Uniform Electric Field Distribution Research Articles

Tailoring electrical properties of PVC/PEC/Co3O4 nanocomposites by electron beam irradiation for advanced medium voltage cable applications

This study aimed to investigate the effects of electron beam irradiation on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of polyvinyl chloride/pectin (PVC/PEC) nanocomposites incorporating hexagonal nanoplate Co3O4. Hexagonal nanoplate Co3O4 was synthesized and incorporated into PVC/PEC blends at 5 wt%. The nanocomposites were subjected to electron beam irradiation at varying doses (0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy). Various characterization techniques, including XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, AC conductivity, and dielectric measurements, were employed to analyze the irradiated samples. Additionally, electric field distribution simulations were performed for a 33 kV cable model. XRD analysis revealed the retention of Co3O4 crystallinity up to 30 kGy, while the polymer matrix showed degradation above 10 kGy. The optical bandgap decreased from 2.25 eV to 1.90 eV with increasing irradiation dose, indicating changes in the electronic structure. The optimized AC conductivity (37.17 × 10−6 S m−1) and minimum relative permittivity (2.28) were achieved for the 30 kGy irradiated sample with 5 wt% Co3O4. The electric potential distribution gradually decreased from 33,000 V to zero V. The systematic variations in structural, optical, and electrical properties demonstrated controlled tuning of charge transport mechanisms, making these nanocomposites potentially suitable for advanced cable systems. The simulation results showed that the inclusion of Co3O4 at 30 kGy helped maintain a uniform electric field distribution in the 33 kV cable model compared to an unfilled cable.

Synergistic Stabilization of Zn Metal Anodes by 3D Carbon Frameworks with Multiple Ion Channels Loaded with Zincophilic BaTiO3 Nanoparticles

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) suffer from rampant Zn dendrites growth, corrosion and sluggish transport kinetics, all of which have a serious impact on their performance and practical applications. Therefore, porous carbon nanofibers (BTO@PCNFs) loaded with BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTO NPs) are constructed as a multifunctional interlayer for stabilizing the Zn anodes. Owing to the synergistic effect of BTO NPs and 3D porous carbon framework, this interlayer can achieve uniform electric field distribution, accelerate Zn2+ migration, and promote ion flux homogenization, thus leading to uniform Zn deposition. Meanwhile, the BTO@PCNFs interlayer demonstrates excellent anti‐corrosion effect, which can effectively prevent the side reactions. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of interlayers, the BTO@PCNFs multifunctional interlayers achieve a comprehensive optimization of the Zn anodes. The BTO@PCNFs‐Zn electrode exhibits lower nucleation overpotential (33.5 mV) at 0.5 mA cm−2. The Zn//Zn symmetrical cell with BTO@PCNFs interlayer exhibits ultra‐low overpotential (14 mV) and ultra‐long cycle life (5250 h at 0.5 mA cm−2). Even at high current density (30 mA cm−2), the BTO@PCNFs‐Zn electrode can be stably cycled for more than 830 h, achieving an ultra‐high cumulative capacity of 12 450 mAh cm−2. The multifunctional interlayers can provide a reference for the design of high‐performance Zn anodes.

Three-dimensional Ordered Macroporous Flexible Electrode Design toward High-Performance Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Flexible zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have been considered to have huge potential in portable and wearable electronics due to their high safety, cost efficiency, and considerable energy density. Therein, the design and construction of flexible electrodes significantly determine the performance and lifespan of flexible battery devices. In this work, an ultrathin flexible three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) Sn@Zn anode (60 μm in thickness) is presented to relieve dendrite growth and expand the lifespan of flexible ZIBs. The 3DOM structure can ensure uniform electric field distribution, guide oriented zinc plating/stripping, and extend the lifespan of anodes. The rich zincophilic Sn sites on the electrode surface significantly facilitate Zn nucleation. Accordingly, a lowered nucleation overpotential of 8.9 mV and an ultralong cycling performance of 2400 h at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 0.1 mAh cm-2 are achieved in symmetric cells, and the 3DOM Sn@Zn anode can also operate in deep cycling for over 200 h at 10 mA cm-2 and 5 mAh cm-2. A flexible 3DOM MnO2/Ni cathode with a high structural stability and a high mass-specific capacity is fabricated to match with the anode to form a flexible ZIB with a total thickness of 200 μm. The flexible device delivers a high volumetric energy density of 11.76 mWh cm-3 at 100 mA gMnO2-1 and a high average open-circuit voltage of 1.5 V and exhibits high-performance power supply under deformation in practical application scenarios. This work may shed some light on the design and fabrication of flexible energy-storage devices.

