Uniform System Research Articles

Automated Mapping of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures to MITRE ATT&CK Tactics

Effectively understanding and categorizing vulnerabilities is vital in the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape, since only one exposure can have a devastating effect on the entire system. Given the increasingly massive number of threats and the size of modern infrastructures, the need for structured, uniform cybersecurity knowledge systems arose. To tackle this challenge, the MITRE Corporation set up two powerful sources of cyber threat and vulnerability information, namely the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) list focused on identifying and fixing software vulnerabilities, and the MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Matrix, which is a framework for defining and categorizing adversary actions and ways to defend against them. At the moment, the two are not directly linked, even if such a link would have a significant positive impact on the cybersecurity community. This study aims to automatically map CVEs to the corresponding 14 MITRE ATT&CK tactics using state-of-the-art transformer-based models. Various architectures, from encoders to generative large-scale models, are employed to tackle this multilabel classification problem. Our results are promising, with a SecRoBERTa model performing best with an F1 score of 77.81%, which is closely followed by SecBERT (78.77%), CyBERT (78.54%), and TARS (78.01%), while GPT-4 showed a weak performance in zero-shot settings (22.04%). In addition, we perform an in-depth error analysis to better understand the models’ performance and limitations. We release the code used for all experiments as open source.

Intimate Partner Violence and Human Trafficking Screening and Services in Primary Care Across Underserved Communities in the United States-Initial Examination of Trends, 2020-2021.

The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) began collecting data on intimate partner violence (IPV) and human trafficking (HT) in the 2020 Uniform Data System (UDS). We examined patients affected by IPV and HT served by HRSA-funded health centers in medically underserved US communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We established a baseline and measured trends in patient care by analyzing data from the 2020 (N = 28 590 897) and 2021 (N = 30 193 278) UDS. We conducted longitudinal ordinal logistic regression analyses to assess the association of care trends and organization-level and patient characteristics using proportional odds ratios (PORs) and 95% CIs. The number of clinical visits for patients affected by IPV and HT decreased by 29.4% and 88.3%, respectively, from 2020 to 2021. Health centers serving a higher (vs lower) percentage of pediatric patients were more likely to continuously serve patients affected by IPV (POR = 2.58; 95% CI, 1.01-6.61) and HT (POR = 6.14; 95% CI, 2.06-18.29). Health centers serving (vs not serving) patients affected by IPV were associated with a higher percentage of patients who had limited English proficiency (POR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.02-3.05) and Medicaid beneficiaries (POR = 2.88; 95% CI, 1.48-5.62), whereas health centers serving (vs not serving) patients affected by HT were associated with a higher percentage of female patients of reproductive age (POR = 15.89; 95% CI, 1.61-157.38) and urban settings (POR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.37). The number of clinical visits for patients affected by IPV and HT during the COVID-19 pandemic declined. Delayed care will pose challenges for future health care needs of these populations.

Evaluation of fruit detachment forces and related characteristics reveals differential fruit detachments at developmental stages and cultivar differences in cashew

Cashew is an edible tree nut with great nutritional and industrial importance. Cashew fruit is unique because the true fruit (nut) grows attached to a swollen flower pedicel known as a hypocarp or cashew apple. The fruit detachment force (FDF), a quantitative measurement of the detachment of fruits from the stalk, is considered as an important parameter for the evaluation of the harvesting efficiency of machines, and the cultivar's potential for machine harvesting, and tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. There have been no studies on the evaluation of FDFs in cashew to date. In the current study, we investigated the detachment forces of fruits at ten different stages of development according to the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale, a uniform coding system for different growth or phenological stages (701, 703, 705, 707, 709, 811, 813, 815, 817, 819) in ten cashew cultivars. Fruit weight (FW), FDF/FW ratio, and fruit firmness (FF) for different fruit development stages and fruit stalk scar area (SSA) of matured (819 stage) fruits were also studied. FDF, FW, FDW/FW and FF varied significantly at the different stages of fruit development among the studied cultivars. The FDF increased from 701 to 709 stages and then decreased from 709 to 819 stages in all the studied cultivars. The FDW/FW ratio reduced with the development and maturity of the fruit. In matured fruits (811–819 stages), FW and FF showed significant negative (p value = 0.028) and positive (p value = 0.015.) correlations, respectively, with the FDF. In contrast, the SSA had no significant influence on the FDFs. As the FDF has direct implications on the fruit removal efficiency, the results of this study will be useful for designing harvesting machines, screening genotypes for stress tolerance, and identifying the optimal harvesting stage in cashew.

