Uniform Pressure Distribution Research Articles

AI‐Enhanced Gait Analysis Insole with Self‐Powered Triboelectric Sensors for Flatfoot Condition Detection

AbstractFlatfoot is an orthopedic malformation where the inner foot arch flattens during motion, potentially leading to chronic musculoskeletal issues. Monitoring foot conditions is essential, as existing screening methods often need more objectivity and cost‐effectiveness. This research develops an insole‐based screening device using self‐powered triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as tactile sensors and Arduino hardware setup. TENG converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, offering simple fabrication, cost‐effectiveness, longevity, and high‐output power benefits. The device records the electrical output generated by foot movements via Arduino and sends data via Bluetooth to the processing tool. Machine learning algorithms employing the Random Forest Classifier process the data to detect flatfoot conditions accurately after training sessions. For data collection, 100 participants are asked to march and walk for the same duration and distance, ensuring consistent output. Analysis reveals that the insoles' middle sensors produce higher electricity levels in individuals with flatfoot, showing a uniform pressure distribution across the foot and contact in the arch area. In contrast, individuals with normal feet exert more pressure on the toe and heel foot areas. The system achieves an overall accuracy of 82%, demonstrating the insole's potential as a commercial flatfoot detection device.

An expository analysis of biomechanical and subjective impacts induced by shoe inserts in asymptomatic subjects: A systematic review on functionality and mechanisms of action

AbstractThis systematic review explores the biomechanical and subjective effects of shoe inserts, including foot orthotics (FOs) and insoles, in asymptomatic subjects. Aimed at understanding their implications, the review poses two key research questions: (i) the influence of shoe inserts on lower extremity biomechanics and subjective perception and (ii) the effects of different design characteristics on these aspects. Following Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines, a meticulous search of Scopus and PubMed from August 2022 to March 2023 yielded 34 articles, with 26 focusing on biomechanical effects and eight on comfort effects. The studies, conducted during static and dynamic activities, such as standing, walking, jogging, running, jumping, and cycling, reveal significant reductions in rearfoot eversion, knee joint forces, and lower extremity muscle forces through postings and wedging in FOs. Changes in stiffness impact rearfoot kinematics, plantar pressure distribution, and ankle–foot power distribution. Conversely, surface texture and arch variations demonstrate limited significance. FOs and shoe inserts, characterized by geometric, material, location, size, and fabrication features, effectively regulate forces and moments on the lower extremity. This control promotes uniform plantar pressure distribution and enhances comfort during various activities. These insights benefit manufacturers, clinicians, and stakeholders, providing a deeper understanding of the positive benefits of FOs and shoe inserts. However, further well‐designed studies on clinical populations are necessary to validate these findings and establish their clinical efficacy, as the current focus remains on healthy subjects.

Numerical Investigation of Archimedes Screw Turbines under Low-Head Conditions

The development of screw turbines for micro-hydro power generation has garnered heightened interest lately, attributed to their capability to perform efficiently despite low head and low discharge. The present numerical work aims to evaluate the prospect of low-head water energy widely available in the Aceh region. In this region, the Archimedes Screw turbine is the most commonly used. In the present numerical study, the characteristics of the Archimedes screw turbine were studied under the constant of the head of 1 meter and the inclination angle of 30o, with the flow rate served as the varying parameter. In the simulation, a three-dimensional numerical investigation of pressure characteristics, flow velocity, and kinetic energy turbulence due to the change in the flow rates was carried out using the Navier-Stokes equations. Next, the turbulence model of K-Epsilon was also implemented. The comparisons between the experimental and the simulation results were carried out to ensure the accuracy of the simulation model, and the results indicated that the changes in flow rates have a marked influence on pressure distribution, the flow velocity field, and turbulent kinetic energy. It was found that the performance of the Archimedes double screw turbine was improved by increasing the flow rate due to the uniform distribution of pressure, flow velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy. Moreover, the optimum condition was achieved in a turbine with 8 screws. Therefore, maintaining the inflow rate is crucial as it significantly impacts the efficiency of the Archimedes Screw Turbine.

