Unified Standard Research Articles

Progress in Experimental Research on Mechanical Behavior of Composite Solid Propellants

Composite solid propellant is a particle reinforced composite material, and its microstructure strongly affects its macroscopic mechanical properties. This article reviews the current research status of macroscopic mechanical experiments and microscopic experiments. In terms of macroscopic mechanical performance testing, based on the description of the number of loading axes used to load the specimen, the development of related experimental research on uniaxial loading is relatively mature, while research on multi-axial loading is still lacking, and a unified standard has not yet been formed. In terms of microscopic experiments, although there are currently many observation methods, each has its own advantages and disadvantages; In experimental studies on the microstructure observation of solid propellants under loading conditions, most of them are based on uniaxial loading devices combined with optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, or micro CT devices to conduct research on the microstructure damage process of solid propellants under uniaxial loading. However, the research on the microstructure damage evolution process of solid propellants under multi-axial loading is currently in a research gap at home and abroad. Finally, this article summarizes and comments on the current research status, Proposed the shortcomings of current research and the key areas that need to be studied.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Rainstorm Events in Southwest China from 1961 to 2021

The rainfall distribution in southwest China is uneven, and the rainstorm threshold cannot use in a unified standard. This paper synthesizes a calculation method for the extremely heavy precipitation threshold and the provision of the rainstorm threshold in meteorological operation. It calculates the daily precipitation rainstorm threshold at 400 national ground stations in southwest China. The rainstorm events from 1961 to 2021 were statistically analyzed using the rainstorm threshold and analyzing the spatial-temporal variation characteristics. The results show that the number of single-station rainstorm events and the average precipitation of single-station rainstorm events in southwest China decreased from east to west. The number and frequency of single-station rainstorm events in Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, and Chongqing are increasing, while the number of single-station rainstorm events in Yunnan is decreasing. There is no apparent spatial distribution pattern for the continuous rainstorm events in the southwest region. From 1961 to 2021, the number and frequency of rainstorm events at a single station in southwest China followed an upward trend. The number of rainstorm events at a single station increased by 16.7 times · (10a)−1, and the frequency of rainstorms increased by 9.9% · (10a)−1. The continuous rainstorm events show an increasing trend, with an increase of 0.1 times · (10a)−1. Using the rainstorm threshold in southwest China, the early warning threshold for rainstorm disasters can be adjusted. The temporal and spatial characteristics of rainstorm events since 1961 can analyze the changes occurring in rainstorm events under global warming and provide data to support the response of southwest China to climate change.

Growing old in China in socioeconomic and epidemiological context: systematic review of social care policy for older people

BackgroundFrom 2020 to 2050, China’s population aged ≥65 years old is estimated to more than double from 172 million (12·0%) to 366 million (26·0%). Some 10 million have Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, to approach 40 million by 2050. Critically, the population is ageing fast while China is still a middle-income country.MethodsUsing official and population-level statistics, we summarise China’s demographic and epidemiological trends relevant to ageing and health from 1970 to present, before examining key determinants of China’s improving population health in a socioecological framework. We then explore how China is responding to the care needs of its older population by carrying out a systematic review to answer the question: ‘what are the key policy challenges to China achieving an equitable nationwide long-term care system for older people?’. Databases were screened for records published between 1st June 2020 and 1st June 2022 in Mandarin Chinese or English, reflecting our focus on evidence published since introduction of China’s second long-term care insurance pilot phase in 2020.ResultsRapid economic development and improved access to education has led to widescale internal migration. Changing fertility policies and household structures also pose considerable challenges to the traditional family care model. To deal with increasing need, China has piloted 49 alternative long-term care insurance systems. Our findings from 42 studies (n = 16 in Mandarin) highlight significant challenges in the provision of quality and quantity of care which suits the preference of users, varying eligibility for long-term care insurance and an inequitable distribution of cost burden. Key recommendations include increasing salaries to attract and retain staff, introduction of mandatory financial contributions from employees and a unified standard of disability with regular assessment. Strengthening support for family caregivers and improving smart old age care capacity can also support preferences to age at home.ConclusionsChina has yet to establish a sustainable funding mechanism, standardised eligibility criteria and a high-quality service delivery system. Its long-term care insurance pilot studies provide useful lessons for other middle-income countries facing similar challenges in terms of meeting the long-term care needs of their rapidly growing older populations.