Factors contributing to differences in cervical cancer screening in rural and urban community health centers.

Community health centers (CHCs) provide historically marginalized populations with primary care, including cancer screening. Previous studies have reported that women living in rural areas are less likely to be up to date with cervical cancer screening than women living in urban areas. However, little is known about rural-urban differences in cervical cancer screening in CHCs and the contributing factors, and whether such differences changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using 8-year pooled Uniform Data System (2014-2021) data and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, the extent to which CHC- and catchment area-level characteristics explained rural-urban differences in up-to-date cervical cancer screening was estimated. Up-to-date cervical cancer screening was lower in rural CHCs than urban CHCs (38.2% vs 43.0% during 2014-2019), and this difference increased during the pandemic (43.5% vs 49.0%). The rural-urban difference in cervical cancer screening in 2014-2019 was mostly explained by differences in CHC-level proportions of patients with limited English proficiency (55.9%) or income below the poverty level (12.3%) and females aged 21 to 64years (9.8%), and catchment area-level's unemployment (3.4%) and primary care physician density (3.2%). However, Medicaid (-48.5%) or no insurance (-19.6%) counterbalanced the differences between rural-urban CHCs. The contribution of these factors to rural-urban differences in cervical cancer screening generally increased in 2020-2021. Rural-urban differences in cervical cancer screening were mostly explained by multiple CHC-level and catchment area-level characteristics. The findings call for tailored interventions, such as providing resources and language services, to improve cancer screening utilization among uninsured, Medicaid, and patients with limited English proficiencyin rural CHCs.

Simplex Lattice Design and Machine Learning Methods for the Optimization of Novel Microemulsion Systems to Enhance p-Coumaric Acid Oral Bioavailability: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Novel p-coumaric acid microemulsion systems were developed to circumvent its absorption and bioavailability challenges. Simplex-lattice mixture design and machine learning methods were employed for optimization. Two optimized formulations were characterized using in vitro re-dispersibility and cytotoxicity on various tumor cell lines (MCF-7, CaCO2, and HepG2). The in vivo bioavailability profiles of the drug loaded in the two microemulsion systems and in the suspension form were compared. The optimized microemulsions composed of Labrafil M1944 CS (5.67%)/Tween 80 (38.71%)/Labrasol (38.71%)/water (16.92%) and Capryol 90 (0.50%)/Transcutol P (26.67%)/Tween 80 (26.67%)/Labrasol (26.67%)/water (19.50%), respectively. They revealed uniform and stable p-coumaric acid-loaded microemulsion systems with a droplet size diameter of about 10 nm. The loaded microemulsion formulations enhanced the drug re-dispersibility in contrast to the drug suspension which exhibited 5 min lag time. The loaded formulae were significantly more cytotoxic on all cell lines by 11.98–16.56 folds on MCF-7 and CaCo2 cells and 47.82–98.79 folds on HepG2 cells higher than the pure drug. The optimized microemulsions were 1.5–1.8 times more bioavailable than the drug suspension. The developed p-coumaric acid microemulsion systems could be considered a successful remedy for diverse types of cancer.Graphical

An Intrusion System for Internet of Things Security Breaches Using Machine Learning Techniques

Effective identification and categorization of network attacks are paramount for ensuring robust security. However, contemporary techniques often struggle to accurately discern and classify novel attack patterns. This research introduces an innovative framework designed to achieve reliable attack detection and classification by harnessing the synergistic capabilities of utilizing DenseNet convolutional neural networks and rap music analysis techniques. Our approach leverages feature extraction through the Attention Pyramid Network (RAPNet) framework, tailored to extract pertinent features from input data, alongside binary Pigeon optimization. Subsequently, we employ feature selection using the optimization algorithm (BPOA). Once the optimal features are identified, we employ the Densenet201 model to categorize attacks across various datasets, including Bot-IoT, CICIDS2017, and CICIDS2019, through deep learning methodologies. To address the challenge posed by imbalanced data, we introduce conditional generative adversarial networks for generating additional data samples for minority classes, thus mitigating the issue. In contrast to recent intrusion detection methods, our results showcase the model’s exceptional precision in detecting and categorizing achieving accuracy rates of 99.12%, 99.01%, and 99.18% for Bot-IoT, CICIDS2017, and CICIDS2019 datasets, respectively. Despite the potential benefits of a machine learning-based intrusion detection system (IDS) for Internet of Things (IoT) security, several limitations must be considered. These include the lack of standardized security protocols across various IoT devices and platforms, which makes it challenging to develop a uniform IDS. Furthermore, machine learning models, including those for intrusion detection, can be vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can circumvent or mislead the model’s decision-making process. Thus, the potential for sophisticated attacks on IoT systems must be considered when developing such a system.

