Uniformitarian Research Articles

Positional factors in syllabification

AbstractFrom the perspective of standard generative phonological theory, syllable structure is not recorded in the lexicon but it is obtained by means of a syllabification algorithm based on a series of principles. In a given language, the algorithm should parse obstruent+liquid clusters as tautosyllabic both in word-initial and word-internal positions. The tautosyllabic parse as a branching onset complies with all principles on which the syllable-building algorithm is based. In standard theory, if branching onsets of obstruent+liquid are allowed in a language and documented in word-initial position, tautosyllabic parse is predicted to hold also word-internally. Likewise, Kaye’s (1992) Uniformity Principle makes the same prediction, since it states that sequences of contiguous positions that are in a governing relation and contain the same phonological material have the same constituent structure. The present paper draws attention to empirical data showing obstruent+liquid clusters being parsed tautosyllabically in word-initial position and heterosyllabically in word-internal position in the same language. An account is proposed to explain the data discussed, claiming that positional factors may also be relevant in determining syllabification.

Tax Uniformity as a Requirement of Justice

Barbara Fried takes the view that uniform taxation—that is, a single rate applicable to all income levels—cannot be defended on any grounds of justice. She goes further by saying that, of all possible rate structures, it might be “the hardest one”? to ground in “a”? theory of fairness. Using the contractarian-constitutional perspective advanced by John Rawls and James Buchanan, this article argues that tax uniformity can be seen as a requirement of justice. After modelling how the political world realistically decides to distribute tax shares (self-interested parties act under a majority constraint), I show how the uniformity principle could emerge from the constitutional contract. In other words, rational individuals would choose uniformity as a procedural constraint under a “veil of uncertainty”?; that is, with limited knowledge regarding their positions under the future application of the rule. Moreover, I elucidate how the uniformity requirement integrates generalized criteria of fairness and efficiency into fiscal politics as it precludes fiscal exploitation and constrains majorities, and their most influential subgroups, to opt for policies in the direction of the Pareto frontier, and as such promotes outcomes acceptable to all participants.

Установление налогов и сборов субъектами России и муниципальными образованиями: проблемы соблюдения принципа единства налоговой системы

Установление налогов и сборов субъектами России и муниципальными образованиями: проблемы соблюдения принципа единства налоговой системы

Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade Immobilized on Solid Support for Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cello−oligosaccharides

AbstractEnzyme cascades are promising for multistep biocatalytic synthesis, but their effective use beyond the proof‐of‐concept stage is challenging. Strategies to recycle the individual enzymes are critical for the applicability of such cascades. Immobilization on solid support is well developed for single enzymes but remains difficult for enzyme ensembles. Here, we show a controlled co‐immobilization of three glycoside phosphorylases to establish a highly active and recyclable biocatalyst for the conversion of sucrose and glucose into soluble (short‐chain) cello−oligosaccharides. We use protein fusion with the binding module Zbasic2 to enable non‐covalent surface tethering of all enzymes according to a uniform principle and in a programmable fashion. We thus achieve loading of the phosphorylases in an activity ratio optimal for the overall conversion and for controlling the cello−oligosaccharide chain length (≤6), hence the solubility, in the reaction. We demonstrate efficient production of ∼12 g/L cello−oligosaccharides with integrated enzyme re‐use, retaining ∼85 % of the overall initial activity after five reaction cycles. This study presents a major advance toward the practical use of systems bio‐catalysis on solid support.

Radial growth projections for spruce on Solovetskiye Islands, the White Sea, for the 21st century

Climate change projected for the 21st century is expected to affect different forest ecosystems with corresponding ecological, economic, and social impacts. Modeling is extensively used to estimate the impacts of climate change on tree species distributions, but only several studies produced tree growth projections based on climate change scenarios. However, those studies have been based on multiple regression models without considering the basic principles of dendroclimatology – principle of limiting factors and uniformitarian principle. Here we describe the methodology for tree growth projections that takes advantage of the process-based forward model of tree growth, VS-Lite, calibrated and independently validated on tree-ring data and driven by climate projections. We further use this methodology for spruce growth projections on Solovetskiye islands according to two extreme greenhouse gases emissions scenarios. Even according to the conservative one, which is peak-and-decayscenario, tree growth is projected to be significantly higher throughout the 21st century, than in the 20th century. These results are crucial for the strategies of Arctic region development in the near and remote future.

