Unification Scenario Research Articles

The “Two Koreas” Problem in U.S. Policy, 1974–1980

In this article, the author charts the evolution of US Korea policy after the failed attempts to establish a unification dialogue between the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the reduction of the US military presence on the peninsula in 1974–1980. In 1973, The United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK), which the Americans had supported for decades, ceased operations. The question of the fate of the United Nations Command loomed large. On the whole, in 1974–1980, the Americans did not reduce their military presence in Korea. At the same time, diplomatic support for negotiations on this topic and participation in maintaining the inter-Korean dialogue on the status of the ROK and DPRK in the UN and scenarios for possible unification of the country were quite effective. The Americans managed to prevent destabilisation in South Korea even in the face of a sudden change of power following the assassination of Park Chung-Hee. Simultaneously, the necessary international structures, such as the ROK/US Joint Forces Command, were put in place. Moreover, US diplomats managed to preserve even such a relic of the Korean War as the UN Command. At the same time, the issue of Korean unification had by this time become an instrument of political manipulation by all countries concerned. Under these circumstances, unification could not be achieved by diplomatic means alone.

A modular SU (5) littlest seesaw

We extend the littlest modular seesaw to a Grand Unified scenario based on SU (5) endowed with three modular S4 symmetries. We leverage symmetry protected zeroes in the leptonic and down quark sectors to suppress deviations to the littlest modular seesaw predictions, but not contributions to the quark mixing. The model is supplemented by two weighton fields, such that the hierarchical nature of the charged-lepton masses, as well as the quark masses and mixing, stem from the content and symmetries of the model, rather than a hierarchical nature of the Yukawa coefficients.

Large-scale Anisotropy of Galactic Cosmic Rays as a Probe of Local Cosmic-Ray Propagation

Recent studies have shown that the anisotropy is of great value to decipher cosmic rays’ origin and propagation. We have built a unified scenario to describe the observations of the energy spectra and the large-scale anisotropy and called attention to their synchronous evolution with energy. In this work, the impact of the local regular magnetic field (LRMF) and corresponding anisotropic diffusion on large-scale anisotropy have been investigated. When the perpendicular diffusion coefficient is much smaller than the parallel one, the dipole anisotropy points to the LRMF and the observational phase below 100 TeV could be reproduced. Moreover, we find that the dipole phase above 100 TeV strongly depends on the evolution of local diffusion. But the current measurements at that energy are still scarce. We suggest that more precise measurements at that energy could be carried out to unveil the local diffusion and further the local turbulence.

Nearby SNR: A Possible Common Origin of Multi-messenger Anomalies in the Spectra, Ratios, and Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays

Multi-messenger anomalies, including spectral hardening or excess of nuclei, leptons, ratios of and B/C, and anisotropic reversal, have been observed in past years. The AMS-02 experiment also revealed different spectral breaks for positrons and electrons at 284 GeV and beyond tera electron volts, respectively. It is natural to ask whether all those anomalies originate from one unified physical scenario. In this work, the spatially dependent propagation (SDP) with a nearby supernova remnant (SNR) source is adopted to reproduce the abovementioned anomalies. There possibly exists a dense molecular cloud (DMC) around SNRs and the secondary particles can be produced by pp collision or fragmentation between the accelerated primary cosmic rays and DMC. As a result, the spectral hardening for primary and secondary particles and ratios of B/C and can be well reproduced. Due to the energy loss at the source age of 330 kyr, the characteristic spectral break-off for a primary electron is at about 1 TeV as hinted at by the measurements. The secondary positrons and electrons from charged pion take up 5% of energy from their mother particles, so the positron spectrum has a break-off at ∼250 GeV. Therefore, the different spectral breaks for positrons and electrons together with other anomalies can be fulfilled in this unified physical scenario. More interesting is that we also obtain the featured structures as spectral break-offs at 5 TeV for secondary particles of Li, Be, and B, which can be used to verify our model. We hope that those tagged structures can be observed by the new generation of spaceborne experiment HERD in the future.