The state and consideration for skin test of β-lactam antibiotics in pediatrics.

β-lactam antibiotics are the most frequently used drugs and the most common drugs that cause allergic reactions in pediatrics. The occurrence of some allergic reactions can be predicted by skin testing, especially severe adverse reactions such as anaphylactic shock. Thus, penicillin and cephalosporin skin tests are widely used to predict allergic reactions before medication in pediatrics. However, false-positive results from skin tests were more often encountered in pediatrics than in adults. In fact, many children labeled as allergic to β-lactam are not allergic to the antibiotic, leading to the use of alternative antibiotics, which are less effective and more toxic, and the increase of antibiotic resistance. There has been controversy over whether β-lactam antibiotics should be tested for skin allergies before application in children. Based on the great controversy in the implementation of β-lactam antibiotic skin tests, especially the controversial cephalosporin skin tests in pediatrics, the mechanism and reasons of anaphylaxis to β-lactam antibiotics, the significance of β-lactam antibiotic skin tests, the current state of β-lactam antibiotic skin tests at home and abroad, and the problems of domestic and international skin tests were analyzed to determine a unified standard of β-lactam antibiotic skin tests in pediatrics to prevent and decrease adverse drug reactions, avoid waste of drugs, and a large amount of manpower and material resource consumption.

Effectiveness of auricular acupoint therapy targeting menstrual pain for primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a global public health concern affecting women's health and quality of life, leading to productivity loss and increased medical expenses. As a non-pharmacological intervention, auricular acupoint therapy (AAT) has been increasingly applied to treat PD, but the overall effectiveness remains unclear. The aim of this review was to synthesize the effects of AAT targeting menstrual pain among females with PD. Eight databases (PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Data) and three registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN Registry and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry) were searched to identify existing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to 21 August 2022. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted the data, and appraised the methodological quality and the evidence strength using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) and the GRADE approach. A total of 793 participants from 11 RCTs were included. Despite substantial heterogeneity, AAT was more effective in reducing menstrual pain and related symptoms than placebo and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). No significant subgroup differences were found between study locations as well as invasiveness, duration, type, acupoints number, ear selection and provider of AAT. Only minor adverse effects of AAT were reported. AAT can help women with PD, particularly those who are refrained from pharmaceuticals. Primary healthcare professionals, including nurses, can be well-equipped to provide evidence-based and effective AAT for people with PD. AAT can be used in a broader global clinical community. To provide an optimal effect and have wider usability, a unified practice standard is required, which would necessitate further adaptation of clinical care of people with PD. AAT effectively decreased menstrual pain and other accompanying symptoms of PD. More research is needed to identify effective AAT features and explore optimal therapy regimes for PD.

Tracheoesophageal fistula treated with magnetic compression technique in canines

There are various surgical methods for tracheoesophageal fistula; however, there is presently no unified standard. Based on the magnetic compression technique, we designed a novel method for the treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula. The purpose of this study was to verify its feasibility in an animal experiment. Six beagle dogs underwent surgical repair after constructing a tracheoesophageal fistula model. After the tracheal and esophageal spaces were freed during the operation, two magnets were used to clamp the fistula. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, and wound healing were monitored. Samples were obtained 14 days after the operation, and fistula repair was observed. The tracheoesophageal fistula repair operation was successfully completed for all six beagles. The average operation time was 23.67 ± 4.50 min. The average intraoperative blood loss was less than 10 mL. One dog had a postoperative wound infection, and the rest had no postoperative complications. The wound healed well. In all dogs, after specimen collection, it was observed that the fistula was successfully closed and the mucosal layer was smooth and flat. Histological observation showed that the anastomosis was slightly inflamed, the mucosal layer and surrounding tissues were arranged neatly, and the structure was slightly disordered. Magnetic compression technique can be effectively used to repair tracheoesophageal fistula, shorten the operation time, and simplify the operation procedure, and thus, it has the potential for clinical application.

Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technique of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head (2023).

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common and refractory disease. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood, it is believed to be closely related to the interruption of intra-bone circulation and eventual bone tissue death. The prevention and treatment of ONFH are always a great challenge for orthopedists. The diagnostic level of ONFH has been continuously improved with the development of imaging techniques such as magnetic resource imaging and the in-depth understanding of the disease in recent years. There are many treatment methods for ONFH, which are generally considered individually and comprehensively according to factors such as the patient’s age, osteonecrosis stage, classification, and compliance with joint-sparing treatment. There is currently no unified standard. ONFH staging and classification play an important reference value for doctors to choose treatment options. In recent years, based on the characteristics of ONFH in Chinese people, the academic community has proposed Chinese staging and China-Japan Friendship Hospital classification. The consensus also introduces them together with the international ARCO staging to provide guidance for individualized treatment of ONFH. To further standardize the diagnosis of ONFH and expand the treatment of ONFH, the Association Related to Osseous Microcirculation Chinese Microcirculation Society organized domestic experts in the field of ONFH to jointly formulate the expert consensus, to provide reference for the standardized diagnosis of ONFH and the selection of individualized diagnosis and treatment techniques. Keywords: Expert consensus, Osteonecrosis of the femoral head, Diagnosis, Treatment technique

IAFDroid: Demystifying Collusion Attacks in Android Ecosystem via Precise Inter-App Analysis

Inter-app communication mechanism allows app developers to improve Android apps’ usability and provide users with rich functions via interacting with exposed components or performing data sharing. However, this mechanism may be leveraged by malicious developers or unintentionally misused by inexperienced developers. For end users, this type of attack may cause privacy breaches or remote controls of personal phone, which have a great threat of the user’s data security. The key to analyzing whether there is a collusion attack is to analyze the existence of communication channels between apps. The existing static analysis tools have done some work in this area, but the comprehensiveness of the analysis is insufficient, and such research lacks a unified test standard. In this paper, we present collusion attacks using more concealed inter-app communication channels, which can bypass existing security detection mechanisms. To defend against the new attacks, we design IAFDroid, an analysis framework that combines static and taint analysis. By examining 20K real-world apps, IAFDroid found that 94.4% of the most exposed components of Android may be leveraged to perform collusion attacks. Furthermore, the evaluation showed that the feature set extracted by IAFDroid could be used to promote the accuracy of Android malware detection. We contribute a more comprehensive benchmark for IAC analysis, IACBench, which includes the new attacks we propose. To facilitate follow-up studies, we open-sourced IAFDroid and IACBench based on the GPL agreement.

Disease burden of COPD in the Chinese population: a systematic review.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the main contributors to the global burden of disease. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the disease burden of COPD in the Chinese population and to determine the factors influencing the economic burden of the disease. This is a systematic review study. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WANGFANG Data, and VIP databases for studies regarding the disease burden of COPD in mainland China published before 31 December 2022. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's recommendation rating tool assessed the cross-sectional studies' risk of bias. A total of 45 studies were included. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for COPD have generally decreased in the Chinese population over the past 30 years. The total number of DALYs due to COPD in China decreased from 26.12 million person-years to 19.92 million person-years, with an annual decline rate of 0.9%. Subjects aged 40 years and older make up the majority of those with COPD in the Chinese population, and the condition is more prevalent among males than females, in rural areas than urban places, and in the West than the East. The median direct medical cost of COPD ranges from 150 to 2014 USD per capita per year. Among 23 influencing factors, age, hospitalization days, hospital type, gender, and career were the most significant variables that had an impact on the economic burden of COPD patients. The overall burden of COPD in China has been decreasing over the past 30 years. But there is a lack of standardized indicators for the economic burden of COPD patients in China, and it is recommended to establish a unified standard. The systematic review protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42023393429).

