Unified Calculation Research Articles

Sampling Based Histogram PCA and Its Mapreduce Parallel Implementation on Multicore

In existing principle component analysis (PCA) methods for histogram-valued symbolic data, projection results are approximated based on Moore’s algebra and fail to reflect the data’s true structure, mainly because there is no precise, unified calculation method for the linear combination of histogram data. In this paper, we propose a new PCA method for histogram data that distinguishes itself from various well-established methods in that it can project observations onto the space spanned by principal components more accurately and rapidly by sampling through a MapReduce framework. The new histogram PCA method is implemented under the same assumption of “orthogonal dimensions for every observation” with the existing literatures. To project observations, the method first samples from the original histogram variables to acquire single-valued data, on which linear combination operations can be performed. Then, the projection of observations can be given by linear combination of loading vectors and single-valued samples, which is close to accurate projection results. Finally, the projection is summarized to histogram data. These procedures involve complex algorithms and large-scale data, which makes the new method time-consuming. To speed it up, we undertake a parallel implementation of the new method in a multicore MapReduce framework. A simulation study and an empirical study confirm that the new method is effective and time-saving.

Unified research of the EPR and optical spectral data for Cr3+-doped Lu3Al5O12 crystal

In this article, we apply a complete diagonalization (of energy matrix) method to simultaneously calculate the spin-Hamiltonian (or EPR) parameters (g factors g//, g⊥ and zero-field splitting D) and optical band positions (or crystal field energy levels) of Cr3+-doped Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) crystal. The method is based on the two-spin-orbit-parameter model where besides the effects of spin-orbit parameter of central dn ion in the common crystal-field theory, those of ligand ions are contained. The calculated results indicate that by using only three adjustable parameters, the eight observed spectroscopic data (three EPR data and five optical bands) are reasonably explained. This suggests that this diagonalization method is effective and applicable in the unified calculation of EPR and optical spectral data for d3 ions in crystals. The local lattice distortion caused by the Cr3+ impurity in LuAG crystal is also estimated. The outcomes are discussed.

A unified approach for determining the ultimate strength of RC members subjected to combined axial force, bending, shear and torsion.

This paper uses experimental investigation and theoretical derivation to study the unified failure mechanism and ultimate capacity model of reinforced concrete (RC) members under combined axial, bending, shear and torsion loading. Fifteen RC members are tested under different combinations of compressive axial force, bending, shear and torsion using experimental equipment designed by the authors. The failure mechanism and ultimate strength data for the four groups of tested RC members under different combined loading conditions are investigated and discussed in detail. The experimental research seeks to determine how the ultimate strength of RC members changes with changing combined loads. According to the experimental research, a unified theoretical model is established by determining the shape of the warped failure surface, assuming an appropriate stress distribution on the failure surface, and considering the equilibrium conditions. This unified failure model can be reasonably and systematically changed into well-known failure theories of concrete members under single or combined loading. The unified calculation model could be easily used in design applications with some assumptions and simplifications. Finally, the accuracy of this theoretical unified model is verified by comparisons with experimental results.

Uniform calculation of the optical and EPR spectral data for the trigonal (CrO6)9− octahedral clusters in Y3Al5O12 crystal

The complete diagonalization (of the energy matrix) method is applied in this paper for the unified calculation of optical and EPR spectral data of the trigonal (CrO6)9− octahedral clusters in Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystal. The method is based on the two-spin–orbit-parameter model where, besides the contributions from the spin–orbit parameter of central dn ion in the traditional crystal-field theory, those from the spin–orbit parameter of ligand ions via the covalence effect are considered. The computed 32 spectroscopic data values (29 crystal field energy levels and three spin-Hamiltonian parameters, namely the g factors g// and g⊥, and the zero-field splitting D) are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values, despite using only four adjustable parameters. This suggests that the method is valid in the uniform calculation of optical and EPR spectral data for d3 ions in crystals. The impurity-induced angular distortion of the (CrO6)9− clusters in YAG crystal was also evaluated.

