Uniformity Enhancement Research Articles

Study on multi-cluster fracture interlaced competition propagation model of hydraulic fracturing in heterogeneous reservoir

The heterogeneity of the reservoir plays a crucial role in influencing the propagation of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells. To explore this impact, a seepage-stress-damage coupled model was developed in this study for analyzing the competitive propagation of multi-cluster fractures utilizing the finite-discrete element method. Utilizing the model, a random assignment program has been developed to establish the coupling distribution of mechanical parameters between matrix elements and discrete elements for characterizing the reservoir heterogeneity. Simultaneously, a wellbore flow model describing the pressure drop of fracturing fluid flow is developed by introducing pipe flow element and fluid connection element, enabling the realization of dynamic flow distribution. Based on the developed model, an investigation is conducted into the impact of pumping rates, fracturing fluid viscosity, and perforation parameters on the fracture propagation of multi-cluster fracturing. The study findings suggest that as reservoir heterogeneity increases, the distribution of rock strength becomes more uneven, resulting in a more complex morphology of fracture propagation. Higher pumping rates lead to elevated pressure within fractures, thereby facilitating the uniform propagation of multi-cluster fractures, particularly in reservoir characterized by medium to high heterogeneity. Increasing the viscosity of fracturing fluid can diminish the tortuosity of multi-cluster fracture propagation, albeit with a somewhat limited enhancement in uniformity. As reservoir heterogeneity intensifies, the interference between fractures escalates, necessitating a reduced number of perforations to heighten perforation friction and enhance the balanced propagation of multi-cluster fractures. This research offers theoretical guidance and a scientific foundation for the design of schemes and optimization of parameters in staged multi-cluster fracturing technology for horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs.

Experimental study on current density distribution characteristics in a novel oxygen recirculation system of dead-ended proton exchange membrane fuel cell

ABSTRACT Dead-ended proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) using pure hydrogen and oxygen can improve fuel efficiency and cell performance, making them widely applicable in enclosed spaces. However, dead-ended PEMFCs are prone to flooding, which reduces cell performance and service life. To address this issue, an oxygen recirculation system utilizing oscillating flow generated by pressure differences is designed in this study. This system not only achieves close to 100% fuel utilization but also optimizes water management and enhances current density uniformity. The optimal oxygen cycling conditions were selected based on current density uniformity and cell performance enhancement. The results show that a larger pressure difference amplitude improves water removal from the cell; however, excessively large pressure differences can lead to unstable cell operation. The oscillating flow generated by pressure differences significantly improved current density uniformity, particularly at higher output load currents. Current density uniformity improved by 16.29% at a current of 75 A. The experiment demonstrates that the best current density uniformity is achieved when managing water using a pressure difference at 4-minute intervals, as longer or shorter oscillation intervals are unsuitable for dead-ended performance.

Uniformity enhancement of flow field through optimizing nozzle structure for jet electrochemical machining

To improve the processing quality during the Jet electrochemical machining (JECM) process, a single-orifice nozzle and dual-orifice nozzles with different inclination angles were designed, where the fluid dynamic behavior was numerically simulated. Then, through the L49 (74) orthogonal design and error analysis, the influence of nozzle dimension on the flow field characteristics was analyzed. Finally, the nozzle with optimal structure and dimension was obtained and validated by experiment. Results show that the dual-orifice nozzles had better flow field uniformity than the single-orifice nozzle. In the dual-orifice nozzle, the increase of the inlet inclination angle can improve the flow field uniformity. The influence of the nozzle dimension parameters on the flow field uniformity is prioritized as follows: the outlet slit width > upper chamber diameter > the height of the inflow chamber > the height of the transition chamber. After optimization, the optimal dimension parameters were obtained under the upper chamber diameter of 16 mm, the jet outlet slit width of 0.4 mm, the height of the inflow chamber of 7 mm, and the height of the transition chamber of 23 mm. The flow velocity dispersions under the pressures of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 MPa can be reduced by 25.41 %, 25.17 %, and 28.16 %. The findings can help understand the flow behavior and guide the structure optimization for improving JECM quality.

