Uniform Type Research Articles

Design and mechanical performances of stress adaptive porous structures based on triply period minimal surface

In this study, a design method is proposed for the stress adaptive porous structures with triply period minimal surface (TPMS). The method depends upon the modeling method of solving porous structures with complex contour and the mapping method achieved by mapping functions of mechanical properties for TPMS based porous structures. Additionally, the implementation framework is provided, and the proposed modeling method is evaluated by an example. The results show that the stress adaptive structures possess higher stiffness and peak stress, compared with uniform or graded type, which proved the promising potential in engineer applications, bone implants and efficient heat exchanger.

Impact of different personal protective clothing for firefighters in mountain areas.

Mountain hiking is an unpredictable activity for firefighters during the search, rescue, and firefighting. Could the quality of the uniform worn by firefighters affect psychophysiological variables? The objective of this study was to monitor the responses of perceived exertion (RPE), musculoskeletal pain (MP), and heart rate variability (HRV) responses in firefighters using different uniforms on a 5 km mountain walking activity. The feeling of comfort, safety, and ergonomic adjustment of the two types of uniforms also was verified. Sixteen firefighters were divided into two groups: 4thRUPM"B2" (33% polyester and 67% cotton) vs. GOLD (50% polyamide and 50% cotton). The GOLD group wore a prototype that had not yet been operationally tested. The independent t-test showed that the groups had similar results in RPE at post-march (Omni-Walk/Run = 3.5±0.9 vs. 2.9±0.6 AU). ANOVA Two-way (2x group and 2x time) was used to verify differences in body mass (BM), MP, and HRV. There was a main effect of time (pre- vs. post-march; p < 0.05) for BM, MP, heart rate (HR), mean RR, RMSSD, pNN50, and HF, regardless of group (4thRUPM"B2" vs. GOLD). Rainwater increased post-march BM (92.2±9.8 kg vs. 93.5±9.9 kg). MP (28.9±2.9 vs. 33.2±7.7 AU), HR (71.6±14.2 vs. 99.0±26.3 bpm), RMSSD (74.8±53.7 vs. 126.5±74.4 ms) and HF (48.5±20.2 vs. 60.0±16.7 nu) also increased post-march. The mean RR (875.2±153.3 vs. 673.9±155.3 ms) and pNN50 (33.1±18.6 vs. 46.3±23.9%) reduced post-march. There was a subjective preference for GOLD. Different uniforms do not compromise psychophysiological variables during the mountain hike but differentiate ergonomic subjectivity.

Vertical distribution of black carbon and its mixing state in the urban boundary layer in summer

Abstract. The vertical distribution of black carbon (BC), as well as its mixing state, is of great concern due to BC's strong regional climatic and environmental effects. In this study, vertical measurements were conducted through a moveable container based on a meteorological tower in the Beijing urban area during June and July. A total of 112 vertical profiles (0–240 m), including the concentrations of BC, O3, NOx and the optical properties of aerosols, were obtained. Based on BC concentration, the vertical profiles could be classified into four categories: uniform, gradual decrease, sharp decrease and sudden increase. The uniform type indicates strong vertical mixing with similar pollutant concentrations along the vertical direction. The gradual and sharp decrease types indicate stable vertical conditions with higher pollutant concentrations on the ground and lower concentrations at higher altitudes. Due to the strong radiation in summer, the vertical profiles exhibited a clear diurnal variation in which ∼ 80 % of profiles were uniform during the daytime and ∼ 40 %–90 % of profiles were of the gradual and sharp decrease types at night. O3 is an exception, and its concentration generally increases with height, even under strong vertical mixing conditions. The size distribution of the BC core varied slightly along the vertical direction, and the coating thickness, denoted by the diameter ratio between the BC-containing particle and BC core (Dp/Dc), of BC increased with height under stable conditions. Although the coating thickness could increase the absorption ability with an average absorption enhancement of 1.25 at 23:00 LT (local time: UTC+8), the vertical difference of Dp/Dc (2 %) was much lower than that of BC concentration (∼ 35 %). The vertical variation in absorption ability was mainly caused by the variation in BC concentration. In addition, O3 and Dp/Dc occasionally increased during 06:00–08:00 but remained stable during 08:00–10:00. Vertical mixing and transportation from upper heights, such as the residual layer, could significantly influence the pollutant properties on the surface during early mornings. This study exhibits a continuous vertical picture of BC and its mixing state in urban areas, which would be helpful for understanding BC's regional environmental effect.