Identifying Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation

ObjectiveTo investigate whether racial, ethnic, and linguistic disparities exist at discharge from an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) by examining change in Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores and discharge destination. DesignThis is a retrospective study using our IRF's data from the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation from 2013-2019. FIM scores and discharge destination were compared between race, language, and ethnic groups, with adjustment for patient characteristics. SettingAn urban hospital with a level 1 trauma center, comprehensive stroke center, and IRF with Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF) certification. Participants2518 patients admitted to the IRF from 2013-2019 (N=2518). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresChange in FIM score and discharge destination. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, non-White patients and patients with limited English proficiency had significantly lower functional recovery, as measured by smaller changes in FIM scores from IRF admission to discharge. Additionally, both groups were more likely to be discharged home with home health care than to a skilled nursing facility, compared with White and English-speaking patients. Disparities in discharge destination persisted within patients with noncommercial insurance (Medicaid or Medicare) and a stroke diagnosis but not within those who had commercial insurance or a nonstroke diagnosis. ConclusionsRacial and linguistic disparities were identified within our CARF certified IRF; however, the organization is committed to reducing health care disparities. Next steps will include investigating interventions to reduce disparities.

Performance of perimetric glaucoma staging systems and their preference patterns among the Indian eye care practitioners.

Various systems are available to stage glaucomatous field defects into different severity grades. Still, the preference for such systems among Indian eye care practitioners (ECPs) and the consensus between them are not explored. To compare the clinical performance of perimetric glaucoma staging systems and to assess their preference patterns among Indian ECPs. Retro-prospective cross-sectional study. Three investigators stratified 400 perimetry reports using four systems: Hodapp Anderson Parrish (HAP), enhanced Glaucoma Severity Staging (eGSS), Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS), and Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS). Their performance was compared in terms of agreement and association. Following this, 30 ECPs from across the country segregated a subset of reports (n = 20) into different stages based on their system of choice, and their preferences/perceptions about the available perimetry staging systems were enquired and documented. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, Cohen's kappa, and Spearman's correlation. For the consolidated severity stages, substantial agreements (K ranging from 0.61 to 0.75) were found between all the systems, except for HAP-CIGTS (K = 0.58) and AGIS-CIGTS (K = 0.51). All ECPs were aware of perimetry staging systems, and a high preference was reported for HAP (97%) due to ease of implementation and interpretation. Among the four staging systems, the highest agreement was found between HAP and eGSS. A majority of ECPs proposed the need for a uniform classification system across the practices for clinical comparisons and patient education.

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: Current progress and challenges.

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived kidney organoids share similarities with the fetal kidney. However, the current hPSC-derived kidney organoids have some limitations, including the inability to perform nephrogenesis and lack of a corticomedullary definition, uniform vascular system, and coordinated exit pathway for urinary filtrate. Therefore, further studies are required to produce hPSC-derived kidney organoids that accurately mimic human kidneys to facilitate research on kidney development, regeneration, disease modeling, and drug screening. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation of hPSC-derived kidney organoids, how these organoids contribute to the understanding of human kidney development and research in disease modeling. Additionally, the limitations, future research focus, and applications of hPSC-derived kidney organoids were highlighted.

Approach to Nonmass Lesions on Breast Ultrasound

AbstractNonmass lesions in breast ultrasound (US) are areas of altered echogenicity without definite margins or mass effect. However, these lesions may show calcifications, associated architectural distortion, or shadowing just like masses. They vary in their echogenicity, distribution, ductal or nonductal appearance and the associated features that can be seen in variety of benign and malignant pathologies. With no uniform definition or classification system, there is no standardized approach in further risk categorization and management strategies of these lesions. Malignant nonmass lesions are not uncommon and few sonographic features can help in differentiating benign and malignant pathologies. US-guided tissue sampling or lesion localization can be preferred in the nonmass lesions identified on second look US after magnetic resonance imaging or mammography. This article aims to describe various imaging patterns and attempts to provide an algorithmic approach to nonmass findings on breast US.