Comparative investigation on heat transfer augmentation in a liquid cooling plate for rectangular Li-ion battery thermal management

This work conducted a numerical study with experimental validation to improve the performance of a rectangular multi-channel cooling plate utilised for cooling lithium batteries. Seven different designs on a cold plate for laminar flow conditions were evaluated using numerical modelling simulations in the 3D ANSYS program. Three cooling plate designs were proposed with channel arrangements: arc, convergent–divergent and different channel widths (narrow central channels and wide peripheral channels). The other four proposed cooling plate designs included representations of variable-sized pin fins with different shapes: oval, drop, rhombus and trapezoidal within different channel widths. Real experiments were conducted on a manufactured conventional cooling plate to verify the results of the numerical simulation. Results indicated that all proposed designs improved the heat transfer of the cooling plate. The percentage of enhancement in Nusselt number due to the presence of rhombus-shaped pin fins inside different channel widths is approximately 95.5 %, which is about three times the enhancement in pin fins that used only smooth different channel widths, which is approximately 33.5 %. Amongst the studied designs, incorporating different channel widths with the addition of rhombus-shaped pin fins exhibited the largest heat dissipation capacity and the best thermal–hydraulic performance. The highest temperature uniformity enhancement ratio and performance evaluation parameter for this case reached about 71.96 % and 1.68, respectively.

Effect of Fe-Co catalysis on the temperature field distribution during the growth of 3C-SiC fibers synthesised by microwave heating

Microwave heating produce local hot spots on materials, which result in uneven heating and other issues. Regulate the microwave temperature field using different catalyst combinations such as Fe (NO3)3·9H2O and Co (NO3)2·6H2O. The electromagnetic and temperature field distributions of 3C–SiC fibers and the molecular dynamics of the SiC interfacial growth process and interfacial oxidation reaction during microwave heating in the presence of a catalyst were simulated and calculated respectively. The results show that the combination of Fe and Co at 9 wt% catalyst concentration can effectively improve the electromagnetic loss capability of SiC fibers. The Fe and Co bimetallic catalysed synthesis of 3C–SiC fibers follows a vapor–liquid–solid growth mechanism. The Fe–Si and Fe–Co–Si alloy phases can induce 3C–SiC growth along (111) crystal faces. The simultaneous exothermic reactions provide a highly catalytically active growth environment that facilitates the enhancement of microwave temperature field uniformity. This phenomenon facilitated the synthesis of 3C–SiC fibers.

Thermal management enhancement of photovoltaic panels using phase change material heat sinks with various T-shaped fins

A numerical simulation of the heat dissipation performance in photovoltaic (PV) cells with phase change material (PCM) for cooling is performed by COMSOL Multiphysics. A comparative analysis of two T-shaped fin designs in PCM heat sinks is conducted to evaluate their impact on the cooling performance of PV panels. The findings indicate that a 180° T-shaped fin design substantially outperforms a cavity without fin design, reducing the PV cell average temperature by up to 15.1 K and enhancing electrical efficiency by 1.36 %. Further optimization of distal fin distance and secondary length reveals that temperature uniformity and photovoltaic efficiency can be improved, achieving a maximum electrical efficiency increase of 1.40 % and a temperature uniformity enhancement of 71.0 %. Detailed analysis underscores the critical role of the distal fin distance (Scheme 1) in temperature control and PCM convection, highlighting its importance in the design process. In contrast, numerical results of the alternative fin layout (Scheme 2) reveal its unsuitability for PV cooling applications.

Revisiting mixing uniformity effect on strength of cement-based stabilized soft clay

Despite the fact that mixing uniformity (i.e. the consistency of binder distribution) significantly influence the quality of ground improvement during in situ soil mixing projects, its quantitative evaluation was rarely concerned due to the difficulty of measurement from an engineering perspective. A methodology was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the mixing uniformity of stabilized soil using handheld X-fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), which is helpful to elucidate the significance of mixing uniformity on strength. In other words, the calcium content was monitored to ascertain the distribution of cement within the matrix, and a quantitative index was subsequently established. It was observed that an increase in mixing uniformity resulted in a transition in the behavior of the stabilized clay from a plastic to a brittle failure mode, and from a localized failure to a global shear failure under unconfined compression. Subsequent observation of the destruction process revealed that cracks were more readily formed in the low cement zones and then bypass the high cement zones. Furthermore, the effect of mixing uniformity on strength is likely to be amplified with prolonged curing periods. The enhancement of uniformity would increase the volume of the high binder zones, thereby enhancing the overall high-strength performance. The proposed methodology is capable of characterizing the discreteness between the tracked element's measured and theoretical contents, thusing avoiding the uncertainty associated with other indirect indicators. The convenience of the portable handheld XRF apparatus was confirmed, as it can be readily deployed in situ or ex situ to track calcium content within the stabilized mass after borehole sampling.