Role of octahedral tilting and rotation in [formula omitted]MnO3 ([formula omitted]=La-Ho) perovskites: An orbital scenario

The octahedral tilting and rotation, i.e. GdFeO3-type distortion, in perovskite RMnO3 (R=rare-earth), are investigated with respect to the Jahn–Teller distortion within the unified orbital scenario. The evolution of orbital ordering and magnetism with the rare-earth R ions in perovskite RMnO3 are examined with an effective Hamiltonian based on the competitive mechanism of the electron–electron and electron-lattice interactions by the cluster self-consistent field approach. It is clearly found that the GdFeO3-type distortion enhances the magnitude of the Jahn–Teller distortion and suppresses the ferromagnetic coupling in ab-plane due to the decreasing of the superexchange interaction with Mn–O–Mn bond angle deviating from 180°, which are in good agreement with the experiments. Both the structural and magnetic properties can be explained in an orbital perspective consistently. Furthermore, our model is able to capture the experimental trends including both Jahn–Teller distortion and magnetic coupling for RMnO3 considering the combined effects of the GdFeO3-type distortion. Our results not only shed new light on the interplay of various degrees of freedom, but also unveil the stabilization mechanism of the crystal structure in perovskites.

Ризик-орієнтований моніторинг екологічних факторів впливу на якість життя у мегаполісах

The aim of the research is to develop recommendations for monitoring the quality of habitat in megacities, taking into account the uncertainty factor and the risks of man-made factors of influence. Materials and methods. National and regional reports on the state of the natural environment in Ukraine, research of the Ukrainian and foreign scientists on assessing the quality of life in the metropolis and the effectiveness of environmental monitoring in the management decision-making system are used as research materials. To achieve the goal of the research, the methods of system analysis, elements of the theory of fuzzy sets, the theory of probabilities, the theory of decision-making, Euclidean metrics, etc. are used. The results. The task of modern monitoring systems is constant monitoring of the current level of pollution, as well as forecasting possible trends of changes in this level, with the possibility of observing and identifying the state of environmental pollution. The task of identifying the dynamics of the technogenic pollution area can be reduced to the analysis of observations and comparisons of their results with each other by evaluating the Euclidean metric. Identifying the limit levels of pollution at which their harmful effects begin to manifest, as well as establishing the synergism effect will allow to provide an integral assessment of the quality of the environment. Conclusions. Management of the level of influence of environmental factors on the quality of life in megapolis is related to the solution of such problems as the creation of procedures for effective identification of the state, the development of a set of unified scenarios for overcoming problems, the need to form the structure of a typical decision-making system in crisis situations, etc. As a rule, management decisions in the field of environmental safety of megacities take place under conditions of uncertainty. The choice of one or another alternative is influenced by such factors as remote or indirect consequences of decisions, problems of "trifles" in the information provision of management decision-making, etc.

Holographic realization of constant roll inflation and dark energy: An unified scenario

In the formalism of generalized holographic dark energy, the infrared cut-off LIR is generalized to the form, LIR=LIR(Lp,L˙p,L¨p,⋯,Lf,L˙f,L¨f,⋯,a,H,H˙,H¨,⋯), where Lp and Lf are the particle horizon and the future horizon, respectively (moreover, a is the scale factor and H is the Hubble parameter of the universe). Based on such formalism, we establish a holographic realization of constant roll inflation during the early universe, where the corresponding cut-off depends on the Hubble parameter and its derivatives (up to the second order). The viability of this holographic constant roll inflation with respect to the Planck data in turn puts a certain bound on the infrared cut-off at the time of horizon crossing. Such holographic correspondence of constant roll inflation is extended to the scenario where the infrared cut-off is corrected by the ultraviolet one, which may originate due to quantum effects. Besides the mere inflation, we further propose the holographic realization of an unified cosmic scenario from constant roll inflation (at the early time) to the dark energy era (at the late time) with an intermediate radiation dominated era followed by a Kamionkowski like reheating stage. In such a unified holographic scenario, the inflationary quantities (like the scalar spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio) and the dark energy quantities (like the dark energy EoS parameter and the present Hubble rate) prove to be simultaneously compatible with observable constraints for suitable ranges of the infrared cut-off and the other model parameters. Moreover the curvature perturbations at super-Hubble scale prove to be a constant (with time) during the entire cosmic era, which in turn ensures the stability of the model under consideration.