Blocking the Dendrite‐Growth of Zn Anode by Constructing Ti4O7 Interfacial Layer in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractZinc metal is a promising choice as a high‐capacity and cost‐effective anode for aqueous zinc‐based batteries. However, it faces challenges related to low cycling stability and poor reversibility due to parasitic reactions and the growth of zinc dendrites. In this study, a solution is proposed by introducing a conductive Ti4O7 layer on the zinc anode to enhance electrode stability. The Ti4O7 layer serves a dual purpose, effectively preventing spontaneous corrosion of the zinc anode in the electrolyte, thereby inhibiting the hydrogen evolution reaction and the generation of byproducts. Simultaneously, it promotes Zn nucleation and ensures a uniform electric field distribution, resulting in homogeneous Zn plating and stripping compared to using a bare zinc anode. Consequently, the Ti4O7‐coated Zn anode experiences a significant reduction in over‐potential, demonstrating long‐term stability and dendrite‐free behavior. This outcome ensures low polarization potential and high cycling stability in zinc‐ion batteries. The work underscores the potential of conductive oxides in the development of stable metal electrodes.

Conformal 3D Li/Li13Sn5 Scaffolds Anodes for High-Areal Energy Density Flexible Lithium Metal Batteries.

Achieving a high depth of discharge (DOD) in lithium metal anodes (LMAs) is crucial for developing high areal energy density batteries suitable for wearable electronics. Yet, the persistent growth of dendrites compromises battery performance, and the significant lithium consumption during pre-lithiation obstructs their broad application. Herein, A flexible 3D Li13Sn5 scaffold is designed by allowing molten lithium to infiltrate carbon cloth adorned with SnO2 nanocrystals. This design markedly curbs the troublesome dendrite growth, thanks to the uniform electric field distribution and swift Li+ diffusion dynamics. Additionally, with a minimal SnO2 nanocrystals loading (2wt.%), only 0.6wt.% of lithium is consumed during pre-lithiation. Insights from in situ optical microscope observations and COMSOL simulations reveal that lithium remains securely anchored within the scaffold, a result of the rapid mass/charge transfer and uniform electric field distribution. Consequently, this electrode achieves a remarkable DOD of 87.1% at 10mA cm-2 for 40mAh cm-2. Notably, when coupled with a polysulfide cathode, the constructed flexible Li/Li13Sn5@CC||Li2S6/SnO2@CC pouch cell delivers a high-areal capacity of 5.04mAh cm-2 and an impressive areal-energy density of 10.6mWh cm-2. The findings pave the way toward the development of high-performance LMAs, ideal for long-lasting wearable electronics.

Engineering Interfacial Fast Ion Channels toward Highly Stable Zn Metal Batteries.

The development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is hindered by dendrites and side reactions, such as interfacial byproducts, corrosion, and hydrogen evolution. The construction of an artificial interface protective layer on the surface of the zinc anode has been extensively researched due to its strong operability and potential for large-scale application. In this study, we have designed an organic hydrophobic hybrid inorganic intercalation composite coating to achieve stable Zn2+ plating/stripping. The hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) effectively prevents direct contact between free water and the zinc anode, thereby mitigating the risk of dendrite formation. Simultaneously, the inorganic layer of vanadium phosphate (VOPO4·2H2O) after the insertion of polyaniline (PA) establishes a robust ion channel for facilitating rapid transport of Zn2+, thus promoting uniform electric field distribution and reducing concentration polarization. As a result, the performance of the modified composite PVDF/PA-VOP@Zn anode exhibited significant enhancement compared with that of the bare zinc anode. The assembled symmetric cell exhibits an exceptionally prolonged lifespan of 3070 h at a current density of 1 mA cm-2, while the full battery employing KVO as the cathode demonstrates a remarkable capability to undergo 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1 with a capacity retention rate of 78.2%. This study offers valuable insights into the anodic modification strategy for AZIBs.

