Unity Of Science Research Articles

The Path to the Institute of Man

The article describes the main stages of the formation of the scientific direction of complex interdisciplinary human research in our country in the 1980s. These stages include: the Second All-Union Conference on the Comprehensive Research of Man (1988), the First All-Union Conference “Man, Science, Society” (1989), the first meeting of the Council of the All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences (1989). During these scientific forums, the scientific program of the Institute of Man was discussed. The discussion was attended by philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, historians, physicians, physiologists, geneticists, specialists in the field of technical sciences. During the discussions, proposals were made about the goals and objectives of the research work of the Institute of Man. The problems of man and his future have become aggravated, and ideas for their comprehensive study continue to remain relevant. An overview of documentary materials found in the archive of I.T. Frolov by the Group for the Study of his Creative Legacy of the RAS Institute of Philosophy. The materials are devoted to the main events on the way of the formation of the RAS Institute of Man. These include the transcript of the round table on the topic “Is a Unified Science of Man Possible? Institute of Man — Idea and Reality”, which took place in 1988 within the framework of the Second All-Union Conference on the Comprehensive Research of Man. During the discussion, various conceptual proposals were made for the development of anthropological topics in the country. In addition, the transcripts of the First All-Union Conference “Man, Science, Society”, organized in 1989 by the All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences, were studied to discuss the work on the implementation of the State General Academic Program “Man, Science, Society: Comprehensive Research”. Within the framework of the conference, the first meeting of the Council of the All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences was held in the Red Hall of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, at which the structure and forms of work of the Center, the Institute of Man and the journal “Chelovek” were discussed.

СИНТЕЗИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ ПРОБЛЕМ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В СОВЕТСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ В 1980-е гг.: ИСТОРИКО-ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

The article analyzes the attempt to develop a synthesized concept of man, or the «unified science of man», undertaken in the 1980s by a group of Soviet philosophers led by academician I.T. Frolov. The complex interdisciplinary study of the human phenomenon, first presented to the academic community in this period, included not only the traditional synthesis of philosophical data with the data of natural and social sciences but also the experience of co-optation of certain religious philosophy provisions into philosophy. Some scientists put forward a hypothesis about the convergence of science and religion in the future. However, the idea of abandoning a strict materialistic worldview was not accepted by the academic community. The article reconstructs and analyzes the basic provisions of the «unified science of man»: ideas about the anthropological ideal, the origin of man and the correlation of biological and social principles in his nature, the interrelation of freedom and necessity, external and internal freedom, the meaning and purpose of life, the relationship of personality and society. The paper concludes that in the 1980s there was developed a strategy in the USSR for the holistic solution of the philosophical problems of man based on the creative development of classical Marxism, which could subsequently lead to the transition of Russian philosophical anthropology and philosophy in general to a whole new level. Due to external circumstances, this work was actually stopped at the very beginning, and the task declared paramount in terms of scientific and social significance was never solved.

Logical Positivism, Wittgenstein and Ethical Value of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

The problem of interconnection of L. Wittgenstein and logical positivism is considered. It is proved that mutual influence did not exist and could not exist due to dissimilarities between the tasks proposed in the “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus” and the goals that are basic for the representatives of the Vienna Circle. But the difference between the tasks and the goals does not diminish the value of the philosophy of early Wittgenstein, if even his philosophy cannot be interpreted from the point of view of the Unified Science. But the ethical value of the “Tractatus” is problematic too. It does not contain any positive decisions for the humanities.

Современное монголоведение: от «культурного поворота» к новой картине мира

The article foregrounds the theme of the socio-cultural, civilizational context and worldview status of the contemporary Mongolian Studies and the prospects of its inclusion into the wide perspective of the world scientific research. The processes like globalization and informatization of the science and education, the expansion of the international and interdisciplinary research collaboration, the activation of the science diplomacy lead to “cultural turns”, the emergence of new perspectives in science, the understanding of the scientific and humanistic unity of the East and West, Europe and Asia, the whole world. All these raise the issues of the methodological self-renovation and cultural and civilizational selfawareness for the contemporary Mongolian Studies. The article points out the importance of the refusal of the Eurocentrism rigorism, the need for understanding of equivalence, equal status, equal significance of the west and east intellectual and scientific traditions, their equal importance for each other. The inclusion of the contemporary Mongolian studies into the wider context of the world research will enable to perceive the true meaning of the phenomena “world history”, “world philosophy”, define the new scientific world view of the XXI century.