CFD analysis of pore morphology, gravity, and fluid characteristics influences on water flooding process

In this research, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to examine the two-phase flow of water and oil in a porous medium. For this purpose, the Navier-Stockes equations, which describe fluid motion, and the Cahn-Hillard phase field, which defines the interface between two phases, are coupled. The numerical discretization system of equations was solved using the finite element method (FEM) with the COMSOL software. To validate the results and the phase-field model (PFM), the Lucas and Washburn equation was used together with the experimental data. Through this study, the effective parameters were evaluated in two parts. In the first part, seven models with different pore morphologies were designed, and the impact of petrophysical parameters of the reservoir, including the shape of pores, connectivity of pores with or without throat lines, porous media heterogeneity, and relative permeability, on oil recovery was investigated. The second part was devoted to performing sensitivity analysis on the effect of fluid properties, including interfacial tension, wettability, viscosity ratio, injected fluid flow, and gravity, upon enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in different morphologies. Owing to the uniform distribution of capillary pressure in the patterns with the throat lines, the sweep efficiency of the injected fluid was found to be better, and thereby oil production increased. The results of the present work proved the significant influence of gravity on EOR, so that by applying gravity to the solution domain, the breakthrough time and oil recovery factor increased by 20 minutes and 28.6 %, respectively. Moreover, the velocity of the injected fluid as a representative of the flow rate had the greatest effect on EOR, with a 35 % increase in production.

Multi-Dimensional Modelling of Bioinspired Flow Channels Based on Plant Leaves for PEM Electrolyser

The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyser (PEMWE) has gained significant interest among various electrolysis methods due to its ability to produce highly purified, compressed hydrogen. The spatial configuration of bipolar plates and their flow channel patterns play a critical role in the efficiency and longevity of the PEM water electrolyser. Optimally designed flow channels ensure uniform pressure and velocity distribution across the stack, enabling high-pressure operation and facilitating high current densities. This study uses flow channel geometry inspired by authentic vine leaf patterns found in biomass, based on various plant leaves, including Soybean, Victoria Amazonica, Water Lily, Nelumbo Nucifera, Kiwi, and Acalypha Hispida leaves, as a novel channel pattern to design a PEM bipolar plate with a circular cross-section area of 13.85 cm2. The proposed bipolar design is further analysed with COMSOL Multiphysics to integrate the conservation of mass and momentum, molecular diffusion (Maxwell–Stefan), charge transfer equations, and other fabrication factors into a cohesive single-domain model. The simulation results showed that the novel designs have the most uniform velocity profile, lower pressure drop, superior pressure distribution, and heightened mixture homogeneity compared to the traditional serpentine models.

Feasibility study on the micro-forming of novel metal foil arrays based on submerged cavitating water-jet impingement

With the increasing demand for metal foil parts with micro-array structures in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), it is urgent to explore a novel array micro-forming technology with high efficiency, low cost, and high flexibility. The cavitation water jet uses the high-energy shock wave generated by the collapse of the cavitation bubble group as the loading force. It has the characteristics of large range of action, uniform pressure distribution, and can realize large-area array micro-forming processing. To verify the feasibility of cavitating water jet array micro-forming, this paper performs cavitating water jet array micro-forming on 304 stainless steel foil with a thickness of 80 μm, and analyzes the variation of cavitation bubbles collapse impact zone with target distance. The effects of target distance and impact time on the forming quality of metal foil array micro-holes were studied from the aspects of forming depth, surface roughness, and thickness thinning rate. The results show that the forming depth and uniformity of the array micro-holes located in the cavitation collapse area increase with time. However, with the increase of target distance, the forming depth increases first and then decreases. When the target distance is L = 120 mm, the forming depth reaches the maximum. The surface roughness ( Ra) of the array micro hole is Ra = 1.54 μm. The thickness thinning rate of the micro-forming parts is between 2% and 10%, and the maximum thickness thinning rate in the die fillet area is 13.5%. This paper provides a novel processing method for manufacturing metal foil parts with micro array structure.