Some problems of spelling vietnamese toponyms and anthroponyms in russian

In the course of development of Internet, search systems and scientometrics, a unified standard of spelling proper names, toponyms and anthroponyms among them, acquires special importance. The purpose of this article is to suggest such a standard for the papers for publication in editions of the Center for Vietnam and ASEAN Studies of the RAS ICCA. Based on the rules set in previous years, there are some suggestions for spelling Vietnamese letters and their combinations in toponyms and anthroponyms in Russian, as well as the written form of Vietnamese personal names, also in references.

Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment technique of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (2022 version)

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common and refractory disease in the clinic. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood, it is believed to be closely related to the interruption of intra-bone circulation and eventual bone tissue death. The prevention and treatment of ONFH is always a great challenge for orthopedists. The diagnostic level of ONFH has been continuously improved with the development of imaging techniques such as MRI and the in-depth understanding of the disease in recent years.There are many treatment methods for ONFH, which are generally considered individually and comprehensively according to factors such as the patient's age, osteonecrosis stage, classification, and compliance with joint-sparing treatment. There is currently no unified standard. ONFH staging and classification play an important reference value for doctors to choose treatment options. In recent years, based on the characteristics of ONFH in Chinese people, the academic community has proposed Chinese staging and China-Japan Friendship Hospital (CJFH) classification. The consensus also introduces them together with the international Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging to provide guidance for individualized treatment of ONFH. In order to further standardize the diagnosis of ONFH and expand the treatment of ONFH, the Association Related to Circulation Osseous, Chinese Microcirculation Society (CSM-ARCO) organized domestic experts in the field of ONFH to jointly formulate the expert consensus, in order to provide reference for the standardized diagnosis of ONFH and the selection of individualized diagnosis and treatment techniques.

DMCGNet: A Novel Network for Medical Image Segmentation With Dense Self-Mimic and Channel Grouping Mechanism.

Automatic Medical Image Segmentation (MIS) can assist doctors by reducing labor and providing a unified standard. Nowadays, approaches based on Deep Learning have become mainstream for MIS because of their ability of automatic feature extraction. However, due to the plain network design and targets variety in medical images, the semantic features can hardly be extracted adequately. In this work, we propose a novel Dense Self-Mimic and Channel Grouping based Network (DMCGNet) for MIS for better feature extraction. Specifically, we introduce a Pyramid Target-aware Dense Self Mimic (PTDSM) module, which is capable of exploring deeper and better feature representation with no parameter increase. Then, to utilize features efficiently, an effective Channel Split based Feature Fusion Module (CSFFM) is proposed for feature reuse, which strengthens the adaptation of multi-scale targets by utilizing the channel grouping mechanism. Finally, to train the proposed method adequately, Deep Supervision with Group Ensemble Learning (DSGEL) is equipped to the network. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on 4 medical image segmentation datasets.

Evolutionary Logic and Development Foresight of Environmental Collaborative Governance Policy in the Yangtze River Delta

The experience of environmental governance in the Yangtze River Delta has formed the practical paths of cross-administrative cooperation and eco-civilization adaptation to economic development. As a result of a scientific analysis of policy texts on collaborative environmental governance in this region, this paper explores differences and core concerns, uncovering the development vein and mapping out the internal logic in order to provide a reference example for multi-regional governance. The policy has shifted from decentralization to authority, from universality to precision, from sustainable development to a community of common ecological destiny, from authoritarianism to co-governance, and from institutional norms to propaganda and guidance. Since the beginning of the new century, the internal logic of environmental governance policy in the Yangtze River Delta has been in line with the trend of coordinated development. In the future, efforts should be made to deepen the trinity mechanism of decision making, implementation, and supervision. When making decisions, we should further emphasize the unified standard of centralized environmental management and adhere to precise pollution control. Implementation will gradually establish the three-dimensional coordination mechanism of region, function, and role; supervision will involve the platform “internet + environment”, and the assessment will involve “pressure mechanism + environment”.

