Unilateral Preference Research Articles

Labour Provisions in UK Trade Policy: Mapping the Spatial Politics of the Trade-Labour Linkage

ABSTRACT Academic literature on the trade-labour linkage has tended to operate within a methodological nationalism that reifies the nation-state as the unit of analysis and treats labour rights as universally applicable. This paper instead starts from the premise that the linkage spotlights certain types of work and worker, resulting in geographically differentiated modes of labour governance. Focusing on the post-Brexit reconstitution of trade policy in the UK and its party political discourse, the paper details how labour provisions were written into free trade agreements, export finance arrangements, supply chain reporting requirements and unilateral preference schemes. Its argument is that these were constructed and contested through distinctions made between leading and laggard states; acceptable and unacceptable exploitation; and desirable and undesirable exploitation – each of which had a spatial politics in shaping where and how labour ought to be governed.

Relationship between functional movement screen scores and postural stability in football players: An asymmetrical approach

Introduction: Unilateral preference is dominant due to the intensive use of sport-specific movements in football. However, little is known about the possible correlation between unilateral functional movement and the center of pressure-based postural performance. The main aim of this study is to examine the correlation between functional movement screen (FMS) and postural stability in football players from an asymmetrical perspective. Materials and Methods: Fifty professional football players (male n = 25; age 21.40 ± 1.94 years; female n = 25; age 21.04 ± 1.24 years) volunteered for this study. All subjects completed a FMS test consisting of seven items and postural sway measures for dominant and non-dominant sides. Spearman’s correlation and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical processing. Results: A negative correlation was found between dominant and non-dominant sides FMS in scores and postural sway parameters in both male and female groups (p < .05). Hurdle step (HS) and rotary stability (RS) proved to be strong predictors of postural stability for both groups (p < .001). No significant differences were observed between dominant and nondominant sides in FMS items and postural sway parameters in both groups (p > .05). Conclusions: The correlation of the FMS and postural sway measures may be useful to identify possible postural problems in football players. Therefore, the FMS test may be preferred by practitioners and physiotherapists.

One Sided Love in Tamil Literature

Kaikilai is the lust that appears only in one of the two, male and female. In short, a kaikilai is a one-sided love affair. Kai means smallness. kilai means relationship. A petty relationship or a prideless relationship means a branch. The content explains that the branch is monogamous. During Tolkappiyar period, it was called kaikilai to make love to a woman who had not reached sexual maturity. A branch was also said to be masculine. A woman is not told to fall in love with a man who has not reached puberty. However, the unilateral preference of the male and female who has reached puberty is ignored. This is evidenced by the fact that the Kaikilai song sung by Nakkannaiyar about Amurmallan is compiled in Purananooru (83, 84, and 85). Masculine hymns kalithogai in the hymns (56, 57, 58, and 109). It is worth noting that all the songs in the muthollayiram are kaikilai songs about one-sided love. A branch is also a member of the Kalambaka. Reliability takes branches both internally and externally. It calls the initial stage of love the inner branch. Showing love to an immature woman is called introversion. The puraporul Venba Malai depicts the one-sided love between a pubescent man and woman. Often talking about veils, the Puraporul venpamalai also excludes one-sided love as subliminal.

Chewing and swallowing in obese individuals referred to bariatric surgery/gastroplasty - a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the chewing and swallowing pattern of obese individuals indicated for bariatric surgery/gastroplasty before the procedure, using standardized clinical protocols. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive case-control study that presents preliminary data for a larger investigation. Eight participants matched for age and sex were divided into two groups (four in the research group and four as controls) and submitted to clinical speech therapy assessment using the “Questionnaire on eating behavior and the anatomofunctional conditions of the stomatognathic system” from the Expanded Protocol of Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES-E) and the maximum tongue pressure test. Results: when compared to controls, participants from the research group exhibited a predominantly unilateral chewing preference; reported that they just “swallowed food”; repeated swallowing of liquid and solid foods, with facial muscle tension; increased cheek volume and the presence of flaccidity; shorter meal and chewing times; increased tension of the lips, mentalis and facial muscles at rest and during swallowing; predominance of insufficient ability with associated movements and/or tremors during lip, tongue, jaw and cheek movements; and lack of knowledge regarding speech therapy. Conclusion: orofacial myofunctional dysfunctions were more frequent in patients from the research group when compared to controls. A need to increase the number of participants in this case series and conduct a post-surgery reassessment, in order to provide a longitudinal description of the chewing and swallowing pattern, was verified.

The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences: Helping the Poor, But at What Price?