Hierarchy of entanglement renormalization and long-range entangled states

As a quantum-informative window into quantum many-body physics, the concept and application of the entanglement renormalization group (ERG) have been playing a vital role in the study of novel quantum phases of matter, especially long-range entangled (LRE) states in topologically ordered systems. For instance, by recursively applying local unitaries as well as adding and removing qubits that form product states, the 2D toric code ground states, i.e., the fixed point of ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological order, are efficiently coarse-grained with respect to the system size. As a further improvement, the addition and removal of 2D toric codes in the ground states of the 3D X-cube model is shown to be indispensable and, remarkably, leads to well-defined fixed points of a large class of fracton orders that are non-liquid-like. Here, we present a substantially unified ERG framework in which general degrees of freedom are allowed to be recursively added or removed. Specifically, we establish an exotic hierarchy of ERG and LRE states in Pauli stabilizer codes, where the 2D toric code and 3D X-cube models are naturally included. In the hierarchy, LRE states like 3D X-cube and 3D toric code ground states can be added or removed in ERG processes of more complex LRE states. In this way, a large group of Pauli stabilizer codes are categorized into a series of state towers; within each tower, in addition to local unitaries including cnot (controlled-NOT) gates, lower LRE states of level-$n$ are added or removed in the level-$n$ ERG process of an upper LRE state of level $(n+1)$, connecting LRE states of different levels and unveiling complex relations among LRE states. As future directions, we expect this hierarchy can be applied to more general LRE states, leading to a unified ERG scenario of LRE states and exact tensor-network representations in the form of more generalized branching multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz.

Exploring bulk viscous unified scenarios with gravitational waves standard sirens

ABSTRACT We consider the unified bulk viscous scenarios and constrain them using the Cosmic Microwave Background observations from Planck 2018 and the Pantheon sample from Type Ia supernovae. Then we generate the luminosity distance measurements from ${\cal O}(10^3)$ mock Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens (GWSS) events for the proposed Einstein Telescope. We then combine these mock luminosity distance measurements from the GWSS with the current cosmological probes in order to forecast how the mock GWSS data could be effective in constraining these bulk viscous scenarios. Our results show that a non-zero time dependent bulk viscosity in the universe sector is strongly preferred by the current cosmological probes and will possibly be confirmed at many standard deviations by the future GWSS measurements. We further mention that the addition of GWSS data can significantly reduce the uncertainties of the key cosmological parameters obtained from the usual cosmological probes employed in this work.

Formal Certification Methods for Automated Vehicle Safety Assessment

Challenges related to automated driving are no longer focused on just the construction of such automated vehicles (AVs), but in assuring the safety of their operation. Recent advances in Level 3 and Level 4 autonomous driving have motivated more extensive study in safety guarantees of complicated AV maneuvers, which aligns with the goal of ISO 21448 (Safety of the Intended Functions, or SOTIF), i.e. minimizing unsafe scenarios both known and unknown, as well as Vision Zero -- eliminating highway fatalities by 2050. A majority of approaches used in providing safety guarantees for AV motion control originate from formal methods, especially reachability analysis (RA), which relies on mathematical models for the dynamic evolution of the system to provide guarantees. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there have been no review papers dedicated to describing and interpreting state-of-the-art of formal methods in the context of AVs. In this work, we provide both an overview of the safety verification, validation and certification process, as well as review formal safety techniques that are best suited to AV applications. We also propose a unified scenario coverage framework that can provide either a formal or sample-based estimate of safety verification for full AVs. Finally, remaining challenges and future opportunities beyond the scope of current published research for assured AV safety are presented.

On partial orders of operators

Characterizations of the star, minus and diamond orders of operators are given in various contexts and the relationship between these orders is made more transparent. Moreover, we introduce a new partial order of operators which provides a unified scenario for studying the other three orders.