Facile synthesis of Ag NPs@MgO nanosheets for quantitative SERS-based detection and removal of hazardous organic pollutants

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly precise and non-invasive analytical method known for its ability to detect vibrational signatures of minute analytes with exceptional sensitivity. However, the efficacy of SERS is subject to substrate properties, and current methodologies face challenges in attaining consistent, replicable, and stable substrates to regulate plasma hot spots across a wide spectral range. This study introduces a straightforward and economical approach that incorporates monodispersed silver nanoparticles onto 2-D porous magnesium oxide nanosheets (Ag@MgO-NSs) through an in-situ process. The resulting nanocomposite, Ag@MgO-NSs, demonstrates substantial SERS enhancement owing to its distinctive plasmonic resonance. The effectiveness of this nanocomposite is exemplified by depositing diverse environmental pollutants as analytes, such as antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP), organic dyes like rhodamine 6G (R6G) and methylene blue (MB), and nitrogen-rich pollutant like melamine (MLN), onto the proposed substrate. The proposed nanocomposite features a 2-D porous structure, resulting in a larger surface area and consequently providing numerous adsorption sites for analytes. Moreover, engineering the active sites of the nanocomposite results in a higher number of hotspots, leading to an enhanced performance. The nanocomposite outperforms, exhibiting superior detection capabilities for R6G, MB, and MLN at concentrations of 10-6 M and CIP at concentration of 10-5 M, with impressive uniformity, reproducibility, stability, and analytical enhancement factors (EF) of 6.3 x 104, 2 x 104, 2.73 x 104 and 1.8 x 104 respectively. This approach provides a direct and cost-effective method for the detection of a broad spectrum of environmental pollutants and food additives, presenting potential applications across diverse domains. The detected environmental pollutants and food additives are removed through both catalytic degradation (R6G and MB) and adsorption (CIP and MLN).

Gas-Solid flow and mass transfer characteristics in activated carbon adsorption equipment: The impact of structural outline

The efficacy of adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial emissions by activated carbon (AC) is influenced by adsorption kinetics and hydrodynamics. To simulate the performance of continuous flow AC adsorption process, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that includes both multiphase flow and adsorption kinetics was developed. Because of its well-understood adsorption mechanism, N-butane was chosen as the target contaminant in this investigation. Simulation results revealed that velocity distribution uniformity is deeply affected by structural outline. According to simulations of the heat and mass transfer process, the adsorption reaction stoichiometric constraints between n-butane and AC were achieved; however, full utilization of AC was difficult to reach because of the hindered heat accumulation and mass transfer diffusion. Different structural outline leads to a 2.15 % improvement of adsorption efficiency due to an enhancement in the velocity distribution uniformity. The CFD model adequately describes the breakage curve occurring in the gas-solid multiphase flow system and confirms that heat and mass transfer is the rate limiting step in contaminant adsorption. This article investigates the effects of velocity distribution, heat and mass transfer on adsorption efficiency in equipment with different structural outline, and provide valuable insights into the design and application of equipment for eliminating VOCs.

Modeling and preparation of additive-manufactured laser ceramics

ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing (AM) presents promising prospects for the production of laser ceramics, particularly those with composite structures. However, achieving uniform density within these ceramics is a formidable challenge, primarily due to the intrinsic limitations of uneven forces within the mold. This paper introduces the Density Spatiotemporal Evolution (DSE) model, a novel predictive tool designed to map the density distribution in laser ceramics throughout the AM process. The DSE model elucidates that ceramic density increases in proximity to the indenter and mold wall and reveals an oscillatory pattern in particle density during pressing. These insights have been corroborated through experimental measurements and simulation analyses. Leveraging the DSE model and a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm, an innovative AM process is proposed. The pressure exerted to each layer of ceramics is gradient distributed, i.e. 18, 18.36, 19.31, 22.08, 33.02 MPa. Preliminary experimental results indicate a significant enhancement in density uniformity, with an improvement of up to 45% in the optimized ceramics. The advancement promises to yield more homogeneous ceramic materials, potentially accelerating the progress of high-energy laser technology.