A comparative study between traditional and sports school uniforms on cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and waist-height-to-ratio in adolescents.

Improving health of children and adolescents is crucial for their overall development. Therefore, it is essential to explore factors that may influence their health at both the public health and school system levels. This study compares physical fitness components and waist-height-to-ratio (WHtR) in adolescents according to school uniforms, namely the traditional uniform (i.e., shirt and school necktie in boys and skirt and blouse in girls) and the sports uniform (i.e., polo shirts or t-shirts and sport or short trousers). Additionally, it seeks to investigate potential differences in these measures based on sex and school type (i.e., public, subsidized, and private). This cross-sectional study used data from the Chilean national learning outcome assessment system (SIMCE)-2014 and involved 8,030 adolescents. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) were measured. WHtR was assessed as a health cardiovascular indicator. Mixed models and ANCOVA were performed to compare uniform types, adjusting for multiple covariates. value of p and effect size (ES) was used to establish significant results. Overall, sports uniforms (SU) were linked to higher CRF (p < 0.001) than the traditional uniform (TU). Boys from private schools wearing SU presented higher CRF (p = 0.016; ES = 0.37), and a positive trend was observed for MF (p = 0.645; ES = 0.21). In subsidized, a trend was found in CRF (p = 0.005; ES = 0.16). Girls wearing SU from private schools showed a positive trend in CRF (p = 0.167; ES = 0.28). Trends in WHtR were found in both sexes from private (p = 0.555; ES = 0.24; p = 0.444; ES = 0.25, respectively). Wearing SU seems a promissory alternative to promote healthy physical fitness and body composition at the educational level. However, the relationship between higher physical activity and CRF, MF, and lower WHtR due to SU must be verified. Finally, when deciding to implement this measure, special attention must be paid to boys from public schools and girls from all types of schools.

Structural response of the spiral-welded pipelines buried in different uniform soil types to the strike-slip fault

Buried steel pipelines, which are widely used in, often face the threat of Permanent Ground Deformations (PGD) caused by fault crossings. The structural response of the pipeline can be influenced by the pipe-trench-backfill interaction, resulting in various hoop strains, axial plastic strains, and consequently, formation of wrinkles at different locations in the fault zone. This paper investigates the structural response of spiral-welded pipelines at strike-slip fault crossings by incorporating the burial effects in a range of different soil materials. A dynamic explicit analysis is used to address the convergence issue commonly encountered in the analysis of post-buckling problems. The helix angles and the burial depth effects in different soil types and pipeline-ground interaction angles are examined. The study provides valuable insights into the influence of burial conditions and corresponding helix angle on the performance of spiral-welded pipelines in strike-slip faults.

Effects of morphological characteristics of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography on minimalist transcatheter closure in southern China.

Transcatheter closure has become one of the main treatment methods for patent foramen ovale (PFO). However, the population in southern China is generally thin and the size of PFO is small, so the application of minimalist surgery is challenging. This study aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of PFOs in southern China by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and to explore the influence on minimalist transcatheter closure. About 110 patients with PFO closure in our hospital were selected. All cases were examined by TEE including the PFO size, length, septum secundum thickness, color characteristic and surrounding structures, and morphologically classified. During the operation, the procedure time, number of times for the guidewire attempting to pass the interatrial septum and the success rate of simply using J guidewire to cross the interatrial septum were recorded. About 110 cases of PFO were classified into two categories and four subtypes, including 55 cases with Uniform Channel Type (UCT, 50.0%), 16 cases with Irregular Channel Type (ICT, 14.6%), 15 cases with Right Funnel Type (RFT, 13.6%), and 24 cases with Left Funnel Type (LFT, 21.8%). According to the complexity of the procedure, they were divided into simple procedure (n=73) and complex procedure (n=37). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the anatomical types of PFO, the tunnel entrance size, and the tunnel entrance size <2mm were independent factors affecting the complexity of procedure [OR=2.819, 95% CI (1.124, 7.066), p=.027; OR=.027, 95% CI (.004, .208), p=.001; OR=4.715, 95% CI (1.028, 21.619), p=.046]. With ICT and LFT groups, the procedure duration was relatively long (p<.001), number of times for the guidewire attempting to pass the interatrial septum was significantly increased (p<.001), and the success rate of simply using J guidewire to cross the interatrial septum was relatively low (p<.001). The PFO size in southern China was relatively small and characterized by large tunnel tension. It was concluded that TEE could clearly show the morphological characteristics of PFO, which could provide guidance for making more reasonable surgical plans in clinical practice, shorten the procedure time and improve the success rate of PFO closure.