КОМПАРАТИВІСТСЬКА ПАРАДИГМА У ПРАЦЯХ Ю. БОЙКА-БЛОХИНА: «ВЗАЄМОДОТИКАННЯ І СХРЕЩЕННЯ» ПІДХОДІВ

КОМПАРАТИВІСТСЬКА ПАРАДИГМА У ПРАЦЯХ Ю. БОЙКА-БЛОХИНА: «ВЗАЄМОДОТИКАННЯ І СХРЕЩЕННЯ» ПІДХОДІВ

Dissipative unified dark fluid: Observational constraints

We adopt a standard FRW cosmology with a unified scenario, where the usual dark matter and dark energy sectors are replaced by a single dissipative unified dark fluid (DUDF). The equation of state of such fluid can asymptote between two power laws. As a result, it enables fluid to have a smooth transition from dust at early times to dark energy at late times. The dissipation is represented by a bulk viscosity with a constant coefficient, whereas shear viscosity is excluded due to the isotropy of the universe. We performed a likelihood analysis using recent observational datasets from local H0 measurements, Type Ia supernovae, observational Hubble data, baryon acoustic oscillations, and cosmic microwave background to put cosmological constraints on the model. The special case of the non-dissipative unified dark fluid (UDF) is also studied, while a similar analysis is implemented to the ΛCDM model for comparison. Our analysis revealed that between the three analyzed models, the DUDF has the lower χmin2-value. Based on model selection statistics in the form of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), we compared different models to select the favored one due to the observational data used. Our results revealed that the UDF model has the minimum AIC, whence, due to the AIC, it is the most favorable model for the data. ΔAIC values of models are, then, measured to this model. This difference indicated that the DUDF model is substantial on the level of empirical support. On the other hand, the BIC results still prefer the ΛCDM model. Our dark fluid also alleviates the tension in the Hubble parameter. We got an H0 value of 70.02 kms−1Mpc−1 for the DUDF model and 70.25 kms−1Mpc−1 for the UDF model. These results alleviate the tension to ∼2.2σ for the DUDF model and ∼2.1σ for the UDF model. In addition, we studied the evolution of the deceleration parameter, the effective equation of state parameter, and the density parameter. We also estimated a value for the viscosity of the cosmic fluid. We found that our unified fluid doesn't deviate from the standard ΛCDM model at early times, with the ability to play the role of the cosmological constant by accelerating the universe at late times.

A General Autonomous Driving Planner Adaptive to Scenario Characteristics

Autonomous vehicle requires a general planner for all possible scenarios. Existing researches design such a planner by a unified scenario description. However, it may significantly increase the planner complexity even in some simple tasks, e.g., car following, further resulting in unsatisfactory driving performance. This work aims to design a general planner which can 1) drive in all possible scenarios and 2) have lower complexity in some common scenarios. To this end, this work proposes a pertinent boundary for multi-scenario driving planning. The total approach is named as Pertinent Boundary-based Unified Decision system. Based on the original drivable area, the pertinent boundary can further support motion status and semantics of the traffic elements, which provides the potential of pertinent performance for given scenarios. The pertinent boundary can support unified driving with the drivable area, in the meantime, can be pertinently modified to support the pertinent driving decisions for identified driving scenarios (e.g., car-following, junction left turning). It will further avoid the bump between the connections of the scenarios due to the continuity of space boundary. Thus, the planner is suitable for the fully autonomous driving. The proposed method is validated in different classical driving decision scenarios. Results show that the proposed method can support pertinent driving decisions in identified scenarios, in the meantime, assure generalized cross-scenario planning when no scenario information is available. Such a method shed light on fully autonomous driving by pertinence improvement of multi-scenario decision in the complex real world.