Thermodynamic and entropy generation analyses of Telsa-valve structured meso-scale combustors fuelled with hydrogen for thermophotovoltaic applications

The present work numerically examed the effects of hydrogen volume flow rates (Qv) and equivalence ratios (Φ) on thermal performances of meso-scale combustors structured with Tesla-vale type flow channels. Four distinct Tesla-valve configurations are implemented and then subsequently compared. The reverse-flow Tesla valve with counter-flow combustor (RC) structure shows a remarkable improvement of 72.6 % to the combustor wall temperature at Qv = 100 mL/min. The diodicity (Di) of the Tesla valve is found to be increased with a higher Qv, and a lower Φ contributes to a higher Di. Besides, Di is decreased when Φ goes up, stabilizing at Φ = 0.9. The reverse-flow Tesla valve exhibits a more uniform pressure distribution and entropy production than the forward-flow Tesla valve. At Φ = 0.9, the hydrogen-to-air ratio maximized heat release, producing the highest entropy. Tesla-valve structured combustors demonstrate near complete combustion before Φ reaching 0.9, the combustion efficiency (ηcombustion) is gradually decreased after Φ getting to 1.0. The RC construction achieved maximum combustion efficiency under conditions of insufficient oxygen. This present study demonstrates the feasibility of enhancing thermal and overall performances of meso-scale combustors structured with Tesla-valve channels, and revealing the key parameters effects on the combustion characteristics in these combustors.

A comparative study on rotordynamics characteristics of hole-pattern damping seals with different cavity shapes

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to improve the seal performance by proper design of the cavity shape of the damping holes, especially the rotordynamics characteristics of the hole-pattern damped seal (HPDS).Design/methodology/approachA new damping seal structure that comprises a circle-shaped cavity and two directional leaf-shaped cavities with a dovetail-shaped diversion groove is proposed. The comparative study on the sealing characteristics of dovetail-shape, leaf-shape and classical circular HPDSs was carried out using ANSYS CFX.FindingsThe dovetail-shaped HPDS significantly outperformed two other damping seal designs in leakage and rotordynamic performance. At a rotating speed of 7,500 rpm, it showed a 25% reduction in leakage, a 23% increase in average effective damping and a 119% increase in average effective stiffness. The cross-coupled stiffness Kxy shifted from positive to negative, reducing circumferential flow. The dovetail's inclined leaf-shaped grooves create a double vortex that slows jet velocity in the seal clearance and alters spiral flow direction, resulting in a uniform pressure distribution and enhanced rotor stability at low frequencies.Originality/valueThis study proposes a novel HPDS with dovetail-shaped diversion grooves. The seal can realize the simultaneous improvement of rotordynamics and leakage characteristics compared to the current seal structure.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-04-2024-0127/

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of the Airflow Field in the Crushing Chamber of the Hammer Mill.

The airflow dynamics within hammer mills' crushing chambers significantly affect material crushing and screening. Understanding the crushing mechanism necessitates studying the airflow distribution. Using a self-built crushing test platform and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we investigated the impact of screen aperture size, rotor speed, hammer-screen clearance, hammer quantity, and mass flow rate on airflow distribution within the rotor region, circulation layer, and screen apertures. Results indicated generally uniform axial static pressure distribution within the rotor region, with radial gradients. Increased rotor speed improved radial static pressure gradients, while higher mass flow rates reduced them. The highest airflow velocity within the circulation layer reached approximately 83.46% of the hammer tip's tangential velocity. Greater rotor speed and hammer quantity intensified circulation airflow, whereas increased mass flow rate decreased it. Eddies formed within screen apertures with higher rotor speeds and hammer quantities but diminished with larger apertures and higher mass flow rates. Static pressure differences across screen apertures increased with mass flow rate and rotor speed but decreased significantly with larger apertures. This systematic examination provides insights into airflow distribution within hammer mill crushing chambers, offering a theoretical foundation for improving and designing hammer mills.

Conversion augmentation of an industrial NH3 oxidation reactor by geometry modification to improve the flow and temperature pattern uniformity using CFD modeling