Management of the optimizer's curse concept in single-task diffusion networks

In most optimization problems, loss functions assign the minimum cost to the excellent/ideal sample with a minimum error magnitude. However, this sample may have been mistakenly deemed excellent due to noise. This can lead to an anomaly known as the “optimizer's curse”. Our goal is to manage this anomaly in single-task diffusion networks by giving almost the same importance to a set of good samples instead of just the excellent/ideal one. For this purpose, we introduce a novel loss function and propose a “robust diffusion smooth σ-insensitive correntropy” algorithm for distributed estimation. The proposed convex and smooth loss function is somehow related to the ϵ-insensitive loss family and also inherits some beneficial properties of the correntropy loss function to handle very small and very large errors at once. Accordingly, it provides high resistance to various types of Gaussian, Uniform, and impulsive non-Gaussian noises. Moreover, there are theoretical discussions of the convergence and stability of the proposed method, its steady-state and transient behavior, its computational complexity, and an explanation of the parameter values. Simulation results show the superior performance of the presented algorithm in both stationary and non-stationary environments compared to some recent diffusion-based methods in the literature.

Development and Application Status of Healthcare Big Data

As informatization progresses in society, the data in the health and medical fields is soaring quickly, which promotes the healthcare big data generated. Healthcare is closely related to each individual's life and health, and healthcare big data has both brought great opportunities and challenges to the health and medical field. Therefore, the development of big data in healthcare is being focused on in the medical and health fields. At present, healthcare big data are being applied in clinical diagnosis, public health, infectious disease prevention, medical research, and drug development. However, these applications are not being used very efficiently nowadays. A large amount of big data is stored, but most of it still cannot be used because of the hazards of storing uniform and different structure data types. This paper uses literature searching to summarize the status quo of healthcare big data at present. Based on the background of big data, this paper describes the sources and characteristics of healthcare big data and figures out the promising applications in the health and medical areas. Moreover, this research also focuses on the data governance of healthcare big data and represents the problems now, such as the barrier between information due to non-uniform data collection methods, and provides development strategies.

First Report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (16SrXII-A) Associated with Fox Nut (Euryale ferox Salisb.) Stolbur Disease in India.