A collision avoidance model for two-pedestrian groups: Considering random avoidance patterns

Grouping is a common phenomenon in pedestrian crowds and group modeling is still an open challenging problem. When grouping pedestrians avoid each other, different patterns can be observed. Pedestrians can keep close with group members and avoid other groups in cluster. Also, they can avoid other groups separately. Considering this randomness in avoidance patterns, we propose a collision avoidance model for two-pedestrian groups. In our model, the avoidance model is proposed based on velocity obstacle method at first. Then grouping model is established using Distance constrained line (DCL), by transforming DCL into the framework of velocity obstacle, the avoidance model and grouping model are successfully put into one unified calculation structure. Within this structure, an algorithm is developed to solve the problem when solutions of the two models conflict with each other. Two groups of bidirectional pedestrian experiments are designed to verify the model. The accuracy of avoidance behavior and grouping behavior is validated in the microscopic level, while the lane formation phenomenon and fundamental diagrams is validated in the macroscopic level. The experiments results show our model is convincing and has a good expansibility to describe three or more pedestrian groups.

Self-consistent analysis of sub-barrier fusion enhancement effect in Ca + Ca and Ni + Ni**Supported by the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (2013CB834404) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11475263, 11375268, U1432246 and U1432127)

The fusion dynamic mechanism of heavy ions at energies near the Coulomb barrier is complicated and still not very clear up to now. Accordingly, a self-consistent method based on the CCFULL calculations has been developed and applied for an ongoing study of the effect of the positive Q-value neutron transfer (PQNT) channels in this work. The typical experimental fusion data of Ca + Ca and Ni + Ni is analyzed within the unified calculation scheme. The PQNT effect in near-barrier fusion is further confirmed based on the self-consistent analysis and extracted quantitatively.

Equivalent computational models and deflection calculation methods of box girders with corrugated steel webs

This study found that it is improper to use equivalent concrete webs (ECWs) to replace corrugated steel webs (CSWs) in the MIDAS Civil. To reflect the mechanical performance difference of CSWs in different directions, a more precise theoretical model, the assimilated orthotropic plate (AOP), is presented to simulate CSWs. 3D Finite element analysis demonstrates that the AOP model can yield a more precise description of CSWs compared with the ECW model in MIDAS. In addition, this paper presents a unified calculation method for bending deformation suitable for the analysis of beams with equal-area or variable-area cross-sections, in which the non-prismatic beam is made equivalent to the prismatic beam by introducing the concept of equivalent inertia moment. Additionally, the formula of shear deformation in a non-prismatic box girder with CSWs is also derived with Timoshenko beam theory. These derived formulas for non-prismatic box girder with CSWs agree well with the numerical and measured data.

Unified Calculation Method for Motor Torque in Reluctance Network Analysis

SUMMARYA reluctance network analysis (RNA), which is an improved magnetic circuit method, has some advantages: the analytical model is simple, the calculation accuracy is relatively high, and a coupled analysis with an electric circuit, a heat circuit, a motion equation, and so on, is fundamentally easy. The RNA has been applied to the dynamic analysis of several motors such as a surface permanent magnet (SPM) motor, an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor, and a switched reluctance (SR) motor. The dynamic characteristics of these motors including starting and a sudden load change can be calculated by an RNA. However, the torque calculation methods for these motors are different from each other. This paper presents a unified calculation method for the motor torque in an RNA, which does not depend on the types and structures of motors. The validity and availability of the proposed method are demonstrated by a finite element method (FEM) and an experiment.

On unified calculation of clinical nursing workload

Objective To explore a unified calculation method of clinical nursing workload in a general hospital, so as to compare objectively nursing workload among different departments. Methods As an attempt to figure out the nursing workload, direct nursing time of venous transfusion was used as the statistical basis and direct nursing time of nursing service items in different departments were standardized. Results Conversion coefficient among different nursing service items was determined, with the result of realization of reasonable calculation of nursing workload and objective comparison of nursing workload among different departments. Conclusions The unified calculation of clinical nursing workload, using direct nursing time of venous transfusion as the statistical basis, is easy in operation and reliable in results, which makes it operable and feasible in comprehensive performance evaluation system and bonus distribution with serving quality and nursing workload as main index. Key words: Nursing administration; Nursing workload; Unified calculation; Conversion coefficient

A Unified Calculation of the Optical and EPR Spectral Data for the Trigonal Cr3+Center in Cr3+-Doped α-RbAl(SO4)2·12H2O Alum Crystal

A Unified Calculation of the Optical and EPR Spectral Data for the Trigonal Cr3+Center in Cr3+-Doped α-RbAl(SO4)2·12H2O Alum Crystal