Expression of HER2 in high-grade urothelial carcinoma based on Chinese expert consensus and the clinical effects of disitamab vedotin-tislelizumab combination therapy in the treatment of advanced patients.

Background: A vast number of researchers have discovered high levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC), but they do not use a uniform scoring system. Based on the 2021 edition of clinical pathological expert consensus on HER-2 testing in UC in China, we investigated the expression level and clinical significance of HER2 in high-grade UC. Furthermore, we looked at the prognosis of patients with locally advanced/metastatic UC after combining HER2 targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) medication disitamab vedotin (DV) with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor tislelizumab. Patients and methods: From 2019 to 2022, we collected paraffin specimens of UC from the Department of Urology at the Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University. HER2 expression-related factors were investigated. Patients with advanced UC who have failed systemic chemotherapy at least once and had received immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) medication during second-line treatment were selected and treated with DV in combination with tislelizumab. We assessed the therapy's efficacy and safety. Results: 185 patients with high-grade UC were included in this investigation. 127 patients (68.7%) were HER2 positive (IHC 2+/3+) according to the 2021 Clinical pathological expert consensus on HER2 testing in UC in China. The clinical stage of UC differed statistically significantly between the HER2-and HER2+ groups (p = 0.019). Sixteen advanced UC patients were treated with DV and tislelizumab for a median of 14months. The disease control rate was 87.5%, while the objective response rate (ORR) was 62.5%. The ORR of HER2+ individuals was higher than that of HER2-individuals (70.0% vs. 50.0%). The median progression-free survival or overall survival was not reached. In this study, the incidence of treatment-related adverse events was 68.8% (11/16), with all of them being grade 1 or 2 adverse reactions. Conclusion: HER2 protein expressed at a high percentage in UC, and 68.7% patients expressed HER2 positive (IHC 2+/3+). HER2+ expression is positively correlated with higher clinical stage of UC. HER2 targeted ADC drug disitamab vedotin combining with PD-1 inhibitor tislelizumab has shown efficacy, safety and controllable adverse reactions in the treatment of advanced UC.

Fabrication of high-preformance emulsifier from conjugating maltodextrin onto myofibrillar protein peptide with microwave- ultrasound synergy

In this study, we systematically investigated the emulsifying capabilities of myofibrillar protein (MP)- and MP peptide (MPP)-based conjugates synthesized through intensification techniques: water bath (WB), microwave, ultrasound, and the combined ultrasound-microwave (UM) methods. Compared with WB, microwave, and ultrasound treatments, the combined UM treatment greatly promoted the glycation reaction because ultrasound and microwave mutually reinforced modification effects. The resultant conjugate structure tended to unfold with more flexible conformation and homogeneous morphology. Moreover, the emulsifying properties of conjugates developed with single and combined ultrasound-assisted glycation displayed substantial improvement, and pre-hydrolysis further enhanced these performances, as observed in the Principal Component Analysis as well. Remarkably, MPP grafted by maltodextrin with the assistance of a combined UM field produced the smallest and most uniform emulsion system, positioning it as the most efficient emulsifier among all the fabricated glycoconjugates. Our study highlighted the potential of synergistically applying ultrasound and microwave techniques to develop a well-performance glycation with an ideal conjugate structure, in which they would be associated into a strong film that provided the robust physical barrier, creaming stability, heat retention, and oxidation resistance. These findings offered a basis for better utilizing complex ultrasonic technology to develop novel and improved MP-based food products.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANOMALY DETECTION BASED ON BENFORD LAW AND BENEISH MODEL: CASE OF A PUBLIC SECTOR HOSPITAL