Fox nut also known as Gorgon nut, Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) is a high value aquatic crop belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae. In India, it is generally grown in flood prone areas of North Bihar, lower Assam, parts of West Bengal, Odisha, Manipur and Tripura (Jana et al., 2018). India contributes nearly 70-80% of the global fox nut production. During September 2021, a phytoplasma like symptom was noticed on fox nut leaves at Basudeopur Farm of Research Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga, Bihar, India (23° 9' N and 65° 53' E). The characteristic symptom was that some portion of leaf lamina deformed along the veins with wrinkled and raised overgrowth or hypertrophy. The veins were thickened and reddened in the infected leaf area. The infection occurs in petiole as well as in flower stalk. The disease incidence was found as high as 30% which caused severe yield loss which was calculated to be 40% in that particular field. Total of 20 sampled fox nut plants, 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic ones, were collected and tested for the presence of phytoplasma. A nested PCR assay using the phytoplasma universal 16S rRNA primer pairs: P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (J. Jović et al. 2011) amplified the expected ~1.2-kb 16S rDNA fragment in all 10 symptomatic samples. No amplification was detected from asymptomatic samples. One of the ten 1.2-kb nested 16S rDNA PCR products was gel purified, cloned into the pGEM-T-easy plasmid vector (Promega, Madison, WI), and sequenced and was deposited in NCBI under the Accession no.OL873590. BLAST analysis showed that the sequence of the PCR 16S rDNA product was 100% identical to several GenBank sequences of Ca. P. solani (16SrXII Stolbur group) viz. KF907506. Furthermore, analysis by iPhyClassifier software showed that the virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of the sequenced PCR 16S rDNA product is identical (similarity coefficient 1.00) to the reference pattern of the 16SrXII-A subgroup. Identification of 'Ca. P. solani' was conducted following the STOL11 stolbur-specific protocol (Radonjić et al. 2009). Sequencing of tuf gene (Elongation factor Tu) was performed by using tuf marker genes (Cvrković et al. 2014) from 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic samples. Sequence of the amplified gene (896 bp) was deposited in GenBank under Accession number OM174272. The presence of 'Ca. P. solani' was detected in all symptomatic samples, while all control plants tested negative. The RFLP analysis of tuf gene nested PCR products using HpaII endonuclease (Fermentas) revealed uniform tuf-b type in all positive samples. Nucleotide blast analyses showed that the tuf gene was 100% identical to STOL11 strain of C. P. solani subgroup 16SrXII-A (Accession No JQ797670). For developing a suitable management strategy, identification of the vector is essential. Leaf hoppers visiting the infected plants as well as nearby crop fields will be tested for presence of the phytoplasma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (16SrXII-A) infecting Fox nut (Euryale ferox Salisb.) in India. References Cvrković et al. 2014. Plant Pathol. 63:42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12080 Jana, B. R., et al. 2018. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7(12): 578-587. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.072 Jović, J. et al. 2011. B. Insectol. 64:S83. ISI Radonjić, S. et al. 2009. J. Phytopathol. 157:682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439- 0434.2009.01560.

Spatiotemporal variation of long-term surface and vertical suspended particulate matter in the Liaohe estuary, China

The estuary and its nearshore waters are of great ecological value. As one of the important water quality evaluation indicators, suspended particulate matter (SPM) is also relevant to the ecology of the estuary. However, the current research on SPM of surface water is quite well established. It is urgent to study the vertical distribution of SPM due to its significance for further studies of biogeochemical processes in the water column. This study developed remote estimation model of SPM for five different depth water layers in the Liaohe estuary based on in situ Rrs(λ) data and support vector regression (SVR) methods, and the model performed well (RMSE = 24.32 mg/L, MAPE = 26.11%, MAE = 18.37 mg/L, N = 115). After applying the model to 10,090 MODIS images collected in 2000–2021, results show that: (1) Vertical distribution of SPM concentration in the Liaohe estuary could be divided into three types: top-down decreasing type (Type Ⅰ), uniform type (Type Ⅱ) and top-down increasing type (Type III). (2) Seasonal distribution of SPM concentration in the Liaohe estuary is: medium in spring (76.30 ± 10.34 mg/L), low in summer (61.80 ± 6.98 mg/L) and high in autumn (82.28 ± 19.12 mg/L). There is a significant decreasing trend of SPM from 2000 to 2021 (p < 0.01). (3) Meteorological factors (wind speed and precipitation), water depth, human reforestation and reclamation activities are closely related to SPM concentration.

폭발 하중을 받는 그래핀 나노판 보강 다공 코어 샌드위치판의 과도 응답

This paper presents the transient response analysis conducted for sandwich plates subjected to blast load. These plates are made of two isotropic face sheets and a porous core composed of closed-cell foam. The core with functionally graded pore distribution through the thickness direction is uniformly reinforced using graphene nanoplatelets. Three different porosity distributions are considered, namely, two functionally graded symmetric types and a uniform type. In the analytical method of investigating the transient response of sandwich plates, Reddy’s third order shear deformation theory is employed. To verify the reliability of the presented analytical method, the transient responses are compared to those obtained using the ANSYS software. The influences of the weight fraction, geometry of the graphene nanoplatelet, porosity distribution and porosity coefficient on the transient response are examined using a few examples.