Unified studies of structure and reactions in light unstable nuclei

The generalized two-center cluster model (GTCM), which can treat covalent, ionic and atomic configurations in general systems with two inert cores plus valence nucleons, is formulated in the basis of the microscopic cluster model. In this model, the covalent configurations constructed by the molecular orbital (MO) method and the atomic (or ionic) configuration obtained by the valence bonding (VB) method can be described in a consistent manner. GTCM is applied to the light neutron-rich system, 10,12 Be = α + α + XN (X = 2,4), and the unified studies of the structural changes and the reaction problem are performed. In the structure study, the calculated energy levels are characterized in terms of the chemical bonding like structures, such as the covalent MO or ionic VB structures. The chemical bonding structures changes from level to level within a small energy interval. In the unbound region, the structure problem with the total system of α + α + XN and the reaction problem, induced by the collision of an asymptotic VB state of α +6,8 He, are combined by GTCM. The properties of unbound resonant states are discussed in a close connection to the reaction mechanism, and some enhancement factors originated from the properties of the intrinsic states are predicted in the reaction observables. The unified calculation of the structures and the reactions is applied to the Coulomb shift problem in the mirror system, such the 10 Be and 10 C nuclei. The Coulomb displacement energy of the mirror systems are discussed.

Unified calculation of generalized oscillator strength of argon ranging from bound to continuum states

The electron and photon scattering data of an atom are crucial for many scientific fields, including plasma physics, astrophysics, and so on. For high enough but nonrelativistic incident energies, the first Born approximation is applicable for calculating these data, in which the key physics quantity is the generalized oscillator strength (GOS). In high-energy electron impact excitation processes, atoms will be excited into various excited states including strongly perturbed Rydberg and adjacent continuum states. How to calculate these quantities of a nontrivial many-electron atom rapidly and accurately is still a great challenge. Based on our eigenchannel $R$-matrix method $R$-eigen, we further extend it to calculate the GOS of a whole channel in an atom, which includes all Rydberg and adjacent continuum states. The ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states of argon are chosen as an illustrating example. The calculation results are in good agreement with the available benchmark absolute experimental measurements. The calculated eigenchannel GOS matrix elements are smooth functions of the excitation energy and momentum transfer. From such smooth eigenchannel GOS matrix elements, we can obtain the GOS of any specific excited state through multichannel quantum defect theory, e.g., infinite Rydberg (including a strongly perturbed one), autoionization, and continuum states.

Internal Progressive Failure in Deep-Seated Landslides

Except for simple sliding motions, the stability of a slope does not depend only on the resistance of the basal failure surface. It is affected by the internal distortion of the moving mass, which plays an important role on the stability and post-failure behaviour of a landslide. The paper examines the stability conditions and the post-failure behaviour of a compound landslide whose geometry is inspired by one of the representative cross-sections of Vajont landslide. The brittleness of the mobilized rock mass was described by a strain-softening Mohr–Coulomb model, whose parameters were derived from previous contributions. The analysis was performed by means of a MPM computer code, which is capable of modelling the whole instability procedure in a unified calculation. The gravity action has been applied to initialize the stress state. This step mobilizes part of the strength along a shearing band located just above the kink of the basal surface, leading to the formation a kinematically admissible mechanism. The overall instability is triggered by an increase of water level. The increase of pore water pressures reduces the effective stresses within the slope and it leads to a progressive failure mechanism developing along an internal shearing band which controls the stability of the compound slope. The effect of the basal shearing resistance has been analysed during the post-failure stage. If no shearing strength is considered (as predicted by a thermal pressurization analysis), the model predicts a response similar to actual observations, namely a maximum sliding velocity of 25 m/s and a run-out close to 500 m.

Unified Calculation Method that Treats a Fluid as an Elastic Material Based on the Finite Element Method

The analysis of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is difficult since we need to couple different calculation methods along with complex boundary conditions. To overcome this problem, we propose a unified calculation method using almost the same governing equation for both fluid and elastic materials, based on the idea that fluid and elastic materials can be treated in the same way except that fluids cannot maintain shearing stress. By using the Newmark algorithm with the finite element method, we show that the numerical results of our simple method agree well with analytical results. Furthermore, from the principle of the Newmark algorithm, our method ensures unconditional stability for FSI calculations.