Public financial management reforms played an important role in the restructuring of social institutions and organizations. Researchers examined the effects of the reform according to their expertise. However, the research has focused on the results and the effects of the results rather than focusing on the starting point of the actions of the main actors who are the source of knowledge. In our research, first of all, the social life world of a public hospital was schematized. The hospital information management system (HIS) data, where the main actor actions are recorded at the starting point of the information source, was accessed and the accuracy of these data was analyzed with Benford’s Law, which can be considered as data mining. There are two databases (subsystems) in the public hospital where sales revenues are tracked. These are HIS and uniform accounting system (UAS). The information produced in HIS consists of unstructured data. By structuring this data with accounting information, HIS financial statement variables were created. Logit analysis, which is considered one of the machine learning techniques, was performed using the HIS financial statement variables and the existing UAS financial statement variables Beneish Model. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference between HIS financial statements and UAS financial statements. It is argued that this difference can be eliminated by using accounting language (accounting coding system).

The effect of center experience on allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia.

This study aimed to address the prognostic impact of center experience based on the data of 7821 adults with acute myeloid leukemia who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from 2010 to 2019 in Japan, where medical care was provided within a uniform healthcare system. Center experience was defined based on the number of allogeneic HCTs performed for any indication during the study period, by which centers were divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-volume centers. After adjusting for known confounding factors, the risk of overall mortality was lowest for the high-volume centers and highest for the low-volume centers, with the difference between the center categories attributed primarily to the risk of relapse. Patients transplanted at high-volume centers had higher risks of acute and chronic graft-versus-host diseases but without an increased risk of non-relapse mortality (NRM). These findings reveal the presence of a center effect in allogeneic HCT conducted during the past decade in Japan, highlighting the difference in relapse based on center experience. The weaker effect on NRM compared with that on relapse suggests that the transplantation care quality is becoming equalized across the country.

Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates at Federally Qualified Health Centers From 2014 to 2022: Incomplete Recovery From COVID-19 and Worsening Disparities.

Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) provide preventive health services such as colorectal cancer (CRC) screening to low-income and underinsured individuals. Overall CRC screening participation in the United States declined during the COVID-19 pandemic and recovered by 2021; however, trends in underresourced settings are unknown. Using Uniform Data System data from 2014 to 2022, we assessed trends in FQHC CRC screening rates nationally, in California, and in Los Angeles County and determined clinic-level factors associated with recent screening rate changes. For each FQHC, we calculated the screening rate change from 2019 to 2020, 2020 to 2021, and 2020 to 2022. We used mixed-effects linear regression to determine clinic-level characteristics associated with each screening rate change. Across all FQHC (n = 1,281), 7,016,181 patients were eligible for CRC screening in 2022. Across the United States and in California, median screening rates increased from 2014 to 2019, severely declined in 2020, and failed to return to prepandemic levels by 2022. Both nationally and in California, CRC screening declined most dramatically from 2019 to 2020 in FQHC serving majority Hispanic/Latino patients or a high proportion of patients experiencing homelessness. From 2020 to 2022, screening rates did not recover completely in US FQHC, with disproportionate recovery among FQHC serving majority non-Hispanic Black patients. CRC screening rates at FQHC did not return to prepandemic levels by 2022, and recovery varied by FQHC patient characteristics. Tailored interventions addressing low and decreasing CRC screening rates in FQHC are urgently needed to mitigate worsening CRC disparities.

Study protocol of a national multicentre prospective evaluation study assessing the validity and impact of the Dutch Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) in the Netherlands

IntroductionEarly recognition of clinical deterioration and timely intervention are important to improve morbidity and mortality in paediatric care. The Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) is a scoring system aiming to...

Advancements in neural network techniques for electric and magnetic field reconstruction: Application to ion radiography

In the realm of high-energy-density laboratory plasma experiments, ion radiography is a vital tool for measuring electromagnetic fields. Leveraging the deflection of injected protons, ion imaging can reveal the intricate patterns of electromagnetic fields within the plasma. However, the complex task of reconstructing electromagnetic fields within the plasma system from ion images presents a formidable challenge. In response, we propose the application of neural network techniques to facilitate electromagnetic field reconstructions. For the training data, we generate corresponding particle data on ion radiography with diverse field profiles in the plasma system, drawing from analytical solutions of charged particle motions and test-particle simulations. With these training data, our expectation is that the developed neural network can assimilate information from ion radiography and accurately predict the corresponding field profiles. In this study, our primary emphasis is on developing these techniques within the context of the simplest setups, specifically uniform (single-layer) or two-layer systems. We begin by examining systems with only electric or magnetic fields and subsequently extend our exploration to systems with combined electromagnetic fields. Our findings demonstrate the viability of employing neural networks for electromagnetic field reconstructions. In all the presented scenarios, the correlation coefficients between the actual and neural network-predicted values consistently reach 0.99. We have also learned that physics concepts can help us understand the weaknesses in neural network performance and identify directions for improvement.

Segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct in a New Zealand white rabbit and a review of the literature.

In females, the paramesonephric (syn: Müllerian) duct gives rise to the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and part of the vagina. Segmental uterine aplasia resulting from a paramesonephric duct abnormality has been reported in a range of species including bovids, canids, felids, equids, camelids, and lagomorphs. Here we document segmental aplasia of the left paramesonephric duct in a New Zealand white rabbit. The proximal 70 mm of the left uterine tube was present and terminated in adipose tissue. A 10 × 2 × 1-mm tag of cream tissue was present and was composed of sheets of adipose tissue and streams of smooth muscle, but otherwise, there was no evidence of the left uterine horn, supporting a diagnosis of unilateral uterine aplasia (uterus unicornis) analogous to a human class II (unicornuate uterus) lesion of the "no horn" subtype. In addition, our case had a concurrent uterine tube fimbrial cyst, minor cysts in the left kidney, and mammary gland hyperplasia with secretory activity. We suggest the adoption of a uniform classification system specifically for lagomorph uterine anomalies. Large-scale multi-center studies documenting prevalence of such lesions would facilitate identification of trends in laterality and other factors.

Right To Property and Maintenance of Illegitimate Child Under Hindu Law

The concept of property is evolving from the days of adopting the law relating to property of Hindu people. The laws relating to property undergoes many changes from time to time as to accommodate the changing need of the society. The major changes in the law of property held after the adoption of our Constitution. The Article 14 of the Constitution of India guarantees equality among men and women as a fundamental right. Following by Article 15 which allows special provisions can be made for women and child. Article 19 1(f) which said that right to property was a fundamental right, which later on amended and now property is a legal right under article 300A of the Constitution of India. Article 39(f) which is directive principle also concern about the safeguard of the child. The court observed that right to property is not only a constitutional right but also a human right1, and no person can be deprived of his property save and except by and in accordance with law. Due to Constitutional guarantees the legislature has brought Hindu Succession Act in 19562 and Hindu Marriage Act in 19553 along with three other Acts. Hindu Succession Act has amended and codified the law relating to intestate succession4. This Act has laid down a uniform and comprehensive system of inheritance of property. Moreover this Act gave rights to women to property which were unknown till then. The provision of this Act in relation to property is clear for legitimate child, but is silent for illegitimate child. The paper will focus on the right of illegitimate progeny to maintenance from their parents as well as right of inheritance to their parents self acquired as well as ancestral property in a Hindu family.

Chemical Data and Relationships for a Scoring Algorithm of Extra Virgin Olive Oil's Nutritional Value.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a valuable product and is highly appreciated by consumers for its great nutritional value. However, to date, there has been a lack of uniform systems capable of ranking the nutritional value of EVOO based on its chemical composition in terms of macro- and micronutrients (including phenolic compounds and tocopherols). The aim of this study was to propose a scoring algorithm to rank the nutritional value of EVOO samples, considering their chemical composition in macro- and micronutrients and their sensitivity to oxidation phenomena. Data from more than 1000 EVOO samples were used to assess the variability of the data, considering the selected negative parameters (free acidity, peroxide value, spectrophotometric indices) and positive components (composition in tocopherols via HPLC-DAD, phenolic compounds via HPLC-DAD, and fatty acids via GC-MS) so as to ensure the universal validity of the scoring algorithm. The dataset included samples from the main producing countries worldwide, in addition to Australia, across several production years; data were selected to represent different production realities. A mathematical model was set up for each chemical component, resulting in six variable values. By combining these values with a dimensionless constant value, the algorithm for computing the nutritional value score (NVS) was defined. It allows the nutritional value of an oil to be ranked on a scale of 0 to 100 based on its chemical composition. The algorithm was then successfully tested using chemical data from about 300 EVOO samples obtained from laboratories from different Italian regions. The proposed NVS is a simple and objective tool for scoring the nutritional value of an EVOO, easy to understand for both producers and consumers.