BackgroundThe optimization of flow and temperature patterns in industrial reactors is crucial for achieving efficient and uniform chemical reactions. This study's major goals are to pinpoint possible areas for improvement in the NH3 oxidation reactor's performance and to deal with the problem of uneven flow distribution inside the reactor. MethodsIn this study, the reactor building design has been changed by extending the feed pipeline vertically and increasing the number of incoming feed streams in order to achieve uniformity in the property distribution on the catalyst surface of an industrial NH3 Oxidation reactor. Thus, using the CFD approach and the finite volume method, a three-dimensional model has been suggested. The results are contrasted with the actual geometrical configuration. The property alteration along the catalyst surface and the reactor length have been assessed. Significant findingsBy expanding the feed pipeline, the flow pattern at the reactor entry is fully developed and becomes uniform. As a result, NO2 production could go up by as much as 11 %. The rates of NH3 conversion, NO yield, and HNO3 generation consequently increased by 12.5 %, 3.1 %, and 8.0 %, respectively. Additionally, this alteration results in a uniform distribution of temperature and pressure across the catalytic surface, prolonging the lifetime of the catalyst. The pressure and temperature difference over the surface of the catalyst with the original reactor configuration was also found to be approximately 250 Pa and 423.15 K, according to the data. Pressure and temperature difference were reduced to 15 Pa and 273.15 K, respectively, as the feed line's length was increased at the same time.

A comprehensive analysis of gas film pressure distribution in gas foil thrust bearings with PVDF sensor array

This research introduces an innovative approach for evaluating gas film pressure distribution in gas foil thrust bearings (GFTBs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor arrays. Chosen for their exceptional sensitivity and rapid response, these sensors facilitate precise pressure analysis across various operational scenarios. The study investigates the pressure of integral and circumferentially separated GFTBs through experiments at 12 krpm to 16 krpm and loads of 60N to 120 N. The findings, derived from detailed PVDF sensor data and interpolation analysis, indicate that bearings with circumferential separation achieve more uniform pressure distributions. Experiments under extreme load conditions demonstrate that the separated type has a higher load-bearing capacity. This presents a novel PVDF-based measurement technique and advances the understanding of GFTB dynamics by correlating pressure distribution with operational parameters, thereby offering potential improvements in bearing design and performance.

Custom-made ocular prosthesis: enhancing the iris position of post-evisceration patient

Individuals who have impaired vision as a result of illness or injury may have their appearance improved with the use of a prosthesis eye. To construct realism, symmetry, and a glance that appears natural, it is necessary to duplicate the size and arrangement of the iris with accurate pinpoint accuracy. This is crucial for developing a realistic-looking gaze. Eye loss has a profoundly debilitating impact on the mental state of the person who has suffered it. The ultimate goal of every ocular prosthesis procedure is to facilitate the patient's reintegration into society while preserving their healthy visage and self-esteem. This article provides a clinical report on the rehabilitation of a patient whose left eye had suffered intraocular foreign body damage following evisceration. A closer fit between the prosthesis and the ocular base tissue can be achieved with custom-made acrylic resin ocular prosthesis that are sized and shaped to fit the ocular socket of the patient. This close fit results in a more uniform distribution of pressure compared to factory stock eye prosthesis and is more cost-effective than stock eye prosthesis

Human-Centered Design and Manufacturing of a Pressure-Profile-Based Pad for Better Car Seat Comfort

A car seat’s function is to support, protect, and make passengers and drivers feel comfortable during a trip. A more uniform pressure distribution and a larger contact area usually provide less discomfort. Consequently, the seat pan’s material and geometry play an essential role in the design process. A shaped pad was opportunely designed and realized, starting from the pressure distributions between the buttocks and the seat pan; pressure data were acquired during an initial experiment involving 41 people, representing a wide range of percentiles. The shaped pad was compared with a standard one by building a special seat with an interchangeable internal pad and testing the standard and the new seat; the second experiment involved 52 people that tested both seats. The tests were conducted to assess comfort (33 subjects were asked to be seated for 1 min each) and discomfort (19 subjects were asked to be seated for 15 min each); during the tests, pressure distribution and contact area data were gathered. The results showed that, for both tests, about 80% of the participants, among which 100% of the female sample, preferred the shaped seat pan pad. Even if the material was exactly the same, the shaped pad seemed to be softer, more comfortable, and more suited to the body’s shape than the standard one. The design methodology was demonstrated to be very useful for granting a more uniform pressure distribution and a wider contact area, i.e., higher comfort and less discomfort.