Investigation of the Electrokinetic Potential of Granules and Optimization of the Pelletization Method Using the Quality by Design Approach.

The preparation of pellets using a high-shear granulator in a rapid single-step is considered a good economic alternative to the extrusion spheronization process. As process parameters and material attributes greatly affect pellet qualities, successful process optimization plays a vital role in producing pellet dosage forms with the required critical quality attributes. This study was aimed at the development and optimization of the pelletization technique with the Pro-CepT granulator. According to the quality by design (QbD) and screening design results, chopper speed, the volume of the granulating liquid, binder amount, and impeller speed were selected as the highest risk variables for a two-level full factorial design and central composite design, which were applied to the formula of microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, and with a binding aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone solution. The design space was estimated based on physical response results, including the total yield of the required size, hardness, and aspect ratio. The optimized point was tested with two different types of active ingredients. Amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide were selected as model drugs and were loaded into an optimized formulation. The kinetics of the release of the active agent was examined and found that the results show a correlation with the electrokinetic potential because amlodipine besylate can be adsorbed on the surface of the MCC, while hydrochlorothiazide less so; therefore, in this case, the release of the active agent increases. The research results revealed no significant differences between plain and model drug pellets, except for hydrochlorothiazide yield percent, in addition to acceptable content uniformity and dissolution enhancement.

Machine learning-driven SERS analysis platform for rapid and accurate detection of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer.

A novel approach is proposed leveraging surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with machine learning (ML) techniques, principal component analysis (PCA)-centroid displacement-based nearest neighbor (CDNN). This label-free approach can identify slight abnormalities between SERS spectra of gastric lesions at different stages, offering a promising avenue for detection and prevention of precancerous lesion of gastric cancer (PLGC). The agaric-shaped nanoarray substrate was prepared using gas-liquid interface self-assembly and reactive ion etching (RIE) technology to measure SERS spectra of serum from mice model with gastric lesions at different stages, and then a SERS spectral recognition model was trained and constructed using the PCA-CDNN algorithm. The results showed that the agaric-shaped nanoarray substrate has good uniformity, stability, cleanliness, and SERS enhancement effect. The trained PCA-CDNN model not only found the most important features of PLGC, but also achieved satisfactory classification results with accuracy, area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity up to 100%. This demonstrated the enormous potential of this analysis platform in the diagnosis of PLGC.

P‐230: Late‐News Poster: Enhancement of the color uniformity of a VHOE‐waveguide‐based AR eyewear display through drive signal management scheme

In this paper, we present an enhanced approach‐a drive signal management scheme employed on a micro‐display device of optical engine to retune the color uniformity of an Augmented Reality (AR) eyewear display with a the Volume Holographic Optical Elements (VHOEs)‐based waveguide. Our method streamlines multiplexing complexity, necessitating just one optical waveguide and three RGB gratings to attain a full‐color eyewear display with nearly a 16° horizontal field of view (FOV) and less than 3% ΔELab color non‐uniformity.

Customized modulation on plasma uniformity by non-uniform magnetic field in capacitively coupled plasma

A two-dimensional fluid model based on COMSOL Multiphysics is developed to investigate the modulation of static magnetic field on plasma homogeneity in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) chamber. To generate a static magnetic field, direct current is applied to a circular coil located at the top of the chamber. By adjusting the magnetic field’s configuration, which is done by altering the coil current and position, both the plasma uniformity and density can be significantly modulated. In the absence of the magnetic field, the plasma density exhibits an inhomogeneous distribution characterized by higher values at the plasma edge and lower values at the center. The introduction of a magnetic field generated by coils results in a significant increase in electron density near the coils. Furthermore, an increase in the sets of coils improves the uniformity of the plasma. By flexibly adjusting the positions of the coils and the applied current, a substantial enhancement in overall uniformity can be achieved. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using this method for achieving uniform plasma densities in industrial applications.