Characterization of migration behavior of organic electric-field regulator in polyethylene composite based on the synchronous spectra of space charge and polarization current

Organic electric-field regulator has the ability to suppress the space charge accumulation in the composite due to its electric-field and filler-content enhanced conductivity. Moreover, it can also migrate towards the high electric field region under the electric field gradient force, which further homogenizes the non-uniform electric field distribution. To characterize the migration behavior of the organic electric-field regulator in the composite under electric field, a distributed equivalent circuit model is firstly introduced, and it is solved to obtain the space-time distribution of conductivity in composite based on the synchronous spectra of space charge and polarization current. Combining the mathematical relationship between the direct current (DC) conductivity and electric field as well as regulator content, the space-time distribution of organic electric-field regulator in the composite is then settled. The allyloxy polyethylene glycol (APEG) is used as an example organic electric-field regulator and is filled into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix to prepare composites. The DC conductivity and the synchronous spectra of space charge and polarization current are measured, respectively. The composites show noticeable electric-field and regulator-content enhanced conductivities. The space charge distribution shows that the APEG is capable of suppressing the space charge and homogenizing the electric field distribution compared with pure LDPE. The space-time distribution of regulator content in the 0.5 wt% composite is determined by the proposed method, and the regulator content near the electrodes is much higher than in the bulk, which is consistent with the infrared microscope images. The higher filler content means a higher DC conductivity, which lowers the high electric field near the electrodes and contributes to more uniform electric field distribution in the composite. The proposed method experimentally characterizes the migration behavior of the organic electric-field regulator in the polymer composite for the first time, and provides an effective way to study the migration mechanism of organic molecules (e.g. organic electric-field regulator) in the polymer composite.

Novel low loss dual-trench superjunction IGBT with semi-floating P-pillar

—In this paper, a novel dual-trench superjunction insulated gate bipolar transistor with semi-floating P-pillar (DTSFP-SJ-IGBT) is proposed and studied by simulation. The P-pillar of DTSFP-SJ-IGBT is semi-floating because only a portion is located below the trench gate, while a small part remains directly connected to the P-base. This small part P-pillar is depleted by the gate voltage in the on-state to enhance the carrier-storage effect, and provides an extraction hole path in the turning-off state to reduce the loss. The dual-trench structure results in a more uniform electric field distribution within the device while enhancing the carrier storage effect in the pillar regions. The simulation results show that at the same on-state voltage (VCE(sat)) of 1.30 V, the turn-off loss (Eoff) of the DTSFP-SJ-IGBT is 38.46 % lower than that of the superjunction IGBT with floating P-pillar (FP-SJ-IGBT), and 27.93 % lower than that of the recently reported superjunction IGBT with self-adaptive hole-extraction path (SAHE-SJ-IGBT). At the same Eoff of 1.00 mJ/cm2, the VCE(sat) of the DTSFP-SJ-IGBT is 44.70 % lower than that of the conventional superjunction IGBT (Con-SJ-IGBT).

Continuous-flow microwave heating system with high efficiency and uniformity for liquid food

Continuous-flow microwave heating has good potential in liquid food processing. Efficiency and uniformity of continuous-flow heating are critical to processing results. During continuous-flow heating, the dielectric constant of the liquid varies with increasing temperature, and the efficiency and uniformity of continuous-flow heating are compromised under significant dynamic variations in the dielectric constant of the liquid. To address these issues, this paper proposes a continuous-flow microwave heating system based on a coaxial inner conductor structure. First, a multiphysics model was developed, the parameter of the continuous-flow heating system is optimised so that the load effectively absorbs electromagnetic waves, and the heating uniformity can be enhanced due to the uniform cross-sectional electric field distribution of TEM mode in the coaxial structure. Second, experiments were performed to validate the proposed model, and the results were in good agreement with the simulation. The heating efficiency under varying dielectric constants (from 10 to 80) and loss angle tangents (from 0.1 to 0.5) of the liquid was above 90%. Then, the proposed system is compared with multimode cavity and system without waveguide coaxial conversion structure, and the proposed system is more efficient for liquid with different dielectric constants. Next, a section of metal bar was added to the center of the glass tube and the influence of the metal bar on heating effect was analysed. With the addition of the metal bar, the efficiency of the system in heating a low-dielectric-constant liquid could be effectively improved, and the heating uniformity could be increased by more than 30%. Finally, the proposed system was applied to heat liquid food and the results indicated that all of liquid food materials' efficiency larger than 90%. The continuous-flow microwave system provides the possibility for large-scale industrial production.