Phenomenology at the large hadron collider with deep learning: the case of vector-like quarks decaying to light jets

In this work, we continue our exploration of TeV-scale vector-like fermion signatures inspired by a Grand Unification scenario based on the trinification gauge group. A particular focus is given to pair-production topologies of vector-like quarks (VLQs) at the LHC, in a multi-jet plus a charged lepton and a missing energy signature. We employ Deep Learning methods and techniques based in evolutive algorithms that optimize hyper-parameters in the neural network construction, whose objective is to maximise the Asimov estimate for distinct VLQ masses. In this article, we consider the implications of an innovative approach by simultaneously combining detector images (also known as jet images) and tabular data containing kinematic information from the final states. With this technique we are able to exclude VLQs, that are specific for the considered model, up to a mass of 800 GeV in both the high-luminosity the Run-III phases of the LHC programme.

Comparison of macroeconomic developments in ten scenarios of energy system transformation in Germany: National and regional results

BackgroundDifferent strategies have been proposed for transforming the energy system in Germany. To evaluate their sustainability, it is necessary to analyze their macroeconomic and distributional effects. An approach to do this analysis in an integrated consistent framework is presented here.MethodsComparing ten energy transition scenarios with emission reduction targets by 2050 of 80% or 95%, respectively, allows evaluating a broad range of energy system transformation strategies with respect to the future technology and energy carrier mix. For this purpose, an energy system model and a macroeconometric model are combined, thus re-modeling the unified scenarios. An important extension of the model was concerned with the integration of synthetic fuels into the energy-economy model. One focus besides the overall macroeconomic assessment is the regional analysis. For this purpose, own assumptions on the regional distribution of the expansion of renewable energies were developed.ResultsThe effects on gross domestic product (GDP) and employment are similar on average from 2030 to 2050 across the scenarios, with most of the more ambitious scenarios showing slightly higher values for the socioeconomic variables. Employment in the construction sector shows the largest effects in most scenarios, while in the energy sector employment is lower in scenarios with high energy imports. At the regional level, the differences between scenarios are larger than at the national level. There is no clear or stable regional pattern of relative loss and profit from the very ambitious transformation, as not only renewable energy expansion varies, and hydrogen strategies enter the scene approaching 2050.ConclusionsFrom the relatively small differences between the scenarios, it can be concluded that, from a macroeconomic perspective, it is not decisive for the overall economy which (supply side) strategy is chosen for the transformation of the energy system. More effort needs to be put into improving assumptions and modeling approaches related to strategies for achieving the final 20% CO2 reduction, for example the increasing use of hydrogen.

미국 남북전쟁후 재건시대에 대한 고찰과 통일법제에 대한 시사점

The American Civil War in the middle of the 19th century and the reconstruction policy to heal its wounds occurred less than 100 years after the founding of the United States. It occurred at a time when the relationship between the state and the state as well as the President as commander-in-chief and Congress, which had the power to declare war and was responsible for supporting the federal army, was not clearly established. Therefore, based on the ambiguity of the constitutional level, mutual interests collided, resulting in confusion in reconstruction policies and political struggles after the Civil War. The implications of Korea's unification legislation through the US Civil War and reconstruction policies and their confusion are as follows. In the process of unification, it is necessary to check the mechanisms that can prevent corruption of the administration, which has discretionary power, and ensure transparency and appropriateness of projects that receive large-scale public funds. There is a need to organize and arrange examples of decisions that are outside the limits and limits allowed in the constitutional order, and there is a need to prepare and test a device for continuation of the people's unity and determination in the unification process. From the point of view of popular sovereignty, major decisions in the unification process must be submitted to a referendum to confirm the will of the people, but parliamentary democracy needs to be supplemented in that unification may come more suddenly than expected. It is difficult to expect the current referendum law to serve as a guideline for resolving political confusion or disagreement that may arise during the unification process. If it is difficult to amend the Constitution, it will be necessary to try to elaborate on the important policies stipulated in Article 72 of the Constitution in the Referendum Act or prepare a chapter related to unification to prepare for the unification process. By amending the Constitution and the Martial Law in a way that does not provoke North Korea, the division of emergency and security martial arts has been diversified into one form of protection or security or reconstruction martial law for special situations for support and protection in the process of unification. You may also consider reorganizing the chapter. The 「Act on the Protection and Support of North Korean Residents」 could be enacted, but it is also necessary to check whether the current law can be applied by analogy, and whether it can be used in an emergency by entrusting it with a presidential decree or by adding provisions to the current law. do. It may be possible to consider a bill focusing on the principles and standards of participation of private organizations, neutral and independent inspection by a third party on the implementation project, and evaluation and re-support of the support project. In addition to cooperation in dialogue and exchanges before unification, the distinction, cooperation, and role allocation of the competent authorities in each unification scenario should be checked.