FEATURE TRANSFER, LEFT PERIPHERY, AND CASE CONVERSION

Based on Chomsky’s (2001) Uniformity Principle, Miyagawa (2017) advances the thesis called Strong Uniformity (SU), which states that all languages are equipped with the same inventory of grammatical features, and that those features are overtly manifested in one way or another in each language. The present article places under careful scrutiny some of the major findings and proposals that Miyagawa puts forth, especially those concerning the syntax of ‘why’ and Nominative/Genitive Conversion, with particular attention paid to the syntactic operation known as Feature Inheritance. It is also demonstrated that working with Miyagawa’s core ideas and implementing them in a slightly different way may yield fruitful results.

An Analysis of the Falsification Criterion of Karl Popper: A Critical Review

Karl Popper identified ‘falsifiability’ as the criterion in demarcating science from non-science. The method of induction, which uses the (debated) principle of uniformity of nature, was rejected by Popper. He instead suggested that a scientific theory cannot be ‘verifiable’ but only ‘falsifiable’; one counter-example to the claims made by the theory would falsify it. The paper conducts a survey of the extant literature to understand the concept, the methodology as suggested by Popper to operationalize the concept, and possible limitations, both conceptual and methodological. The extant literature points out inherent ambiguities in the Popperian concept of falsifiabilty. One recurring theme is that Popper, the deductivist, uses the much critiqued inductivistic method among his methodological suite.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ, РАССЧИТАННЫХ НА ОСНОВЕ ОТЧЁТА О ФИНАНСОВЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТАХ В ФОРМАТЕ РСБУ И МСФО (ПАО «АВАНГАРД»)

Thing. Problems associated with the transformation of financial statements prepared in accordance with Russian accounting standards into statements prepared in accordance with IFRS are relevant in modern conditions of international business development and the integration of the Russian economy into the international space. Objectives. Comprehensive author's study of the comparative characteristics of the indicators of the statement of financial results in the format of RAS and IFRS. Development of recommendations for eliminating discrepancies in the methodology for compiling and providing information. Methodology. In the process of studying the comparative characteristics of the indicators of the statement of financial results in the format of RAS and IFRS, the methods of logical, statistical analysis were used. Results. Comparing the Russian statement of financial results with international standards, it can be noted that the form of the statement is largely in line with IFRS, but there are still discrepancies in the methodology for compiling and presenting information. Findings. It is concluded that when comparing the Russian statement of financial results with international standards, it can be noted that the form of the statement largely corresponds to IFRS, but there are still discrepancies in the methodology for compiling and presenting information. To eliminate these discrepancies, it is necessary to establish uniform principles for the formation of indicators of the statement of financial results in Russian and international practice. This can be achieved by further improving the regulatory documents on accounting, which will lead to the harmonization of Russian standards with international ones.

Limits and the Uniformity Principle; Yet Another Run at Uniformity, Induction, and Everything

The Uniformity Principle is the notion that the future will resemble the past; relationships between events that occur in the future will resemble the relationships between similar events that happened in the past. Thus past events allow predictions of future events. The primary objection to use of the Uniformity Principle is that it appears to be circular; its content is the prediction itself. This essay proposes to show that the Principle is not a part of circular reasoning. Rather, its truth can be shown by showing that its denial produces an absurd result. Assume the world is nonuniform, and that which produces a given result one moment might not do so at the next moment. That assumption eventually reaches the conclusion that something is and is not at the same time.