Long‐cycling Zinc Metal Anodes Enabled by an In Situ Constructed ZnO Coating Layer

AbstractSuppressing dendrite growth in zinc (Zn) anodes for aqueous Zn batteries remains a significant challenge. Modifying the Zn/electrolyte interface stands out as one of the most promising strategies to tackle this problem. In this study, a nanometer‐thick ZnO coating layer with a uniform concave surface geometry is in situ constructed to modify the Zn anode for the first time. The chemical bond formed between the ZnO layer and the Zn foil enhances the structural stability of the synthesized ZnO modified‐Zn anode. Finite element simulations indicate that the ZnO coating layer facilitates uniform electric field distribution and zinc flux on the Zn electrode. In situ optical observations unveil how the modification interface regulates zinc plating behaviors on the Zn anode. Impressively, the symmetrical ZnO‐Zn cell displays a remarkable cycling stability of 1765 h at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 with an areal capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. Even when subjected to a very high current density of 50 mA cm−2, it maintains stable operation over 3800 cycles. This success highlights the immense application potential of the rationally tailored ZnO‐Zn anode.

Unlock the full potential of carbon cloth-based scaffolds towards magnesium metal storage via regulation on magnesiophilicity and surface geometric structure

The development of rechargeable magnesium (Mg) batteries is of practical significance to upgrade the electric energy storage devices due to exceptional capacity and abundant resources of Mg-metal anode. However, the reversible Mg electrochemistry suffers from unsatisfied rate capability and lifespan, mainly caused by non-uniform distribution of electrodeposits. In this work, a fresh design concept of three-dimensional carbon cloths scaffolds is proposed to overcome the uncontrollable Mg growth via homogenizing electric field and improving magnesiophilicity. A microscopic smooth and nitrogen-containing defective carbonaceous layer is constructed through a facile pyrolysis of ZIF8 on carbon cloths. As revealed by finite element simulation and DFT calculation results, the smooth surface endows with uniform electric field distribution and simultaneously the nitrogen-doping species enable good magnesiophilicity of scaffolds. The fine and uniform Mg nucleus as well as the inner electrodeposit behavior are also disclosed. As a result, an exceptional cycle life of 500 cycles at 4.0 mA cm−2 and 4.0 mA h cm−2 is firstly realized to our best knowledge. Besides, the functional scaffolds can be cycled for over 2200 h at 2.0 mA cm−2 under a normalized capacity of 5.0 mA h cm−2, far exceeding previous results. This work offers an effective approach to enable the full potential of carbon cloths-based scaffolds towards metal storage for next generation battery applications.

Large-scale synthesis of SiOC composites for stable Li-ion battery anode and dendrite-free Li metal deposition

SiOC is an ideal anode material for Li-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity and low volume fluctuation. However, the large-scale preparation of SiOC still faces challenges such as complex processes and expensive raw materials. Additionally, the excellent compatibility of SiOC with Li-ion implies its inherentpotential for guiding Li metal deposition, but SiOC has rarely been used to investigate the Li metal deposition and/or suppress lithium dendrite growth. In this work, nearly kilogram-scale preparation of SiOC composites was realized using a consecutive chemical vapor deposition method with an inexpensive silane coupling agent as the precursor at the laboratory level. As a result, the as-prepared SiOC as anode exhibits favorable rate performance, negligible volume fluctuations and ultra-long cycle stability (∼2000cycles). Furthermore, SiOC as substrates for guiding lithium metal deposition shows low nucleation overpotential (2.0 mV) and ultra-long cycle stability in half cell (650cycles at 1.0 mA cm−2), symmetrical cell (5000 h at 1.0 mA cm−2) and full cell (800cycles at 1.0C). Density functional theory (DFT) calculation and finite element simulations reveal that the presence of SiOC on the copper foil can not only enable a significant enhancement of Li adsorption but also promote uniform distribution of electric field and Li+ concentration gradient. Finally, SiOC can be used to fabricate an anode-free Li metal battery, further enhancing the energy density of batteries.