RCEP 협정을 통한 GVC 경쟁력 제고와 가치사슬 고도화에 관한 연구

Purpose : This study analyzes how the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) acts as a driving force for value chain upgrading and how it will affect Korea's global value chain (GVC) competitiveness and stabilization of the supply chain. Research design, data and methodology : The number of items per country under the rules of origin under the RCEP and ASEAN+1 FTAs is analyzed. Unification of the rules of origin is analyzed through each FTA standard. A literature review on accumulation is conducted. Results : A unified standard can be achieved for the rules of origin under the RCEP that facilitates exports and stabilizes the supply chain in 15 countries. Through accumulation, the effect of regional exports and market advancement can be seen in small and medium-sized export companies, which was impossible with individual FTA networks. Conclusions : All of these ultimately converge on efficient and stable imports and exports, and are based on the establishment of a more diversified trade structure and value chain upgrading that maximizes trade profits.

Editable and Verifiable Anonymous Authentication Incorporating Blockchain in the Internet of Energy

With the continuous development of the Internet of Energy, the access of a large number of distributed renewable energy has caused difficulties in energy management. The traditional energy management mode cannot meet the needs of existing energy management and trading. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated energy management platform based on blockchain, which allows multiple decentralized energy management systems to conduct unified identity authentication. At the same time, an editable and verifiable anonymous authentication (EVAA) scheme integrating blockchain in the Internet of Energy is designed, which combines the idea of chameleon hash (CH) and the algorithm of elliptic curve encryption (ECC) to realize the dual identity authentication of user information. Finally, the generated certificate is stored in the chain through blockchain consensus. The scheme is mainly constructed using multiple secure cryptographic algorithms, which combine the advantages of blockchain for information authentication. Thus, it can accomplish user cross-system authentication and transaction, and achieve more secure editable anonymous identity authentication through the algorithm performance test, compared with the existing similar schemes under the unified test standard. This paper not only ensures the operation efficiency, but also reflects the obvious advantage of realizing higher intensity security performance.

The Analysis of Two-Way E-Commerce Credit Evaluation Model Based on the C2C Mode

As an important mode of e-commerce, C2C has become a trading mechanism favored by consumers. However, for C2C transaction in a virtual environment, there is an issue of congenital transaction asymmetry, leading to increased uncertainties and transaction risks as well as credit speculation, false transactions and other credit problems. These problems not only affect the development of enterprises to a large extent, but also hinder the development of e-commerce ultimately. In order to guarantee the safety of both transaction parties, it is particularly important to establish a sound credit evaluation system for shopping sites. Through the analysis of the shortcomings of the existing C2C e-commerce credit evaluation model, this paper proposes a two-way e-commerce credit evaluation model based on the C2C mode. Firstly, a cross-platform two-way credit rating center with a unified rating standard was constructed; secondly, the credit evaluation indicator was reset and revised; then the credit rating of buyers and sellers was unified by combining fuzzy comprehensive evaluation algorithm and

Application and Evaluation of Sports Event Management Method Based on Recurrent Neural Network

The methods of sports event management are the life cycle management method, which can be divided into four stages: start-up planning, plan preparation, real-time control, and followup evaluation. The administrative measures management law includes administrative orders, instructions, regulations, and systems of administrative organizations at all levels. The system management law has four characteristics: mandatory, authoritative, stable, and preventive. The current management mode of sports events is mainly that the government is deeply involved in the operation of the entire event, and relevant personnel are selected from various government departments to form an organizing committee, and the resources related to the event are controlled and regulated by the government. However, in our country, there is currently no unified sports event management standard. Therefore, this paper proposes the application and evaluation of sports event management method based on recurrent neural network (RNN). The comments of sports events are extracted from the network, classified with an RNN, and finally, an improvement plan is obtained through evaluation. The main work of this paper is as follows: (1) the development status of sports event management at home and abroad and the application of RNN are introduced, and RNN is used in the evaluation and classification of sports event management. (2) We propose a sentiment classification model GCNN-GRU that fuses local feature extraction. Aiming at the defect that the basic model is easy to lose key phrase information, a CNN with a gating mechanism is used to extract and filter local features. The classification experiment results show that the proposed GCNN-GRU has the best classification effect on the Chinese sentiment dataset.