Wyraz pochodny w słowniku jednojęzycznym

<p>Wyraz pochodny w słowniku jednojęzycznym</p><p>Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym opracowaniu są niektóre aspekty opisu leksykograficznego wyrazów pochodnych (tj. powstałych w wyniku derywacji leksykalnej) w słownikach współczesnego języka bułgarskiego o różnej objętości i zakresie słownictwa. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na miejsce derywatów w strukturze słowników jedno- i wielotomowych z położeniem nacisku na różne rodzaje definicji derywatów mutacyjnych, modyfikujących i transpozycyjnych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań sformułowano postulaty dotyczące przyszłego opisu leksykograficznego, m. in.: wprowadzenia jednolitych zasad reprezentacji poszczególnych typów derywatów w słownikach jednojęzycznych (niezależnie od ich wielkości); użycia odpowiedniej definicji wyjaśniającej znaczenie leksykalne, wskazującej na stosunki motywacyjne między wyrazem pochodnym a wyrazem podstawowym; unikania układu gniazdowego.</p>

Securing the European Project: From Self-Referentiality to Heterarchy

AbstractSecurity is the meta-constitutional rationale of the European liberal project and is expressed by two tendentially self-justificatory discourses of power, which are two sides of the same coin: security and rights. The political, inherently conflictual nature of EU constitutional claims has been variously disguised through such discourses. Yet, as the process of constitutionalisation reaches a more advanced stage, in which the probability of high-intensity legal-political conflict as regards key issues of EU integration is growing, the moment has come to address conflict directly, rather than conceal it behind a veil of neutrality. Being ready for actual confrontation means dismissing the straitjacket imposed by the European liberal project. A move from self-referential to heterarchical security is thus advocated. As a result, the constellation of nation states should not be sidelined too easily and the needs and claims of the local level should be considered more carefully. In other words, the principles of primacy, autonomy, uniformity, and effectiveness of EU law ought to be conceived in relative, rather than in absolute terms. One possible way of addressing conflict is to simultaneously permit the CJEU (as well as other EU institutions) to engage more proactively with national courtsandidentify a common epistemic core, which ought to be upheld whenever the liberal-democratic premises of the European project are threatened.

The Constitution – Chosen Premises Justifying the Need to Introduce Amendments

Abstract Indication of conditions constituting necessity of modifications within the scope of the Constitution shall be considered while perceiving the leading role of the Constitution in Polish legal order. Constitutional regulations determine standards for the entire legal system of the Republic of Poland. It is also worth a while to consider the need for unambiguous determination of relations of constitutional norms, also with regard to the law of the European Union. Doubts appearing within the scope of systemic rules concern mainly regulations specifying the rule of division and balancing of powers. Actually, they consist in lacks with regard to organization of bodies of each of three powers. Another issue is improvement of solutions determining coexistence of government and local government administration within the broader scope of principles of uniformity of the state and decentralization of public power. The article presents an analysis related to the aforementioned issues.

Regulating Contracting In Global Value Chains

GVCs are both instruments to organize production and vehicles to implement transnational standards to improve sustainability and to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. GVCs present a very high degree of interdependence among the enterprises. GVCs are not uniform universes. Part of the production process is organized through subsidiaries of the chain leader, partly with independent suppliers linked to the chain leader by long term and stable contractual relationships, partly with spot contracts. Hence, different modes of contracting are needed to ensure coordination and uniformity of principles along the chain. The differences within the chain suggests that a modular approach that permits adaptation to the various types of relationships is more effective than a uniform approach that applies indifferently to intrafirm (subsidiaries) and inter-firm (relationships with independent suppliers) contracting. While acknowledging the relevance of institutional and legal framework, including applicable law, this article focuses on the contractual structure of chain governance. We propose a modular architecture that integrates general principles of global trade in supply chains with local regulations. This approach will better integrate the supplier codes, the framework agreements between parties and the individual contracts that regulate specific exchanges.

THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF MULTILANGUAGE DICTIONARIES:

There is a need to systematize the information represented by dictionaries in modern bilingual linguography. The microstructure of bilingual (Russian-Tatar, Tatar-Russian) dictionaries is analyzed in the article. The object of the study was more than 200 language reference books (1951-2015) published in Russia.The following system of concepts is considered as a dictionary microstructure: a dictionary entry, a header unit, a phonetic characteristic, a grammatical characteristic, a head unit semantization (interpretation, translation equivalent), compatibility, etymological information, lexicographic illustration and lexicographical litter. Traditional forms of a head unit are described in the course of the analysis, the cases of an initial form unequal submission are revealed, etc. Besides, phonetic characteristics, etymological data presentation methods are analyzed in modern bilingual language reference books. During the analysis of the Tatar dictionary microstructure, it was found that not all vocabularies contain all of the listed zones, an initial form of a header unit is not fed in the same way, several words can be used as a head unit, most of the dictionaries (56% of the total number) has no examples of use, dictionary marks (grammatical, terminological, etc.) within the same dictionary; they are presented inconsistently.
 A comprehensive study of dictionary microstructure demonstrates the existence of various kinds of discrepancies and inaccuracies, which are associated mainly with the violation of one of the leading principles of linguography - the principle of uniformity.

Restoring Fire-Grazer Interactions to Pursue Heterogeneity in Sandhills Prairie

Heterogeneity has emerged as a fundamental principle for rangeland management and the importance of environmental heterogeneity for biological diversity has raised questions about the appropriateness of rangeland practices that seek to promote uniform grassland structure and composition. Principles of uniformity in rangeland management reflect a utilitarian target of “managing for the middle” by minimizing both overgrazing and underutilization while avoiding or preventing fire and other disturbances that consume aboveground biomass. We implemented a study to evaluate pioneering efforts to restore historical fire-grazer interactions via patch burning in an effort to increase spatial heterogeneity in the Nebraska Sandhills, a sandy soil, mixed-grass ecoregion with a long history of “management for the middle”. The application of patch burning did not increase landscape heterogeneity of vegetation structure or composition in the Nebraska Sandhills. Instead, grassland structure exhibited greater temporal variability than spatial variability in growing and dormant seasons. The low stocking rate and the rapid regrowth of live herbaceous vegetation following fire likely constrained the degree of spatial heterogeneity observed in our study and highlights the challenges of balancing forage supply and demand in semi-arid grasslands.

Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace

AbstractIn discussing the historical origins of sovereignty, Jens Bartelson (2018, 510) wrote, “Making sense of sovereignty . . . entails making sense of its component terms—supreme authority and territory—and how these terms were forged together into a concept.” The question of sovereignty in cyberspace, however, inverts this historical “forging together,” as territoriality and authority are sundered in cyberspace. This paper argues that attempts to apply sovereignty to cyberspace governance are inappropriate to the domain. It develops a technically grounded definition of “cyberspace” and examines its characteristics as a distinct domain for action, conflict, and governance, while clarifying its relationship to territoriality. It reviews the literature on cyberspace and sovereignty since the early 1990s, showing the emergence of explicitly pro-sovereigntist ideas and practices in the last ten years. The cyber-sovereignty debate is linked to IR research on the historical emergence of sovereignty, demonstrating how technologies routinely change the basis of international order and challenging the presumption that territorial sovereignty is a stable and uniform principle of international organization that can be presumptively applied to the internet. The paper also links the conceptual debate over cyber-sovereignty to the real-world geopolitical struggle over the governance of the internet, showing how different conceptions of sovereignty serve the interests of different powers, notably the United States, Russia, and China. The paper explores the relevance of an alternative governance model for cyberspace based on the global commons concept. It refutes the arguments made against that model and then explains what difference it might make to governance if we conceive of cyberspace in that way.