Stable dendrite-free Zn anode with Janus MXene-Ag interfacial bifunctional protective layer for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

The problem of disordered dendrite growth and uncontrollable interfacial side reactions on Zn metal anodes remains a serious challenge for the practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Herein, we construct a Janus bifunctionally structured MXene-Ag interfacial protective layer on the Zn anode through a simple displacement reaction and electrostatic self-assembly method. The MXene-Ag@Zn anode with hierarchical distribution has superhydrophilicity, abundant zincophilic nucleation sites, and uniform electric field distribution, achieving highly reversible cycle stability in electrochemical tests. The hydrophilic MXene layer accelerates the desolvation of hydrated zinc ions and also prevents direct contact between the electrolyte and the zinc anode, effectively inhibiting interfacial side reactions. On the other hand, zincophilic Ag nanoparticles act as nucleation sites, lowering the energy barrier for nucleation and directing the deposition of zinc ions. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of MXene and Ag, the modified MXene-Ag@Zn anode in a symmetric cell exhibits an ultra-long stable cycle of 4000 h at 1.0 mA cm−2, 1.0 mAh cm−2. The full cell assembled with vanadium-based cathodes can be cycled stably for 3000 cycles at 1.0 A/g. The structural design strategy of this study provides new insights into the protection of Zn anodes in aqueous batteries.

An optimizing hybrid interface architecture for unleashing the potential of sulfide-based all-solid-state battery

Sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium metal batteries are received tremendous focus due to the potential to deliver high energy density. Nevertheless, extremely unstable lithium/sulfide interface reaction and growth of unfavorable Li dendrites upon cycling remain challenging aspects and not yet fully settled. In this work, a lithophilic and high interfacial-energy hybrid interphase rich in chloride and Li-Ga alloy was in-situ constructed at Li/Li7P3S11 interface to tackle the vexing issue. Benefiting from the high interfacial energy and electronic insulation of LiCl in the hybrid interphase, lithium dendrites were effectively inhibited. In addition, the Li-Ga alloy-rich layer possesses excellent lithiophilicity and low diffusion energy, which can provide a uniform electric field distribution and induce rapid conduction of Li-ions. Consequently, the densification of Li/Li7P3S11 interface is achieved, which contributes to the decrease of interfacial impedance, uniform Li-ion flux and inhibition of continuous side reactions. Exalting, the Li symmetric cells with the Li-Ga alloy/LiCl (LGC) interlayer display high critical current density of 1.5 mA cm−2 and steady cycle for 1000 h at 0.3 mA cm−2 (0.3 mAh cm−2) at room temperature. Furthermore, the modified all-solid-state lithium battery also demonstrates an ultra-stable cycling. This work provides a reasonable design approach for the selection of interface layers in the all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) based on theoretical calculations, with the objective of attaining a stable Li/sulfide solid electrolyte interface.

Vertical Diamond p-n Junction Diode with Step Edge Termination Structure Designed by Simulation.

In this paper, diamond-based vertical p-n junction diodes with step edge termination are investigated using a Silvaco simulation (Version 5.0.10.R). Compared with the conventional p-n junction diode without termination, the step edge termination shows weak influences on the forward characteristics and helps to suppress the electric field crowding. However, the breakdown voltage of the diode with simple step edge termination is still lower than that of the ideal parallel-plane one. To further enhance the breakdown voltage, we combine a p-n junction-based junction termination extension on the step edge termination. After optimizing the structure parameters of the device, the depletion regions formed by the junction termination extension overlap with that of the p-n junction on the top mesa, resulting in a more uniform electric field distribution and higher device performance.

Interface coordination regulation of zinc ions for advanced zinc-iodine batteries

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-iodine batteries, as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), deliver the advantages of high theoretical specific capacity, high safety, environmental friendliness, and abundant reserves, making them suitable for large-scale energy storage applications. Nevertheless, unstable Zn anodes would cause a series of symptoms, such as the growth of Zn dendrites and side reactions, which endanger the stability and lifespan of the batteries. Herein, an organic-metal (PAA-Zn) functional film is introduced onto the surface of Zn foil via the coordination of polyacrylic acid and divalent ions to address the above challenges of Zn anodes. The PAA-Zn functional films adjust the uniform distribution of the interfacial electric field, which is advantageous for uniform Zn plating/stripping. Additionally, the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups not only significantly enhance the interfacial hydrophilicity, but also reduce the number of free water molecules reaching the Zn foil surface through the isolation and desolvation effect of functional groups, thus inhibiting corrosion and hydrogen evolution side reactions. As a result, PAA-Zn electrodes exhibited a stable cycling for over 1000 h in symmetrical cells. Most importantly, the Zn-I2 batteries demonstrated a high specific capacity with a retention rate of 89.9 % during 3500 cycles when assembled with PAA-Zn anodes.