Analysis and Reflection on the Green, Low-Carbon, and Energy-Saving Design of the Super High-Rise Building

Shanghai Tower has become a new landmark of Shanghai. In the current trend advocating green building and energy efficiency, considerations of wind loads and thermal characteristics of the perimeter structure of Shanghai Tower are crucial. This paper conducts comparative simulation studies on the wind environment of Shanghai Tower using Ecotect software, and stress analyses and thermal simulations of the perimeter structure using ANSYS software. The study compared three buildings’ surface wind pressure distributions using models with equal-volume and circular cross-sections. We found that the unique exterior design of the Shanghai Tower results in a more regular and uniform distribution of wind pressure on its surface compared to both circular and square planar models, with a lower average wind pressure value. In addition, the stress analysis results indicate significant differences in deformation and stress distribution between the windward and leeward sides. Enhancing the bending moment detection of the peripheral structure and optimizing the layout of detection points are recommended. Thermal simulation results show excessive heat conduction flux in winter conditions, suggesting optimization using passive energy-saving methods such as light-sensitive thermal insulation materials during winter. This research is a reference for designing other super-tall buildings prioritizing low-carbon energy efficiency and structural safety.

Enabling Uniform and Accurate Control of Cycling Pressure for All‐Solid‐State Batteries

AbstractAll‐solid‐state batteries are emerging as potential successors in energy storage technologies due to their increased safety, stemming from replacing organic liquid electrolytes in conventional Li‐ion batteries with less flammable solid‐state electrolytes. However, all‐solid‐state batteries require precise control over cycling pressure to maintain effective interfacial contacts between materials. Traditional uniaxial cell holders, often used in battery research, face challenges in accommodating electrode volume changes, providing uniform pressure distribution, and maintaining consistent pressure over time. This study introduces isostatic pouch cell holders utilizing air as pressurizing media to achieve uniform and accurately regulated cycling pressure. LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 | Li6PS5Cl | Si pouch cells are fabricated and tested under 1 to 5 MPa pressures, revealing improved electrochemical performance with higher cycling pressures, with 2 MPa as the minimum for optimal operation. A bilayer pouch cell with a theoretical capacity of 100 mAh, cycled with an isostatic pouch cell holder, demonstrated a first‐cycle Coulombic efficiency of 76.9% and a discharge capacity of 173.6 mAh g−1 (88.1 mAh), maintaining 83.6% capacity after 100 cycles. These findings underscore the effectiveness of isostatic pouch cell holders in enhancing the performance and practical application of all‐solid‐state batteries.

High-Throughput Multi-Principal Element Alloy Exploration Using a Novel Composition Gradient Sintering Technique

This work demonstrates the capabilities and advantages of a novel sintering technique to fabricate bulk composition gradient materials. Pressure distribution calculations were used to compare several tooling geometries for use with current-activated, pressure-assisted densification or spark plasma sintering to densify a gradient along the long dimension of the specimen. The selected rectangular tooling design retains a low aspect ratio to ensure a uniform pressure distribution during consolidation by using a side loading configuration to form the gradient along the longest dimension. Composition gradients of NixCu1−x, MoxNb1−x, and MoNbTaWHfx (x from 0 to 1) were fabricated with the tooling. The microstructure, composition, and crystal structure were characterized along the gradient in the as-sintered condition and after annealing to partially homogenize the layers. The successful fabrication of a composition gradient in a difficult-to-process material like the refractory multi-principal element alloy system MoNbTaWHfx shows the utility of this approach for high-throughput screening of large material composition spaces.

Numerical investigation on the hydrodynamic and conversion performance of a dual cylindrical OWC integrated into a caisson-type breakwater

The hydrodynamic performance of an integrated oscillating water column (OWC) combined with a cylindrical caisson type breakwater was investigated. A three-dimensional numerical wave tank was established to simulate the overall energy conversion performance and hydrodynamics of the integrated system with the software Star-CCM+. The developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was initially verified with the published physical results and numerical results derived from an analytical solution. The effects of the structural geometry and the pneumatic damping of the PTO system on the wave absorption and power conversion efficiency of the proposed device were investigated using this developed model. Based on this proposed numerical model, the velocity of the air flow, the corresponding air pressure characteristics in the air turbine nozzle and chamber zone were discussed. The results indicate that this proposed half-open land based OWC is adapted to absorb shorter nearshore waves, characterized by dimensionless wave number kd approaching 1.49. Furthermore, a larger opening inlet zone for this proposed OWC would shift the resonant corresponding kd to higher wave frequencies, while lowering the opening inlet could help to increase the power extraction efficiency for long waves. The peak hydrodynamic efficiency is observed at a ratio of OWC inlet width to diameter B/D of 0.97, which is approximately six times larger than that at B/D = 0.5. The inclusion of an impulse turbine yields a more uniform pressure distribution within the central chamber and effectively mitigates wave reflection for smaller incident waves, with maximum efficiency achieved using 37 blades. The property of the efficiency mitigation with insufficient certain intake depth of the wave chamber should be avoided for system design.