The preferential market access given by the United States to most developing countries through the Generalized System of Preferences yields real benefits for the covered countries and for U.S. consumers and firms importing the goods. Americans save hundreds of millions of dollars a year from duty-free imports, and many poor people abroad have benefited from preferential access to a rich market.Against these benefits, Congress must consider the significant costs of unilateral preference programs — to the preference recipients themselves, to excluded developing countries, and to the world trading system in general — when the program expires at the end of this year.Product exclusions, import limits that are triggered just when an exporter becomes successful, outdated eligibility criteria, and complex administrative and customs requirements all serve to limit the usefulness of the program to the ostensible beneficiaries and to U.S. consumers. Trade preferences distort markets and discourage unilateral and multilateral trade liberalization: when beneficiary countries concentrate their efforts in preserving their preferential access rather than becoming competitive, it undermines efforts for multilateral trade liberalization and keeps them beholden to artificial arrangements and the whims of rich-country politicians.The United States should not abandon its efforts to bring down global trade barriers through multilateral trade talks. In the meantime, however, unilateral reform is within reach. The expiration of the GSP at the end of 2010 provides a timely opportunity for the United States to correct the most egregious of the GSP's limitations and to move toward opening the U.S. market on a permanent and nondiscriminatory basis. That is surely the best way to encourage a more open, free, and prosperous global economy.

Bringing Predictability and Security to Developing Countries Tariff Preferences

While most economists criticise the GSP for a number of (good) reasons, all preference donors and receivers profess their commitment to what they consider as a tool for developing countries ‘to secure a share in the growth of world trade’. The political support given by both receivers and donors to preferences as an economic development tool means that they will remain part of the landscape of international trade regulation for the foreseeable future.Under the WTO Enabling Clause, such preferences are allowed if they are generalized, non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory. However, tariff preferences are also often withdrawn on dubious grounds and without due process. This reduces much of their potential value, because traders and investors lack the predictability and security necessary to make long term business decisions based on the market access opportunities that these preferences provide. Indeed, the lack of predictability and security of unilateral tariff preference schemes has been one of the reasons that some developing countries have concluded regional trade agreements (RTAs) under Article XXIV GATT, despite the sometimes heavy price of reciprocity.In this paper we offer an alternative. Based on a legal examination of tariff preference schemes and their limitations (coverage, graduation, safeguards, and conditionality), we make three practical proposals to provide better security and predictability for both preference beneficiaries and donors:1. a binding of GSP schemes under Article II GATT (negotiated under Article XXVIII GATT)2. as an alternative, a dispute settlement regime specifically targeted at unbound preferences, and3. legally secure rules on limitations to GSP programs, including transparent and objective graduation criteria, which may be bound or unbound.Contrary to what is often assumed, this paper demonstrates that it is perfectly possible to bind tariff preferences and graduation criteria under existing WTO rules. All it takes is sufficient political will.Presented at the SIEL 2010 Conference in Barcelona.

Slicing the Beat: Jazz Eighth-Notes as Expressive Microrhythm

Until recently, jazz theorists have directed most of their analytical efforts to unscrambling aspects of pitch rather than time, mimicking the analysis of art music. The perceptual limitations involved in extracting and char acterizing essential rhythmic nuances, as well as the limitations of standard music notation to convey these, have tended to deter rigorous study of the microrhythmic features of jazz performance. In pitch-oriented studies, tempo ral aspects have generally been neglected in favor of scalarand harmonic-re lated topics (e.g., Cogswell 1994;Hermann 2004 Johnson-Laird 2002; Kenny 1999; Larson 2002; Steedman 1984; Toiviainen 1995; Tymoczko 1997). A few other studies have addressed the interaction between the pitch and time domains, although issues of microrhythm are left largely unexplored (e.g., Berliner 1994;Haywood 1994;J?rvinen 1995). An important (and pioneering) exception is that of Pressing (1987), who recorded himself performing two free jazz improvisations and used a computer to extract timing, dynamics, and legatoness information. He found that some of the microrhythmic mechanisms sometimes interacted with melody and phrase structure. Microrhythms in jazz have begun to receive increasing attention from jazz scholars over the last decade, partly as a result of the widespread avail ability of inexpensive and easy to use sound-editing software, and partly as a result of a collective need to catch up with an already advanced pitch-based analytical tradition. However, just as most research on jazz theory has shown a unilateral preference for pitch-related topics, the growing body of work devoted to microrhythm in jazz risks neglecting the interaction between the pitch and time domains. Such is the case with studies where timing consider ations dominate the discussion and pitch information is either excluded from the discussion (Busse 2002; Collier and Collier 1994; Friberg and Sundstr?m 2002;Pr?gler 1995), displayed but excluded from the discussion (Ellis 1991),

Examining the Stabilising Characteristics of Footedness

The stabilising characteristics of footedness within the contexts of unilateral and bilateral preference and performance were examined. Predictions from Previc's (1991) theory of prenatal determination of functional asymmetry suggest a reliance on the left side of the body for stabilisation regardless of context. To test the hypothesis, right- and left-footers (as assessed bilaterally) were examined for preference and performance using a one-leg static balance task on a force plate in simple and complex conditions. Results indicated that preference for stabilisation in the bilateral context was independent of limb choice in the unilateral context. That is, the majority of individuals switched limbs for stabilisation in the unilateral context (most favoured the right side). These findings lead to the conclusion that foot preference may be dependent in part on the context of the task and not bound exclusively to neurodevelopmental origins.