Improvement of Separate Accounting at the Enterprises of Defense Industry Using Digital Technologies

The subject of the study is the analysis of existing methodological problems in the organization and maintenance of separate accounting of costs and output of military products in accordance with the state defense procurement (SDP). The same requirement applies to the production, sales, purchase of goods and services for Federal needs by certain legal entities. The transition of the defense industrial complex (DIC) enterprises to the digital economy platform requires the improvement of the quality of financial information based on the introduction of uniform methodological principles for maintaining separate accounting of income and expenditure and generating financial results. The purpose of the article is to provide methodological assistance to the management of enterprises of the defense industrial complex (DIC) in the organization and maintenance of separate accounting of income and expenses, as well as the formation of financial results by products for each contract. It is proved that to perform the tasks on the state defense procurement it is necessary to maintain separate accounting of fixed assets, material and production resources, accounts receivable and accounts payable and other assets.

Ronald Dvorkin’s political and legal ideas – general-civilization standard of legal life

In this article the basic legal ideas of Ronald Dworkin are reflected. An analysis of the scientific works of the innovator of the law is carried out. The relation of the scientist to other philosophical and legal concepts is clarified and on this basis his definitive approaches to the basic categories of legal matter are distinguished. The article outlines the basic political and legal views of the scientist, who form the civilization standard of legal life. In particular, the scientist's views on the correlation of law with morality, politics, economy, and religion were evaluated. The article reflects four stages of R. Dworkin's scientific work and states that the work of the innovator was directly and indirectly influenced by the works of many scientists of the time, including Herbert Garth, John Rawls, Isaiah Berlin. The authors' main conclusions are as follows: first, the Ronald Dworkin doctrine is characterized by three main areas of scientific exploration: the concept of law, the doctrine of justice, the theory of values. Definition of vectors of scientific researches of a scientist is directly connected with the essential socio-cultural processes that have occurred during his activity. Second, Ronald Dworkin has based his theory in each of these areas most often on the basis of counter-argumentation against other theorists. The ideological inheritance united in a single general concept is subordinated to uniform principles. Third, when analyzing and evaluating the theoretical work of Ronald Dworkin, it should be noted that most of his publications were not originally intended as independent works, but were collections of previously published journal articles. The scientist has often rethought his ideas earlier, bringing new meaning to them. His legal ideas went beyond law; he considered it expedient and useful to be able to judge the law, taking into account the content and nature of politics and morality.

Realtime dehazing using colour uniformity principle

Dehazing is an important process as it can significantly improve the performance of computer vision applications in outdoor environments. The two main requirements that an online dehazing system demands are low processing time and high visual range. The authors present a novel dehazing algorithm based on colour uniformity principle (CUP) which meets the desired requirements of a realtime implementation. Estimation of atmospheric scattering parameter and transmission map forms the key step in dehazing problem. At first, the authors use CUP to generate the transmission map and refine it further by Fast Guided Filter. They estimate the atmospheric scattering parameter with the help of the estimated transmission map. Experimental results show that the quality of dehazed output, produced in real-time using the proposed method, is comparable with the results achieved by the state of the art techniques. The proposed dehazing method produces reliable dehazed output in varying haze conditions, unlike current methods.

Tissue specificity of DNA damage response and tumorigenesis.

The genome of cells is constantly challenged by DNA damages from endogenous metabolism and environmental agents. These damages could potentially lead to genomic instability and thus to tumorigenesis. To cope with the threats, cells have evolved an intricate network, namely DNA damage response (DDR) system that senses and deals with the lesions of DNA. Although the DDR operates by relatively uniform principles, different tissues give rise to distinct types of DNA damages combined with high diversity of microenvironments across tissues. In this review, we discuss recent findings on specific DNA damage among different tissues as well as the main DNA repair way in corresponding microenvironments, highlighting tissue specificity of DDR and tumorigenesis. We hope the current review will provide further insights into molecular process of tumorigenesis and generate new strategies for cancer treatment.