Проблемът за граматиката в средновековното образование – изкуство или наука

This article the idea of teaching grammar in the Middle Age and development of grammar from liberal art to science. Aristotle introduced grammar as a free art and gave purpose of teaching in the liberal arts. Clement of Alexandria goes on to justify and argue that grammar is part of liberal arts. Propose symbolic method as the most suitable for teaching grammar. Boethius of Dacia objects to the medieval tradition of teaching the liberal arts and believes that they should all be seen as sciences. He argues that grammar exist and needs to be taught as an objective independent verbal unified science.

The 220th Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the Victorious 1945: A Scenario of Celebration in the Sociocultural Context of the Era

In June 1945, the 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences was celebrated on a grand scale. An academic anniversary is a polysyllabic commemorative action that can be described in diverse contexts. The authors focused directly on the holiday scenario in the corporate-ritual dimension, as well as its communicative potentialities. The source of the research was published and unpublished clerical materials of the USSR Academy of Sciences, periodicals and popular science publications, ego-sources of participants in the science festival. The methodological optics of the article consisted of developments in the field of intellectual history, the social history of science, and the history of memory. In the festive scenario, the authors identified the following components: 1) actually scientific, 2) ritual and welcoming, 3) concert and entertainment, and 4) banquet. During the study, it was concluded that the scenario for celebrating the 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences is multilayered and at the same time integral and indivisible. It organically combined heterogeneous social entities - power sharpened by rigid forms of social engineering and repressive regulation, scientists trying to remove themselves from excommunication from pre-revolutionary and world science, foreign guests who became their own for a short historical moment. The scenario of the anniversary correlates with the contextual background of the anniversary celebrations, which was distinguished by a special atmosphere of expectation of a new life after the Great Patriotic War. In the communicative plan, jubilee celebrations are considered as practices of intensive communication. The conclusion is made that the idea of a unified world science will be revived for a short moment.

Between the Hearth and the Store

Research into the Bronze Age on the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula has always occupied a pre-eminent position in the archaeological discipline. Although we can state that there is a certain degree of scientific unity regarding the main cultural features of that period, few studies have focused on the social and technological process involved in the manufacture of pottery vessels. This paper aims to remedy that situation. To do this, we provide the results obtained from the technical analysis of the pottery vessels used in two activities essential to human survival – food storage and processing – in the Bronze Age settlement of Peñalosa (2086–1450 cal BC). At the same time, the macroscopic identification of the technological patterns developed in the tasks of manufacturing earthenware jars and pots allows us to reflect on the significance of the concept of specialization in the Argar Culture.

THE MULTIPLICITY OF UNITY: A REVIEW OF THE VARIOUS APPROACHES TO THE UNITY OF SCIENCE

This paper represents an analysis of several attempts to sustain the idea of unity in science and in knowledge. The authors of the text argue that through the preservation of unity, the link between science and philosophy is strengthened – which is, in modernity, significantly weakened. Philosophical research was undertaken with the aim of further strengthening pluralism, both in science and in methodology, which is reflected in the philosophies of science by Kuhn and Feyerabend. It is also noted that the concept of unity is rather relevant, for it is via unity that modern science maintains its link with the traditional metaphysics, in addition to the many reasons which are listed in the paper. The weakening of the unity in knowledge and the sciences is, in fact, the weakening of the rest of philosophy in sciences. The crisis of the scientific unity reflects the crisis in philosophy. This research firstly contemplates the forms of the reduction of pluralism in the very knowledge, whereas the second chapter deals with the similar attempts related to the unity in science. The final part of the research represents the author’s perspective, as an answer to the question of why unity is that relevant, as well as the manner in which the lack of it would affect science.

Jørgen Jørgensen’s Relation to Logical Positivism

Between the two World Wars, Jørgen Jørgensen was a central figure in Danish philosophy and internationally recognized, as his teacher Harald Høffding had been before World War 1. When in the late 1920s Jørgensen established contact with the movement that would later be called logical positivism, he found a group of philosophers of his own age who advocated empiricism, the tools of formal logic and the Unity of Science, and who shared his anti-metaphysical approach to philosophy. He became one of the movement’s organizers and wrote its history, but he was only for a short period influenced by especially Rudolf Carnap’s philosophy of logic. Although Jørgensen was never an uncritical member of the movement, he is often considered as a central representative of logical positivism in Scandinavia.

Art as world and body transformation in philosophical and artistic cosmism. Article 2

The paper continues the description of the aesthetic system of Russian cosmism through the prism of the theme of world and body transformation. The synthetic idea of art, the idea of unity of science and art, the concept of culture of the future, which is key for the philosophy of cosmism, are considered. Fedorov's thesis which is formulated as: “Our life is an act of aesthetic creativity”, as well as his idea of man's creation of himself as a matter of art are also taken into consideration. Finally, the article shows Christian roots of the idea of transfigured corporeality developed by N.F. Fedorov and the cosmists of the 1920s.