Measuring Dimensions of Belief by Unidimensional Unfolding

The hypothesis that attitudes are measurable entails that differences between distinct attitudes on the same dimension are quantitative. This hypothesis may be tested on unidimensional sets of altitude statements using Coombs' theory of unidimensional unfolding. This theory divides into two parts: an ordinal part (explaining unilateral preference judgments on the basis of stimulus order); and a quantitative part (explaining bilateral preference judgments on the basis of distance). The data presented show that the quantitative part of Coombs' theory is as well supported as the ordinal part and it is further suggested that the distance relations uncovered by unfolding are closely associated with structural features of the predicates used.

Energy expenditure in cyclo-loading processes

A theoretical analysis of the energy expenditure in cyclo-loading vs. quasi-static processes is presented. The analysis refers to processes of a tool-soil interaction, such as implement penetration, cutting, crushing, shovelling etc. The analysis reaches a conclusion stating that no unilateral preference statement can be drawn, thus justifying the experimental results available. It is shown that the existence of an optimal cyclo-loading regime, challenging the quasi-static regime, strongly depends on the character of the loading-unloading curves defining the tool-soil system under consideration. A simple criterion providing an immediate answer to the question of the cyclic vs. quasi-static process preference is derived. The energy expenditure per unit displacement function is thoroughly investigated.

Response of Tooth to Transient Accelerative Vibration during Jaw Motions

Miniturized accelerometers were used to detect the tooth vibration during the motions of opening and closing jaws in this study. During recording procedure, accelerometers were retained with socket to the buccal surface of maxillary tooth. This method does not disturb normal mandibuler movements keeping natural tooth as it is.The purpose of this study was to develop practical use of this method in assessment of occlusion. Twenty-two male subjects were selected for this study, their age range was from 23to 34. Each subject possessed a full complement of tooth. They were subjected to (1) influence of head posture (Subject No.1), (2) value of acceleration response (No.2-6), (3) observation of occlusion and separation waves (No.7-16), (4) examination of uniatleral mastication (No.17-19), (5) synchronous records from effect of occlusion by inlay restration (No.20-22).From this observation the following summary can be obtained.(1) The “slight” change in head posture had little on the value of acceleration response.(2) Tooth transient vibration during jaw closing showed many vertical vibratory motions.(3) Propagation waves were obtained from anterior tooth during jaw closing, may be the determining factor on tooth contacts.(4) Basic components of separation waves were single impact, slide and combined forms.(5) Subjects of unilateral preference pattern of mastication on the first molar were proved many vertical vibratory motions in its side, and occlusal waves were short duration.(6) Synchronous records may be made of use in future studies.

利手の實驗的研究

1. Problem of Handedness: Men are mostly right-handed, and left-handedness is exceptional, and as such it becomes a problem of interest and scientific research. But no definite theory of its origin and real nature has been established. The question of handedness has to be considered from two different angles. They are unilateral preference and unilateral superiority. Though they are inseparably united in the actual cases, one refers to native tendency of using one hand in preference to the other, if it is native at all; and the other to the combined results of such tendency and post-natal practice.This study aims to approach this question of handedness through the survey of the actual difference in the capacities of the two hands. And this question can be treated under three main headings.(1) The actual. facts of bilateral difference and the frequency and degree of handedness.(2) The causes of handedness.(3) Physical and mental characteristics of the left-handed.2. Experiment: We chose five different kinds of tests-(1) grip, (2) tapping for 30 seconds, (3) peg-board for 1 minute, (4) tracing a star drawn with double lines (3 mm apart) with pencil, and (5) cutting with scissorsand administered to the entire group of children of one primary school, 801 in all, of whom 416 were boys and 391 were girls.3. Results and Conclusions: This report includes only the first three tests mentioned above, The percentage of the capacities of the left hand to the right hand (i.e. L/R×100) was calculated and we called this an index of left-handedness.(1) The average of motor capacities of each school year for boys and girls are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3.(2) According to the average of. the capacities of both hands the relative efficiency of the left to the right is as follows. Grip Tapping Peg Board Boys 96.58% 86.50% 91.54% Girls 93.71% 87.17% 90.87%(3) The percentage of children who show the left-hand superiority is as follows. Index of Grip Tapping Peg Board Left-handedness No. % No.% No.% above 101 Boys 1 19 31.32 29 7.60 70 18.92 above 101 Girls 92 25.20 21 5.74 56 15.56(4) The number of individuals who show left-band superiority in one, two, or three kinds of tests is 43.31 for boys and 38.25 for girls.(5) The number of children reported as left-banded by teachers in charge is 30 (7.2 %) for boys and 20 (5.1%) for girls.(6) There is no difference of the total capacity of both hands between the right-handed and the heft-handed children.(7) For one hand only the order of efficiency is as follows-1st right hand of the right-handed, 2nd left hand of the left-handed, 3rd right hand of the left-handed, and 4th left hand of the right-handed.(8) The difference of the two hands is most marked in the speed of movement and not so marked in the strength.(9) The difference of the two hands is greater with girls than with boys(10) This research indicates that the frequency and degree of handedness do not regularly increase or decrease with the age-level.