for evaluating converter-level reliability, assessing the implications of device parametric variation on overall reliability, conducting a detailed analysis of figure of merits, performing thermal modeling, and executing small-signal-modeling to demonstrate operational efficacy. In-depth mathematical analysis of both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are conducted. The detailed comparison analysis shows that the suggested converter outperforms traditional converters in voltage-gain, voltage-stress, device-utilization, and reliability. Additionally, a 400 W, 220 V laboratory-scaled prototype shows 68 % reliability after 20 years. The hardware test outcomes validate the accuracy of both the mathematical investigation and simulation findings.