Evolutionary psychology as the crystalizing core of a unified modern social science.

Evolutionary psychology as the crystalizing core of a unified modern social science.

METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION: A REPLY TO CRITICS

AbstractDebates about methodology have been central to the emergence of the “field of science of religion.” Two questions that have motivated scholars in that field over the past half century: “is it theoretically justifiable to bring scientific and religious beliefs into dialogue?” and “can theology be rational in the same way as science?” This article responds to commentary on Against Methodology: Recent Debates on Rationality and Theology, a book which critically examines three major methodologists of recent years: Nancey Murphy, Alister McGrath, and J. Wentzel van Huyssteen. Themes raised in the commentary include the status of realism and truth in science, the unity of science, the adequacy of the term “critical realism,” proper ways of seeking legitimacy for an academic discipline, and new directions for the field of science and religion.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DISPUTE OVER METHOD IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

In this article we analyze the basic theoretical assumptions of participants in the Methodenstreit dispute. The opposing views of positivists and historists have been analyzed according to the key positivist rules set out by Kolakowski (1972): phenomenalism, nominalism, status of value judgements and unity of science. In particular, the main consequences of different understandings of the relationship between the methods of the natural and social sciences were discussed: a) understanding of the goal of the social sciences: comprehension and explanation, b) the possibility of discovering universal laws as opposed to contextual analysis of unique phenomena; c) the place of social sciences in the system of sciences. We point to the efforts of the representatives of both directions to affirm the knowledge possibilities of the social sciences, but with different perceptions of the direction of the development of the social sciences - towards conquering the external or internal world.

Dialektika Islam dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Studi Waḥdat al-‘Ulūm Menurut al-Ghazali

Abstract: The dichotomy of sciences caused both the positive and negative effects for development of civilizations; such as poverty, economic colonialism and dehumanization. Therefore, the unity of sciences is an interesting and important to be discussed for developing a new and prosperous civilization. This paper discussed the unity of sciences according to Imam al-Ghazali (d. 1111) and its urgency to the issue of human life. For al-Ghazali, science must be unified in the aspects of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. These three aspects of knowledge united in one entity; such as three angles in a triangle. From the pespective of ontology, knowledge comes from God and cannot be separated from God, so all sciences are commendable. Epistemologically, the nature of science is the light coming from the illumination light of God. Science can be obtained by optimizing the function of reason and through revelation or inspiration. The validity of science is depended on how and sources used to obtain it. Knowledge is not for knowledge, but knowledge for human prosperity. To realize the concept of the unity of sciences it is needed a hard work, patience and many-stage processes; namely equal treatment on scientific and religious knowledge, dialogue, integration and interconnection between science and the end is the unity of sciences.

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF SYSTEM APPLICATIONS ACADEMICIAN V. М. OBRAZTSOV OF DESIGNING RAILWAY STATIONS OF UKRAINIAN SPECIALISTS

Purpose. The aim of the work is to highlight the scientific heritage of Academician V. M. Obraztsov, which is associated with systemic representations of the railway stations and hubs development and their further use. Research Methods. The problematic and historical-chronological methods were the basis of the methodological approaches of the study. The following methods were used in the study: empirical analysis; systematization method; periodization method. Results. At the beginning of 1900, Obraztsov V. M. published scientific works, which became the beginning of the development of problems in the scientific operation of railway transport. An important stage in the scientific work of Academician Obraztsov was the writing of fundamental works and the implementation in practice of complex projects for the development of transport hubs (1923-1933). The projects of uniting the hubs were aimed at concentrating their management from one center. These projects had a comprehensive nature: there were solved the problems of train formation plan, placement of marshalling yards and interaction of all transport types. The theoretical achievements of Obraztsov and his experience of developing projects became the basis for writing the fundamental work «Basics of the transport hubs designing» by the Institute of Complex Transport Problems (1959). The stages of the formation and development of the Kyivdiprotrans Institute and its contribution to the development of regulatory documents are given. In 1960, Kyivdiprotrans developed the «Guidelines for the designing of master schemes for the development of railway hubs and stations”, the main provisions of which were reduced to the integrated development of all types of transport, the procedure for the development, composition and coordination of design materials for all chapters of the master plan of the railway hubs and stations development, which had a great importance for designers, examiners, local governments, railway, port and industry managers. Institute «Kyivdiprotrans», using theoretical developments, its design experience and the experience of similar design institutes, developed guidelines for designers. The guidelines played a significant role in improving the design system of railway stations and hubs, improving the quality of projects and, as a result, improving the efficiency of the railway industry. In developing the guidelines, Obraztsov’s works were used and an integrated approach to the design and reconstruction of hubs was provided. Practical significance. The contribution of academician Obraztsov to the development of transport science and the development of regulatory documents for the design of railway hubs and stations from the standpoint of the complexity and scientific unity of transport science was highlighted.