Regulated Zn Plating and Stripping by a Multifunctional Polymer-Alloy Interphase Layer for Stable Zn Metal Anode.

Metallic zinc electrode with a high theoretical capacity of 820mAhg-1 is highly considered as a promising candidate for next-generation rechargeable batteries. However, the unavoidable hydrogen evolution, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and severe passivation reaction badly hinder its practical implementations. Herein, a robust polymer-alloy artificial protective layer is designed to realize dendrite-free Zn metal anode by the integration of zincophilic SnSb nanoparticles with Nafion. In comparison to the bare Zn electrode, the Nafion-SnSb coated Zn (NFSS@Zn) electrode exhibits lower nucleation energy barrier, more uniform electric field distribution and stronger anti-corrosion capability, thus availably suppressing the Zn dendrite growth and interfacial side reactions. As a consequence, the NFSS@Zn electrode exhibits a long cycle life over 1500h at 1mAcm-2 with an ultra-low voltage hysteresis (25mV). Meanwhile, when paired with a MnO2 cathode, the as-prepared full cell also demonstrates stable performance for 1000cycles at 3Ag-1 . This work provides an inspired approach to boost the performance of Zn anodes.

Effect of P-Type GaN Buried Layer on the Temperature of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.

In this paper, a P-type GaN buried layer is introduced into the buffer layer of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, and the effect of the P-type GaN buried layer on the device's temperature characteristics is studied using Silvaco TCAD software. The results show that, compared to the conventional device structure, the introduction of a P-type GaN buried layer greatly weakens the peak of the channel electric field between the gate and drain of the device. This leads to a more uniform electric field distribution, a substantial reduction in the lattice temperature of the device, and a more uniform temperature distribution. Therefore, the phenomenon of negative resistance caused by self-heating effect is significantly mitigated, while the breakdown performance of the device is also notably enhanced.

Compared discharge characteristics and film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with two different electrode geometries

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet shows great potential for polymer film processing. The electrode geometry is the key factor to determine discharge characteristics and film modification of jets. In this paper, we compared the discharge characteristics and the film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with needle-ring electrode (NRE) and double-ring electrode (DRE). The results show that jet with NRE has stronger electric field intensity and higher discharge power, making it present more reactive oxygen particles and higher electron temperature, but its discharge stability is insufficient. In contrast, the jet with DRE has uniform electric field distribution of lower field intensity, which allows it to maintain stable discharge over a wide range of applied voltages. Besides, the modification results show that the treatment efficiency of PET film by NRE is higher than that by DRE. These results provide a suitable atmospheric pressure plasma jets device selection scheme for polymer film processing process.

Li3Bi/Li2O layer with uniform built-in electric field distribution for dendrite free lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal batteries have garnered significant attention as a promising energy storage technology, offering high energy density and potential applications across various industries. However, the formation of lithium dendrites during battery cycling poses a considerable challenge, leading to performance degradation and safety hazards. This study aims to address this issue by investigating the effectiveness of a protective layer on the lithium metal surface in inhibiting dendrite growth.The hypothesis is that continuous lithium consumption during battery cycling is a primary contributor to dendrite formation. To test this hypothesis, a protective layer of Li3Bi/Li2O was applied to the lithium foil through immersion in a BiN3O9 solution. Experimental techniques including kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to analyze the structural and electronic properties of the Li3Bi/Li2O layer.The findings demonstrate successful doping of Bi into the Li coating, forming Bi-Bi and Bi-O bonds. KPFM measurements reveal a higher work function of Li3Bi/Li2O, indicating its potential as an effective protective layer. DFT calculations further support this observation by revealing a greater adsorption energy of lithium on the Li3Bi/Li2O layer compared to the bulk material. Charge density analysis suggests that the adsorption of Li atoms onto the Li3Bi/Li2O layer induces a redistribution of charge, resulting in increased electron availability on the surface and preventing electrode–electrolyte contact.This study provides insights into the role of the Li3Bi/Li2O protective layer in inhibiting dendrite growth in lithium metal batteries. By mitigating dendrite formation, the protective layer holds promise for enhancing battery performance and longevity. These findings contribute to the development of strategies for improving the stability and reliability of lithium metal batteries, facilitating their wider adoption in energy storage applications.