Investigations of the optical band positions, EPR parameters and defect structure for the trigonal Cr3+–Li+ centre in CsMgCl3 crystal

A unified calculation of optical band positions and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) (or spin-Hamiltonian) parameters for the trigonal Cr3+–Li+ centre in CsMgCl3 crystal is made by using the complete diagonalisation (of energy matrix) method based on the two-spin–orbit-parameter model. In this model, the contributions from the spin–orbit parameter of central dn ion and that of ligand ion are included. From the calculation, the 11 observed optical and EPR data (eight optical band positions and three EPR parameters g//, g⊥, D) are reasonably explained with five adjustable parameters and the defect structure of the Cr3+–Li+ centre (which is consistent with the expectation based on the electrostatic interaction) in CsMgCl3 is acquired. The results are discussed.

The Casimir effect for fields with arbitrary spin

The Casimir force arises when a quantum field is confined between objects that apply boundary conditions to it. In a recent paper we used the two-spinor calculus to derive boundary conditions applicable to fields with arbitrary spin in the presence of perfectly reflecting surfaces. Here we use these general boundary conditions to investigate the Casimir force between two parallel perfectly reflecting plates for fields up to spin-2. We use the two-spinor calculus formalism to present a unified calculation of well-known results for spin-1/2 (Dirac) and spin-1 (Maxwell) fields. We then use our unified framework to derive new results for the spin-3/2 and spin-2 fields, which turn out to be the same as those for spin-1/2 and spin-1. This is part of a broader conclusion that there are only two different Casimir forces for perfectly reflecting plates—one associated with fermions and the other with bosons.

The Unified Calculation Model for Shear Capacity of RC Slabs

Based on the experimental data of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs subjected to concentrated loads, the influence of breadth span ratio on the failure characteristics and shear capacity is analyzed. It can be concluded that with the increment of breadth span ratio, the failure patterns of RC slabs will gradually convert from beam shear failure to punching shear failure and then punching failure. Furthermore, a formula derived from a range of experimental data for the shear capacity calculation of RC slabs is put forward. Then a comparison between the calculated values and test results is carried out which demonstrates a high degree of consistency. The suggested formula has fairly good practical value in engineering application and provides a beneficial reference to the concrete specification revision in the future.

A Novel Method for Measuring Landscape Heterogeneity Changes

In this letter, we present a novel efficient automated tracing algorithm, called Compound Ray Recorder (CRR), to measure landscape heterogeneity efficiently without any supporting data sets. The main advantages of this method are: 1) the definition of a unified calculation framework for landscape heterogeneity is proposed and 2) no ancillary data are required, and the whole procedure can be automatically performed without any expert support or subjective evaluation. The results of tests using the proposed CRR method with actual satellite data show that it can accurately quantify the level of heterogeneity of a variety of landscapes. By normalizing the image size, the method constructs a unified framework for comparison of different regions or image extents. Meanwhile, the CRR method has been applied to time-series tracing of urban expansion and seasonal changes in the Poyang Lake area, thereby providing a new approach for monitoring landscape changes. Furthermore, heterogeneity changes mapping, and quantitative comparisons between the proposed method and existing methods are also performed.

Assessing the impact of primary measures for NOx reduction on the thermal power plant steam boiler

The European normatives prescribe content of 200 mg/Nm3 NOx for pulverized coal combusting power plants. In order to reduce content of NOx in Serbian thermal power plant (TPP) ꞌKostolac B’ it's necessary to implement particular measures until 2016. The mathematical model of lignite combustion in the steam boiler furnace is defined and applied to analyze the possibility of implementing certain primary measures for reducing nitrogen oxides and their effects on the steam boiler operation. This model includes processes in the coal-fired furnace and defines radiating reactive two-phase turbulent flow. The model of turbulent flow also contains sub-model of fuel and thermal NOx formation and destruction. This complex mathematical model is related to thermal and aerodynamic calculations of the steam boiler within a unified calculation system in order to analyze the steam boiler overall work. This system provides calculations with a number of influential parameters. The steam boiler calculations for unit 1 (350 MWe) of TPP ꞌKostolac Bꞌ are implemented for existing and modified combustion system in order to achieve effective, reliable and ecological facility work. The paper presents the influence analysis of large number of parameters on the steam boiler operation with an accepted concept of primary measures. Presented system of calculations is verified against measurements in TPP ꞌKostolac Bꞌ.

リラクタンスネットワーク解析におけるモータトルクの統一的算定手法

リラクタンスネットワーク解析におけるモータトルクの統一的算定手法