Enhancing thermal management in cylindrical Li-ion battery through PCM integration with variable contact area

Cylindrical Li-ion batteries are widely embraced in various sectors, notably electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. An effective thermal management system is vital for their safe and dependable operation, enhancing both the performance and reliability of the system. This study employs a distinctive hybrid cooling strategy consisting of a phase change material (PCM) at the centre of the battery and liquid cooling at the surface of the cylindrical batteries. The contact area between the coolant and the battery’s surfaces varies to make sure same heat transfers from each battery. This approach is instrumental in maintaining thermal uniformity and regulating the maximum temperature. In the numerical analysis, we employed ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1 to create the computational model encompassing the Li-ion battery, PCM, and liquid cooling system. This arrangement utilized eight 18650Li-ion batteries, with each battery housing a 2 mm radius PCM rod at the centre of the batteries. A heat-conducting element (HCE) was introduced to facilitate contact between the battery and the coolant channel. Water was selected as the coolant, and the coolant channel cross-sectional area is 65 × 2 mm2. The relationship governing the variable contact area is determined by fixing the velocity and the first battery contact area. The variable contact geometry maintains thermal uniformity throughout the battery module, resulting in a 74% enhancement in thermal uniformity. Nevertheless, the integration of PCM inside the battery effectively prevents individual batteries from surpassing specified temperature limits. It yields a remarkable 36.64% enhancement in thermal uniformity compared to situations in which PCM is not present, albeit with a 3.75% capacity loss. Furthermore, the study investigates the effects of coolant flow rates and performs an extensive analysis of temperature variation and melting fraction.

Bidirectional interlayer cooling of 3D chip stack for temperature uniformity enhancement and hotspot mitigation

In this work, bidirectional interlayer cooling with both enhanced temperature uniformity and low flow resistance is proposed for effective 3D chip stack thermal management. Staggered uniform micropin fins and curved entrance and exit regions are elaborately designed. Experimental and numerical studies are carried out to investigate the cooling characteristics under different Reynolds numbers and heat fluxes. In comparison with common interlayer cooling solutions, counter-flow arrangement is achieved between the layers and vertical heat transfer within the chip stack is utilized. Heat fluxes of 300 W/cm2 and 100 W/cm2 are dissipated in the hotspot and background zones respectively. Total thermal resistance of 0.18 K/W is obtained. The maximum decrease in temperature difference is up to 66.2%. Both thermal resistance and coefficient of performance (COP) are considered and compared with the results from previous studies for comprehensive performance evaluation. The maximum COP of 11,523 is reached. The thermal and hydraulic performance advantages of the present design can be verified. The bidirectional interlayer cooling offers new potential for thermal management of 3D chip stack.

Uniformity enhancement of a microwave surface-wave plasma by a field agitation

Microwave surface-wave plasma (SWP) provides relatively higher ion density and radical species density than RF plasma, making it a promising plasma source for semiconductor fabrication. However, its plasma uniformity is compromised due to the non-uniform field distribution as the microwave wavelength is typically shorter than chamber dimensions. This could be a bottleneck as the practical application of SWP in semiconductor fabrication demands a large-area plasma with a high uniformity. In this work, we propose field agitation by applying the phase difference of 0° and 180° between the two input microwaves in the chamber to enhance the plasma uniformity. The chamber, optimized for the TM130 mode at 2.458 GHz, successfully produces a large-area SWP with a diameter of 450 mm under 800 W absorption power and 200 mTorr argon pressure. The measurement results show that the system is capable of yielding enhanced uniformity of large-area SWP while maintaining high ion density.