Постнекласичний синтез знання

Academician V. S. Stepin, considering the objects of classical and non-classical types of rationality like aspects or fragments of self-developing systems as the object of post non-classical type of rationality, provided a methodological foundation for formulating a post non-classical synthesis of foregoing knowledge on the basis of new theoretizations of post non-classical sciences. The present article provides examples of such synthesis in Quantum Physics of the Alive as a phenomenon of post non-classical science,
 Physics of the Alive demonstrated, how the self-organization of a live organism's own coherent electromagnetic field entails the dynamic stability of the organism as a macroscopic quantum object. As a result of such macroscopic nature, the spreading of electromagnetic waves of millimeter range in organism and their reflection from bones and nails as well as the interference of direct and reflective waves, creating papillary patterns, proceeds entirely according to the laws of classic electrodynamics. Moreover, the space projection of limit cycles of this coherent field can be naturally associated with channels of Chinese acupuncture. Quantum Medicine, which is based on Physics of the Alive, successfully uses the experience of the ancient culture. Thus postnonclsssical science realizes the synthesis of knowledge of different realms and kinds.
 Besides of this example of postnonclassical synthesis of knowledge, author shows, how non-linear theories, describing variants of non-linear dynamics of complex system, consider the choice by chance for certain variant as real necessity of historic development of our world. However, no common recipe of the synthesis apparently exists. One can only speak about creation of specific post non-classical theories of specific becoming and existence of self-organizing systems. It is important that the task of creating such synthesis can be correctly formulated now by utilizing the theoretical framework of Prof. V. S. Stepin. Post non-classical synthesis of knowledge provides the unity of science and demonstrates the unity of our world.

Contract theory as a unified discipline (On the occasion of the Russian publication of “Contract Theory” by Patrick Bolton and Mathias Dewatripont)

The article is devoted to the Russian edition in 2019 of perhaps the most important textbook on the theory of contracts in the last twenty-thirty years. From the very moment of its publication, in 2005, “Contract theory” by Bolton and Dewatripont has become the definitive English text on the topic for graduate students in all leading economic universities of the world. The translation of the book into Russian is an important event, since this textbook is unique: it provides the most general systemic overview of the huge field of contemporary economics, called contract theory, and which has evolved greatly for the last 30 years. The article gives the general overview of the book and briefly describes the evolution of the theory of contracts and general approach to the analysis of exchange of goods and services in the economy on the basis of this book and other literature. The article focuses on reviewing general ideas and concepts introduced by contract theory and the main models and methods that have made this domain a unified science.

Vasco De Magalhães-Vilhena

In this essay I seek to explore the nucleus of Vasco de Magalhaes-Vilhena’s tought, a predecessor of historical materialism in philosophy in Portugal. For that, I will begin by giving an historical contextualization of the philosopher, followed by the analyses of two of his works. The first corresponds to the book that the author wrote about Antonio Sergio’s philosophical thought, another contemporary thinker. In it, we find one of the main theses of Magalhaes-Vilhena’s critique of philosophical idealism, a distinctive element of Marxist philosophy. The second corresponds to Fragmentos Sobre Ideologia ( Fragments about Ideology), a collection of texts written by the author while in his exile in France about the role of ideology in science and in society. In this collection we may find another of Magalhaes-Vilhena’s main theses concerning the unity of science. Lastly, I will make a few final considerations incorporating the historical analysis with both book analyses.

To the Centennial Anniversary of the China National Traditional Orchestra: Unity of Science and Practice on the Way to Excellence

To the Centennial Anniversary of the China National Traditional Orchestra: Unity of Science and Practice on the Way to Excellence

Единство эпистемологии и онтологии как реальные основания научного реализма

Epistemology and ontology are usually regarded as independent philosophical disciplines. However, the idea of their unity provides the basis for the correct interpretation of the concept of scientific realism as the development of the idea of methodological unity in science, which allows one to distinguish various subject areas, but approach them uniformly. Thus, scientific realism is associated with scientific practice as the idea of a single interpretation of phenomena using appropriate theoretical tools.