Research on the influence of switching frequency on the stability of large-scale distributed generation system

Wind power generation is generally a large-capacity low-switching frequency power station, and photovoltaic power generation is generally a small-capacity high-switching frequency power station. Large-scale access of different types of new energy power stations increased risk of grid voltage fluctuations. Therefore, in order to analyze the variation law of the stability of different types of new energy sources connected to the weak grid, it is very important to analyze the stability of inverters with different switching frequencies, but there are few studies on this issue. In this paper, the detailed sequence impedance model of the current-controlled inverter is firstly established, and its correctness is verified by frequency sweeping. Secondly, considering the control bandwidth, ripple suppression and filtering performance, the filtering parameters of inverters with different switching frequencies are designed using a unified standard. On this basis, the stability criterion based on impedance ratio is used to analyze the stability variation law of inverters with different switching frequencies under strong and weak grid conditions. Finally, the correctness and accuracy of the theoretical analysis are verified by simulation experiments.

Judicial Review of Directors' Duty of Care: A Comparison Between U.S. & China

Articles 147 and 148 of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (“Chinese Company Law”) establish that directors owe a duty of care to their companies. However, both of these provisions fail to explain the role of judicial review in enforcing this duty. The duty of care is a well-trodden territory in the United States, where directors’ liability is predicated on specific standards. The current American standard, adopted by many states, requires directors to “discharge their duties with the care that a person in a like position would reasonably believe appropriate under similar circumstances.” However, both the business judgment rule and Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporate Law (“DGCL”) shield directors from responsibility for their actions, which may weaken the impact of the duty of care requirement on director behavior. To better allocate the responsibility for directors’ violations of the duty of care and promote the corporations’ development, it is essential that Chinese company law establish a unified standard of review governing the duty of care owed by directors to companies. The majority of Chinese legal scholars agreed that a combination of subjective and objective standards would function best. Questions remain regarding how to combine such standards and implement them. In order to promote the development of China’s duty of care, these controversial issues need to be solved. This Article argues that China’s Company Law should hold a first-time violator of the duty of care liable only in cases of gross negligence but hold directors liable in the cases of ordinary negligence if they have violated the duty of care in the past.

Retrieval Algorithm of Water Pollutant Concentration Based on UAV Remote Sensing Technology

With the development of the society and economy, traditional water pollution monitoring methods can no longer meet the normal needs of work. Unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing technology has gradually emerged, and it has shown a development trend of multimodel and multifunction. However, the application of UAV remote sensing technology in water pollution monitoring is in its infancy and has not formed a unified method and standard. This paper introduces the disadvantages of UAV Remote Sensing Technology in water pollution monitoring and provides a way to improve the application level of UAV Remote Sensing Technology in water pollution monitoring. In order to make full use of the advantages of remote sensing monitoring technology in water ecological environment monitoring, including wide coverage, fast analysis speed, accurate and reliable monitoring results, and large amount of information, according to the spectral effect of polluted water, a remote sensing inversion model of river and lake parameters is established to determine the water quality of rivers and lakes. Concentrations of pollutants in the body are inverted and analyzed. The analysis results show that the fitting effect of the inversion model is accurate and the accuracy errors reflected by the degree of dispersion and deviation are also acceptable. The inversion results of the concentration of river and lake characteristic parameters based on the Gaofen-1 remote sensing image data are in line with the actual situation. The research results can greatly strengthen the monitoring capacity of the sewage outlet and provide reference for related research on water pollution caused by the sewage outlet.