Winter Water Quality Modeling in Xiong'an New Area Supported by Hyperspectral Observation.

Xiong'an New Area is defined as the future city of China, and the regulation of water resources is an important part of the scientific development of the city. Baiyang Lake, the main supplying water for the city, is selected as the study area, and the water quality extraction of four typical river sections is taken as the research objective. The GaiaSky-mini2-VN hyperspectral imaging system was executed on the UAV to obtain the river hyperspectral data for four winter periods. Synchronously, water samples of COD, PI, AN, TP, and TN were collected on the ground, and the in situ data under the same coordinate were obtained. A total of 2 algorithms of band difference and band ratio are established, and the relatively optimal model is obtained based on 18 spectral transformations. The conclusion of the strength of water quality parameters' content along the four regions is obtained. This study revealed four types of river self-purification, namely, uniform type, enhanced type, jitter type, and weakened type, which provided the scientific basis for water source traceability evaluation, water pollution source area analysis, and water environment comprehensive treatment.

Numerical Investigation of the Formation of a Failure Cone during the Pullout of an Undercutting Anchor.

Previously published articles on anchors have mainly focused on determining the pullout force of the anchor (depending on the strength parameters of the concrete), the geometric parameters of the anchor head, and the effective anchor depth. The extent (volume) of the so-called failure cone has often addressed as a secondary matter, serving only to approximate the size of the zone of potential failure of the medium in which the anchor is installed. For the authors of these presented research results, from the perspective of evaluating the proposed stripping technology, an important aspect was the determination of the extent and volume of the stripping, as well as the determination of why the defragmentation of the cone of failure favors the removal of the stripping products. Therefore, it is reasonable to conduct research on the proposed topic. Thus far, the authors have shown that the ratio of the radius of the base of the destruction cone to the anchorage depth is significantly larger than in concrete (~1.5) and ranges from 3.9-4.2. The purpose of the presented research was to determine the influence of rock strength parameters on the mechanism of failure cone formation, including, in particular, the potential for defragmentation. The analysis was conducted with the finite element method (FEM) using the ABAQUS program. The scope of the analysis included two categories of rocks, i.e., those with low compressive strength (<100 MPa) and strong rocks (>100 MPa). Due to the limitations of the proposed stripping method, the analysis was conducted for an effective anchoring depth limited to 100 mm. It was shown that for anchorage depths <100 mm, for rocks with high compressive strength (above 100 MPa), there is a tendency to spontaneously generate radial cracks, leading to the fragmentation of the failure zone. The results of the numerical analysis were verified by field tests, yielding convergent results regarding the course of the de-fragmentation mechanism. In conclusion, it was found that in the case of gray sandstones, with strengths of 50-100 MPa, the uniform type of detachment (compact cone of detachment) dominates, but with a much larger radius of the base (a greater extent of detachment on the free surface).

Capillary pressure equilibrium theory mapping of 4D seismic inversion results to predict saturation in a gas-water system

Understanding the effect of fluid concentration in rocks is crucial to characterize a hydrocarbon reservoir. Monitoring of fluid concentration specifically becomes challenging during a sequestration/enhanced oil recovery program because the objective is to understand the amount of initial fluid replaced by liquid/gas injection and identify the probability of leakage with time. The prior assumption of uniform or patchy type of distribution of gas in a rock-physics theory leads to large uncertainty in the prediction of saturation. As a result, we have used the capillary pressure equilibrium theory (CPET) for creating a reservoir model that matches the physics of capillary-induced fluid invasion and avoids the uncertainty related to the type of distribution of gas in pores. We create a CPET model using the reservoir parameters of the clean and unconsolidated sandstone formation of the Sleipner field, North Sea, which is the world’s first industrial-scale CO2-injection project, assuming that there is no significant change in the rock frame throughout the field. The model is then used to analyze the fluid content from the time-lapse seismic inversion results of the Sleipner field. CO2 at higher quantities, according to our research, is analogous to a uniform distribution, whereas CO2 at lower concentrations is mostly in between patchy and uniform distribution or slightly patchy type. We predict maximum CO2 saturation from a quantitative interpretation of six time-lapse seismic data from 1999 to 2010 using the CPET as 75% of the pore space, and the footprint of the CO2 plume in the topmost layer is spreading from zero in 2001 to 7 × 105 m2 in 2010. Our model finds that injected CO2 from all layers below will migrate to the top layer approximately 50 years after the commencement of the injection.