Improving the cleaning uniformity of rectangular flat pleated filter with pulse-jet airflow by the new type of intensive injection nozzle

The rectangular flat pleated filter is widely used in the industrial field due to its compactness and high efficiency in dust removal. However, due to the large number of folds and the extremely small gaps between folds, achieving complete cleaning is a key technical challenge. A new type of injection nozzle has been proposed, the effects of different injection nozzles on the static pressure acting on the inner wall of the rectangular flat pleated filter were investigated through multi-condition cleaning experiments and industrial powder coating verification experiments. The performance of the uniform pressure distribution can be enhanced by 17.67% compared to the traditional circular nozzle, especially 88 × Ф2.4 mm injection pipe, which has the optimum cleaning performance at 0.2 MPa and 20 mm. The relationship between the comprehensive pressure and number of the injection nozzles is put forward: Pζ=0.2n2−21.59n+1322.02, which is also applicable to traditional circular nozzle. The filtration velocity has more apparent impact on the cleaning efficiency of the filter, while the influence of gas-solid concentration is not significant. According to the requirements of different industrial scenes, the filtration velocity and the gas-solid concentration can be appropriately reduced within a certain range to make the filter more efficient.

Bio-inspired sinusoidally-waved flow fields with exchange channels to enhance PEMFC performance

Wave-shaped structures inspired by cuttlefish fins have been applied to the design of flow fields for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the wave structures often cause high parasitic power. Herein, we intend to address this issue by introducing exchange channels (ECs) between neighboring wave channels. First, the performances of bio-inspired sinusoidally-waved flow fields (BSWFFs) of different sinusoidal parameters are compared to identify the optimal sinusoidal structure. Subsequently, ECs are introduced into BSWFFs with the optimal sinusoidal structure to obtain EC-BSWFFs, and EC-BSWFFs with different numbers of ECs are compared. The introduction of ECs improves the distribution of reactant gases, pressure distribution, water management and reduces parasitic power density. Specifically, the maximum net power density of the single-cell PEMFC with EC-12 is enhanced by 10.26% compared to that of the conventional parallel flow field. Moreover, as the number of ECs in EC-BSWFFs increases, the uniformity of pressure distribution gradually increases and the pressure drop becomes smaller, suggesting a balance between performance and durability. Therefore, this work affords valuable insights to solve the difficulties of excessive pressure drop and inhomogeneous reactant distribution for waved flow fields.

Numerical model for simulating the hydraulic parameters of the aeration system ensuring equal oxygenation of the compost heap

The aim of the work was to develop a mathematical model using equations of fluid mechanics that describe the dynamics of air flow in a part of the compost aerating system integrated with a stationary reactor. The results of the simulation show that adjusting the flow resistance along the entire length of the compost aerating duct, depending on the distance from the connection of the duct with the fan's pressure conduit pipe through gradually increasing the air outflow area by increasing the number of repeatable gaps, yields a uniform pressure distribution above the grate. The process parameters used for computation were relevant to composting a subscreen fraction separated from mixed municipal waste using 80 mm mesh screen (Fr<80 mm) under real conditions. Microsoft EXCEL 2010 software and STATISTICA version 13.3 by StatSoft were used for numerical and statistical analysis of the test results. The research results are presented in four tables and five figures and discussed in the text of the article. During tests performed in real conditions, various variants were tested for reactor filling level and air outflow active surfaces in subsequent grate parts (Fc (i)). It was found that the target waste layer thickness i.e. 3.0 m and Fc (i) changes, in accordance with the values of the developed model, result in a stable pressure distribution pd, amounting to 1506 Pa and 1495 Pa at the grate front and end part.