Coordination and optimization decision of assembly building supply chain under supply disruption risk

Assembly buildings, in the context of the low-carbon transformation of the construction industry, achieve superior outcomes in terms of carbon emission reduction, enhancement of building uniformity, and optimization of resource utilization as compared to traditional buildings. However, the supply chain for assembly building is marked by a significant susceptibility to risk and a need for timely fulfillment of requirements. This paper examines the risk of disruption and capacity limitations in the assembly building supply chain resulting from supply disruptions. It establishes a three-tier supply chain for assembly buildings, including primary component suppliers, backup suppliers, assembly manufacturers, and retailers. The study compares the optimal decision-making and coordination strategies of the supply chain members under centralized, decentralized, and joint agreements. The supply chain dual-source procurement decision coordination model is constructed by incorporating capacity constraints and analyzing the effects of supply disruption probability, repurchase coefficient, revenue sharing coefficient, cost, and other parameters on the expected profits of the supply chain members using arithmetic simulation. Research has indicated that when the likelihood of a disturbance occurring rises, the anticipated financial gain for the main provider decreases, while the predicted financial gain for the secondary supplier increases. The implementation of a collaborative agreement between the assembly maker and the parts backup provider would result in much greater anticipated profits compared to the decentralized decision-making approach. The impact of the revenue sharing coefficient on the predicted earnings of retailers and assembly manufacturers is more significant compared to the repurchase coefficient. The selection bias between NA and NB techniques under capacity constraints mostly arises from the assertiveness of the wholesale asking prices of inexpensive component suppliers, leading assembly manufacturers to increasingly prefer the NA option. This paper's research successfully achieves the contractual coordination of the assembly building supply chain, enhances the resilience of the assembly building supply chain, and promotes the long-term sustainable development of the assembly building supply chain.

Numerical and Techno-Economic Analysis of Batch Annealing Performance Improvements in Tinplate Manufacturing

The present study examines the performance improvement in the batch annealing process used in tinplate manufacturing by enhancing the heat transfer towards the steel coils and altering annealing cycle parameters. Presently, the heat transfer in the furnace is non-uniform, resulting in non-uniform temperature profiles and recrystallisation inside the coils, affecting the final coated steel quality. This study modelled a current furnace and four improvement proposals utilising transient computational fluid dynamics, to produce coil temperature profiles and rank the cases by the highest coil temperature uniformity achieved at the end of soaking. By increasing the soaking temperature and time, as well as the coiling tension before annealing and altering the coil size, the aim was to achieve higher and more uniform coil temperatures that could ensure successful recrystallisation with less defects, especially at the cold spot area in the middle of the coil. Then, a techno-economic analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of the scenarios based on the associated costs and the improvement in the scratching defects of the batch-annealed steel. Overall, most cases exhibited positive results regarding temperature uniformity enhancement, but increasing the coiling tension was considered the most promising option, due to the combination of a large defect reduction potential and cost savings per cycle.

Effect of grain boundary engineering on grain boundary character distribution and deformation behavior of a TRIP-assisted high-entropy alloy

This study carried out two-step thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) in grain boundary engineering (GBE) to optimize the grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) and tensile properties of a transformation-induced plasticity-assisted high-entropy alloy (TRIP-HEA). The evolution and mechanism of GBCD in the HEA were characterized and discussed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The tensile properties of the HEA after undergoing different TMPs were evaluated through room-temperature uniaxial tensile tests, and the influence of GBE on the deformation mechanisms was investigated using techniques such as EBSD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the fraction of low Σ coincident site lattice (CSL, Σ ≤ 29) boundaries exhibited a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend with an increase of second-step cold rolling strain during TMPs, and the overall fraction of Ʃ9 + Ʃ27 boundaries showed an increasing trend. When the reduction ratio was 10%, the low-ƩCSL boundaries fraction reached ~66.35%. In terms of tensile properties, all GBE specimens showed improvement in strength and ductility. When the reduction ratio of second-step cold rolling was 20%, the yield strength was 506.7 MPa, which was ~59% higher than base material (BM) sample. The ultimate tensile strength was 885.6 MPa, ~26% greater than BM sample. In addition, when the reduction ratio of second-step cold rolling was 3%, the total elongation was 52.6%. The main deformation mechanisms of the HEA were dislocation slip, stacking fault (SF), nano-twining, and phase transformation. The optimization of GBCD had multiple effects on the deformation mechanisms. It manifests in several ways, such as the enhancement of strain uniformity through ΣCSL grain boundaries, improving the ability of dislocation multiplication and stress-induced cracking resistance, as well as the strengthening due to the combined effects of phase transformation and grain refinement.