Heat transfer and flow resistance performance of nonuniform distributed serrated fins

This article numerically investigates the behavior of nonuniform distributed serrated fins including equaled, shortened, lengthened, short on both sides, and long on both sides. In outputs, not only the temperature field and velocity contour but also the synergy field were examined. The results show significant advantages of nonuniform fins, having certain characteristics, in improving the overall heat transfer performance. At the near entrance of nonuniform fin type, heat transfer can be improved by increasing fin length gradually, while it becomes worsened by decreasing fin length. The length of the first fin in the near inlet region has a great influence on the distribution of the temperature field. For the best array compared with the uniform case, the Colburn j factor increased by 9.1 − 16.8%. Either uniform or nonuniform fin type deteriorates the flow resistance while heat transfer capability is enhanced. From the perspective of synergy between temperature gradient and velocity, the local field synergy angle at the near inlet region, and the windward side of the fin has a decisive effect on the heat transfer performance.

Application of microwave in manufacturing technology: A review

In todays world due to wide experimentation of materials and wider application in various field and with introduction of reduced production or manufacturing costs, and processing lead times, newly developed processing technology is what is required with these advantages. The newly developed processing techniques should be such that it should be widely acceptable for all types of materials including metals, non-ferrous metals, non-metals etc. Such processing methods are many but microwave processing is one of the fastest and latest emerging manufacturing technology that has found new application in material joining, casting, heat treatment, cladding, sintering, machining and drilling. In comparison to other conventional processes, microwave processing of materials not only enhances the mechanical properties but also redues the defects and has certain economical advantage in power and time savings. In comparison to conventional processes, microwave processing due to hybrid and selective heating, the parts produced has more uniform, axial, cellular and homogeneous type of structure is obtained. It has found application in not only in food processing industry but wide application has been found in manufacturing industry. Though other processes are available in the industries like electric furnace and ohmic resistance heating but the microwave due to its properties like penetration radiation, controllable electric field distribution, rapid heating, selective heat, self limit reactions with advantage of lower environmental impact has been extensively used for industrial and material processing applications. This work describes the review focusses on technological advancement of microwave processing of materials and their application in manufacturing applications in industries.

Right coronary artery of the heart of a newborn Yorkshire pig

The study of the heart, as well as its blood supply, is of particular scientific interest in the field of veterinary and human morphology due to the widespread use of pigs as experimental animals in transplantology. Knowledge of the breed and age anatomical, topographic and morphometric characteristics of the coronary arteries of the heart will allow us to use the data obtained by us not only for experimental and scientific purposes, but also in veterinary practice for the prevention and treatment of pathologies of the cardiovascular system of pigs. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of our study is to study the anatomical, topographic and morphometric characteristics of the right coronary artery of the heart of newborn piglets of the Yorkshire breed at the age of one to three days.The material for the study was the corpses of newborn piglets aged one to three days, who fell after internal non-different diseases of unknown etiology. The cadaveric material was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy from private farms in the Leningrad Region. In total, ten corpses of newborn pigs of the Yorkshire breed were examined. The methods for the study were: fine anatomical preparation, morphometry using an Elitech electronic caliper with a division value of 0.02 mm, made in the USA and the manufacture of a corrosive preparation based on latex milk with subsequent processing sodium hydroxide. The processing of the obtained morphometric data was carried out in the Excel program.According to the results of the study, it was found that in newborn piglets of the Yorkshire breed at the age of one to three days, the right coronary artery has such main branches as the right diagonal and right subsinus arteries. The right coronary artery in the studied animals is involved in the blood supply to the wall and cavity of the right ventricle, the wall and cavity of the right atrium with its heart auricle, the interventricular septum, and also the right anterior surface of the wall of the left ventricle. It has been determined that the heart of newborn piglets of the Yorkshire breed has a uniform type of blood supply to the heart with a slight dominance of the right coronary artery over the left.