Towards Sustainable Development: A Study of Cross-Regional Collaborative Carbon Emission Reduction in China

Exploring a scientific and reasonable cross-regional carbon emission reduction path in China is essential to achieving sustainable development and the carbon neutrality target. This study constructs a simulation model of China’s cross-regional carbon emission reduction (CER) system and adopts a multi-agent approach to simulate cross-regional CER scenarios to predict the pathway. The conclusions are as follows: (1) under the national unified CER policy scenarios, carbon emissions are on a continuous growth trend with fast economic growth not matching emission reduction efforts in Scenario I. Scenario II has a lower economic scale, and carbon emissions peak in 2029. Scenario III has smooth economy and reaches the carbon emission peak in 2026. The economy of Scenario IV grows fast, carbon emissions grow slowly, and the peak does not appear in 2030. (2) In three scenarios with provinces as the main agent for CER, if provinces sacrifice the economy to strengthen CER, the peak of carbon emissions will appear in 2020. While the economy of non-synergistic and synergistic CER scenarios in each province is growing steadily, the peak in two modes is reached in 2026 and 2032. The peak is reached four years earlier in 2026 in the synergistic model and 2032 in the non-synergistic model, and the economic growth of some energy-intensive provinces slows down. (3) The synergistic low-carbon model is best for balancing economic development and carbon emission control. Policy recommendations are presented based on the above findings for China’s CER and sustainable development.

Unified dark sectors in scalar-torsion theories of gravity

We present a unified description of the matter and dark energy epochs using a class of scalar-torsion theories. We provide a Hamiltonian description, and by applying Noether's theorem and requiring the field equations to admit linear-in-momentum conservation laws, we obtain two specific classes of scalar-field potentials. First, we extract analytic solutions and perform a detailed dynamical analysis. We show that the system possesses critical points that correspond to scaling solutions in which the effective, total equation-of-state parameter is close to zero and points in which it is equal to the value $\ensuremath{-}1$; the equation of state of the cosmological constant. Therefore, during evolution, the Universe remains for sufficiently long at the epoch corresponding to dust-matter domination, while at later times it enters the accelerated epoch and eventually results in the de Sitter phase. Finally, in contrast to other unified scenarios, such as Chaplygin gas-based models and Horndeski-based constructions, the present scenario is free from instabilities and pathologies at the perturbative level.

Trends in Research on Forest Ecosystem Services in the Most Recent 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis

Forest resources and the flow of ecosystem services they provide play a key role in supporting national and regional economies, improving people’s lives, protecting biodiversity, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Based on the ISI (Institute of Scientific Information) Web of Science (WoS) database, we used a bibliometric approach to analyze the research status, evolution process, and hotspots of forest ecosystem services (FES) from a compilation of 8797 documents published between 1997 and 2019. The results indicated that: (1) research on forest ecosystem services has developed rapidly over the past 23 years. Institutions in the United States and other developed countries have significantly contributed to undertake research on the topic of ecosystem services. (2) The 11 hotpot key focus areas of completed research were payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, forest governance, ecosystem approaches, climate change, nitrogen, ecosystem management, pollination, cities, ecological restoration, and policy. (3) The trade-off relationships among ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience and stability have become the research frontier in this field. (4) Future research on FES will likely focus on the formation and evolution mechanism of ecosystem services; the interaction, feedback and intrinsic connections of ecosystem services at different scales; analysis of the trade-offs and synergies; unified evaluation standards, evaluation systems, model construction and scenario analyses; in-depth studies of the internal correlation mechanism between forest ecosystem services and human wellbeing; and realization of cross-disciplinary and multi-method integration in sustainable forest management and decision-making.