Numerical Investigation on Two-Phase Water Density Wave Oscillations in a Pipe under Various Heating Conditions

This study utilizes the finite volume method with a two-fluid model to analyze water characteristics in a boiling channel when density wave oscillation occurs. A 2-D numerical model is utilized to characterize both axial and radial mass and energy exchange, as well as the mechanisms involving flow and heat transfer during density wave oscillation under uniform and non-uniform heating conditions. The numerical model was used to predict the heating power threshold values of two-phase water flowing upward in a vertical pipe under type II density wave oscillation at the working pressure and an inlet–outlet pressure difference of 125 kPa, when the average heating power increased from 44.06 kW/m2 at a speed of 0.5 kW/(m2·s). The flow and heat transfer characteristics before and after the type II density wave oscillation were determined and compared to the flow and temperature fields at various moments. Along the pipe axis, the wall heat flux was loaded under uniform, standard-sine, and inverted-sine types, which represent three typical types of wall heat flux arrangements. Flow oscillation appeared the earliest under the inverted-sine-type heat flux with low vapor quality (approximately 0.13) with a void fraction of 0.6 at the outlet.

Characterization of wheat-Thinopyrum bessarabicum genetic stock for stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance.

Utilization of modern breeding techniques for developing high yielding and uniform plant types ultimately narrowing the genetic makeup of most crops. Narrowed genetic makeup of these crops has made them vulnerable towards disease and insect epidemics. For sustainable crop production, genetic variability of these crops must be broadened against various biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the ways to widen genetic configuration of these crops is to identify novel additional sources of durable resistance. In this regard crops wild relatives are providing valuable sources of allelic diversity towards various biotic, abiotic stress tolerance and quality components. For incorporating novel variability from wild relative's wide hybridization technique has become a promising breeding method. For this purpose, wheat-Th. bessarabicum amphiploid, addition and translocation lines have been screened in field and screen house conditions to get novel sources of yellow rust and Karnal bunt resistant. Stripe rust screening under field conditions has revealed addition lines 4JJ and 6JJ as resistant to moderately resistant while addition lines 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ and translocation lines Tr-3, Tr-6 as moderately resistant wheat-Thinopyrum-bessarabicum genetic stock. Karnal bunt screening depicted addition lines 5JJ and 4JJ as highly resistant genetic stock. These genetic stocks may be used to introgression novel stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance from the tertiary gene pool into susceptible wheat backgrounds.

Osmotic release of drugs via deswelling dynamics of microgels: modeling of collaborative flow and diffusions.

Hydrogel colloids, i.e., micro- or nano-gels, are increasingly engineered as promising vehicles for polymer-based drug delivery systems. We report a continuum theory of deswelling dynamics of nanocomposite microgels driven by external osmotic shocks and further develop a universal framework, by introducing a buffer release domain, to quantitatively characterize a continuous drug release from deswollen microgels towards surroundings. The drug release is shown to proceed accompanied by an active outward solvent flow created by the elastically shrunken gel network. We further find that a declining trend in the cumulative release plateau with the drug size is followed by an apparent increase again as the drug size increases above a threshold. These findings highlight a nontrivial behavior that the resulting hydrodynamic interactions coexist collaboratively with the passive diffusions to facilitate a desired drug release. We show that deswelling of a stiffer microgel (the mesh size reduces slowly) or loading the larger drugs could bring a control-like release type, otherwise a burst-like release type emerges. Compared with a uniform microgel, the fuzzy-corona-like microgel enables a more productive drug release before reaching deswelling equilibrium. Our model not only predicts well the existing experiments, but also serves as a versatile paradigm to help understand the reciprocal roles of the solvent flow, the gel dynamics, and the diffusions in the polymer-based drug delivery systems.